2017年新課標(biāo)高考英語閱讀理解猜測詞意(詞義)解題策略(附帶答案)

...wdwd...PAGE專業(yè)技術(shù)資料...wd...2017屆新課標(biāo)高考英語閱讀理解猜測詞意（詞義）解題策略高考考情分析解讀：詞義猜測題是高考閱讀理解題中的一種常見的題型。詞義猜測可以是對一個單詞的意義推斷，也可以是對一個短語或一個句子的意義推斷，既可以是生詞生義，也可以是熟詞新義，還可以是對替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。通過對近年新課標(biāo)全國卷分析統(tǒng)計來看，詞義猜測題一般有1－2題?？疾煜啾日諗M穩(wěn)定，但難度略有增加，需要在復(fù)雜的句式中通過上下文綜合分析才能得出答案。在詞義猜測題中，所考察的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)短文提供的語境，通過閱讀上下文，根據(jù)已知的信息或常識來推測尚不熟悉的詞或詞組的含義。2016年全國卷設(shè)問形式例子：(1)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“downside”inParagraph4probablymean(2016年課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)(2)Whatdoestheunderlinephrase“apipedream”inParagraph3mean(2016年課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅲ)(3)Whatdoestheword“contributions”inthelastparagraphreferto(2015年課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)常見的命題形式有：Theunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraphmeans“________”．Whichofthefollowingwordsisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthelastparagraph?Theunderlinedword“________”inParagraph2canbestbereplacedby“________”．Whatdoesthephrase“________”inParagraph1mean?利用定義definition利用定義definition或同義解釋重述重述舉例利用構(gòu)詞法word-building舉例利用構(gòu)詞法word-building利用語境和邏輯關(guān)系單詞或短語利用語境和邏輯關(guān)系反義（同義第一局部已講）根據(jù)語法知識猜測意思猜測題反義（同義第一局部已講）根據(jù)語法知識猜測因果利用構(gòu)詞法word-building因果利用構(gòu)詞法word-building根據(jù)常識根據(jù)常識commonsense判定代詞指代猜測題目句子猜測句意題目附：典故諺語知識儲藏單詞或短語意思猜測題該題型著重考察考生根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義的能力，這也是一個從“已知”得出“未知”的過程，即利用上下文的已知局部(尤其是該詞或短語前后的句子)進(jìn)展推理，有時還需要依靠常識和經(jīng)歷來猜測詞義。考察范圍涉及對某個生詞或短語的含義的猜測、對某個熟詞進(jìn)展生義的猜測或考察該詞能被哪個單詞或短語代替等。定義或者同義解釋：作者常常通過給某些詞匯下定義來幫助讀者理解詞義，尤其在一些科普類、社科類及與專業(yè)內(nèi)容相關(guān)的文章中，定義解釋作者所用詞的準(zhǔn)確含義。下定義時，作者通常使用信號詞，如i.e.,is,are,is/arecalled,mean,referto,knownas等等。利用同義解釋猜詞同義解釋形式多樣，有的利用下定義，有的利用or，thatis(tosay)，inotherwords，namely等引出后面的解釋，有的利用破折號、同位語(從句)、定語從句或同義詞、近義詞等引出后面的解釋。1).Anthropologyisthescientificstudyofman.2).Itwillbeveryhardbutverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.3).Thiswasaverydomesticatedbirdthatneededhelporitwouldnotsurvive.HavingbeenabandonedHavingbeenusedtohomelifeHavingbeenusedtolifeinthewildHavingbeenweakandhungry4).Heisaresoluteman.Oncehesetsupagoal,hewillnotgiveitupeasily.5).Sheisbilingual.Inotherwords,shespeaksEnglishandFrenchequallywell.6).Transparentanimalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesamewaylightpassesthroughawindow.7).Theschoolsarereluctanttotaketimeoff——eventeacherswithticketsfortheEngland-Argentinagamehadtroublegettingthedayoff.Theunderlinedword“reluctant”mayprobablymean_______.kind B.unwillingC.freeD.careless同義詞（近義詞）在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者為了防止語言的單調(diào)、重復(fù)，有時會使用意思一樣或相近的詞。因此，考生只要讀懂上下文，知道其中一個詞的意思，就能猜出另外一個詞的意思。并列關(guān)系(同義關(guān)系）提示詞：and,also,as…as,thesameas利用語境及前后的提示來猜測詞義。例如.IamPeterHodes,avolunteerstemcourier.SinceMarch2012,I'vedone89trips-ofthose,51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells（干細(xì)胞）inmylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylast.Inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor(捐獻(xiàn)者)tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we’vegot72hoursatmost.SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.題目.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inParagraph1?A.providerB.deliverymanC.collectorD.medicaldoctor9).Mr.Whitelovestotalk,hiswifeisalsoasloquaciousashim.10).MarkTwainwasnottheauthor’srealname;itwasapseudonym.11).Thenewtaxlawsupersedes,orreplaces,thelawthatwasineffectlastyear.12).Ifyouagree,write“Yes”;ifyoudissent,write“No”.13).Doctorsbelievethatsmokingcigarettesisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.利用構(gòu)詞法猜詞英語中有大量的單詞是通過合成或加前后綴構(gòu)成的，運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法判斷生詞的意義是一種快速有效的解題方法。根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義英語中的許多詞匯，特別是不斷出現(xiàn)的新詞大多是通過構(gòu)詞法生成的。因此，掌握主要的構(gòu)詞法有助于猜測詞義。根據(jù)詞根、前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等猜測詞義。super-inter-mini-micro--someanti-co-post-pre--shippro-表示“往前”progress['pr?ugres]n./v.進(jìn)步promotev.增進(jìn)，促進(jìn)，提高pre-提前，領(lǐng)先predictvt.預(yù)測preventvt.預(yù)防；阻礙previewn./v.預(yù)覽；預(yù)習(xí)prevent記：預(yù)先pre走掉（-vent，似went）是預(yù)防Timelyrepetitionwillpreventyoufromforgettingwords.及時重復(fù)才能預(yù)防忘記單詞。timelyadv.及時地repetitionn.重復(fù)per“每個，都，一直”personn.人percentn.百分比persistv.堅持persuade[p?'sweid]vt.說服，勸服記：一直（per）碎碎（sua）念就可以說服re-表示“再次，重復(fù)，往回，”repeatn./v.重復(fù)rewritev.重寫，改寫recallv.回想，記起；召回recoverv.重新獲得，恢復(fù)reportn./v報告表示“往上”的前綴up-和in-“向下”的前綴degraden.等級，級別，成績upgrade___________degrade______________increasen./v上升增加decreasen./v減少，減小in-除了表示“往上”，更重要的意思是“往里”。和它音近的im-，en-，em-都是“往里”的含義insidea.里面的importvt.進(jìn)口記：port港口，進(jìn)到（im-）港口來，叫進(jìn)口invitev.邀請inkn.墨水in-是“往里”，那想想“往外”若何說往外ex-，e-exportv./n出口expandv.擴(kuò)張exitv.出口['eksit]experiencen.經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)歷vt.體會explainv.解釋exhibitv.展覽[ig'zibit;eg-]表示否認(rèn)的前綴：un-unfair,unhappynon-nonsmoker(常用在n.adj.adv.前)in-inactive,inhuman,indirect(常用在adj.)dis-disagree,disappearim-impolite,impossible(用在b,p,m開頭的詞前)il-illegalir-irreal,irregular(B).表示錯誤或失當(dāng)?shù)那熬Y:mis-misjudge,misdirect(誤導(dǎo))(C).表示向背的前綴:pro-(親，支持)pro-Chinese,pro-Americananti-（阻止，抗）antiwar,anti-Japanesewar(D).表示程度、大小的前綴super-superstar,supermarket,superman,superpowerover-overhead,overeat,overusemini-minibus,miniskirt,mini-carunder-underground,underestimatesemi-(半，局部)semicircle,semiskilled,(E).表示時間的前綴pre-prewarpost-postwarfore-(前，預(yù)先)foretell,forecast,foresee,weatherforecast(F).表示方位的前綴：sub-subway,submarineinter-international,interclass(年級之間的）trans-(橫過，通過，超越，進(jìn)入)transplant,transatlantic（橫渡大西洋的）常見的后綴-ment名詞性后綴，表“行為，結(jié)果或具體物”movev.移動；搬家movementn.運(yùn)動，活動agreev.同意agreementn.同意，協(xié)議managev.管理managementn.管理-tion名詞后綴，表動作，性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)1.n.行動action2.n.污染pollution3.n.人口population4.n.手術(shù)operation-ty名詞后綴，加在形容詞后面,表示特性或情況1.n.老實honesty2.n.安全safety3.n.多樣；種類；；變化variety4.n焦慮anxiety5.n.殘酷cruelty-able,形容詞后綴有”能夠、有某種特性”的意思1.adj.舒服的comfortable2.adj.適宜的suitable3.adj.時尚的，時髦的fashionable4.adj.有道理的，合理的，公正的reasonable5.adj.可信賴的，可靠的v.信賴relyreliable6.adj.大量的；可觀的考慮動詞是considerableadj.大量的，可觀的7.adj.穩(wěn)定的stableadj.穩(wěn)定的記：s-音似“死”；-table桌子。一個死的桌子，肯定是很穩(wěn)定的。8.adj可用的，可得到的availableadj可用的，可得到的-ish為形容詞和名詞后綴。1.adj.愚蠢的foolish2.adj.自私的selfish記憶：一條自私的魚3.n.垃圾rubbish4.n.英語English5.adj.英國的，英國人的British-ful形容詞后綴1.adj.鮮艷的，多姿多彩的colourful2.adj.快樂的，愉快的cheerfuldelightful3.adj.有希望的，有前途的hopeful4.adj有意義的，意味深長的meaningful5.adj.奇妙的，極好的，精彩的wonderful1.動詞變名詞：-ationsatisfaction,education,realization-mentdevelopment,movement,disappointment-alarrival,refusal-eetrainee（受訓(xùn)者）,employee-erteacher,worker-orvisitor,sailorwrong-doer做錯事情的人補(bǔ)充學(xué)習(xí)over-:toomuchovercrowded(1)Overworkmaycausediseases.(2)Therewasadissatisfiedlookinthemanager'seyes.2.en-動詞前綴enable,endanger,enrich3.重要后綴-ment,-ion,-ness,-tion,-ful,-able,-less,-en等4.合成詞Forthem,playingwellandwinningareoftenlife-and-deathaffairs.Down-to-earthspiritisanecessity.Sharpwordsfromateachercanusuallybringaday-dreamingstudentdown-to-earth.HernamewasRachel,andImoonedmywaythroughthegradeandhighschool,strickenatthemeresightofher,tongue-tiedinherpresence.…Atanyrate,myloveforRachelremainedwithoutresult.Wegraduatedfromhighschool,shewentontocollege,andIjoinedtheArmy.Iwassentoverseasduringthewar.Foratimewewrote,andherletterswerethehighlightofthoseterribleendlessyears.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換（解釋意思）Heisamanwithbroadshoulders.Wewillshouldertheresponsibilitiesatanytime.Sowhensomeonehashurtyou,calmyourselffirst.Takeacoupleofbreaths,andthinkofsomethingthatgivesyoupleasure…Keepinmindthatforgivenessdoesnotnecessarilymeanacceptingtheactionofthepersonwhoupsetsyou.Nevertroubletroubleuntiltroubletroublesyou.(trouble詞性與意義)[真題演練]Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,_orworry.利用語境及邏輯關(guān)系猜詞利用上下文語境和前后句之間的并列、因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、比照、解釋、定義和舉例等關(guān)系來猜測詞義。同時要特別留心某些詞語，如or，thatis，inotherwords，including，although，but，evenif，ontheotherhand，onthecontrary，otherthan，ratherthan，morethan，insteadof等。利用上下文線索猜測詞義(1)重述作者為了使某一難詞或術(shù)語的含義更清楚，通常會使用常用、簡明的詞或詞組對其進(jìn)展解釋，這就是重述。重述局部通過逗號與句子的其他局部隔開(有時也使用破折號、冒號、分號或括號)或用信號詞引導(dǎo)。常見的信號詞有：or,namely,thatis,inotherwords,thatistosay,tobemoreexact,toputinanotherway等等。[典例]Inthelibrary,Ifoundmywayintothe“Children'sRoom.”Isatdownonthefloorandpulledafewbooksofftheshelfatrandom.Thecoverofabookcaughtmyeye.Itpresentedapictureofabeagle.Ihadrecentlyhadabeagle,_thefirstandonlyanimalcompanionIeverhadasachild.(2)舉例作者常常會通過對某一難詞給出具體的例子，幫助讀者理解該詞的詞義。舉例常用的信號詞有：suchas,such...as,forexample,forinstance,like,including,especially等。[典例]Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.1).Tommustbeveryaffluent.Hewearsexpensiveclothesandjewelry,drivesaRolls-Royceconvertible,andownsa$1,750,000houseinLondon.2).Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals:TheWorldofEnglish,EnglishLearning,orReader’sDigest.(3)比照轉(zhuǎn)折法：根據(jù)反義詞或比照關(guān)系猜測詞義。有時作者會用表示比照或轉(zhuǎn)折的信號詞連接意思相反的兩個詞或句子，這時就可根據(jù)反義詞線索猜測詞義。表示比照或反義的信號詞/詞組常見的有：(whether)．..or,unlike,but,yet,however,while,although,nevertheless,instead,ratherthan,incontrast,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand，but,however,although,though，while(然而),ratherthan,insteadof等標(biāo)志詞。[典例]Ifyou'retiredofwanderingaroundthegymwastingtimeandbecomingbored,youcanattendanupbeatgroupfitnessclassthat'llkeepyourworkoutontrack.73．Theunderlinedword“upbeat”inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans“________”.A．cheerful B．a(chǎn)verageC．serious D．temporary舉例：Hehadbeengettingbetter,However,duringthenighthisconditiondeteriorated.Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesn'thavetobeahassle;instead,itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.ThoughTom’sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubby.Unlikehergregarioussister,Janeisashypersonwhodoesnotliketogotopartiesormakenewfriends.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.比照Timeissomethingfromwhichwecan’tescape.Evenifweignoreit,it’sstillgoingby,tickingaway,secondbysecond,minutebyminute,hourbyhour.Sothemainissueinusingyourtimewellis,“Who’sincharge?”Wecanallowtimetoslipbyandletitbeourenemy.Orwecantakecontrolofitandmakeitourally.Theunderlinedword“ally”mostlikelymeanssomebodyorsomethingthatis______.A.yourslaveandservesyouB.yoursupporterandhelpsyouB.underyourcontrolandobeysyouD.underyourinfluenceandfollowsyou（4）因果關(guān)系法：根據(jù)前后句因果關(guān)系猜測詞義。Signalwords:because，since,so,such…that,so…that,for,ect.Icouldseenothingbecausethelightwastoofaint.Ifeelthatsinceyouaremysuperior（上司），itwouldbepresumptuousofmetotellyouwhattodo.”Theword“presumptuous”isclosestinmeaningto“

”.A．fullofrespect

B．rudeandtooconfident

C．lackinginexperience

D．tooshyandquiet詞語再應(yīng)用1).Thecollisionofthetwocarscausedalotofdamagetoboth.a).side-by-sideb).strikingc).acting2).Mydogishostiletostrangersandthereforewillbarkatyouandmaybiteyouuntilhegetstoknowyou.a).friendlyb).kindc).unfriendly3).Theriverissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow。4).Thatmuseumissoimmensethatitwillbeimpossibletoseealltheexhibitsinoneday.5).Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.因果Pleasestayonpermittedpaths.Otherwiseyoumaydestroydesertplants.Packoutwhatyoupackin,soyouleavenosignsofyourvisit.Itisimportanttokeepinmindthatyouareinanationalparkwherewildlifeexists.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“packoutwhatyoupackin”probablymean?A.Keepeverythingoutofcampgrounds.B.Takeawayeverythingyoubringin.C.Carryallthenecessaryfood.D.Lookafteryourpersonalbelongings.再如：真題演練[典例]Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette,butyou'llneedawarm,shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit,soit'sa_pipe_dreamformostappleloverswhofallforit.30．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“apipedream”inParagraph3mean?A．Apracticalidea. B．Avainhope.C．Abrilliantplan. D．Aselfishdesire.[典例]Thisofcoursecreatedanewproblem:dirtpracticallyburiedthefirstfloorsofeverybuildinginChicago.Buildingownerswerefacedwithachoice:eitherchangethefirstfloorsoftheirbuildingsintobasements,andthesecondstoriesintomainfloors,orhoisttheentirebuildingstomeetthenewstreetlevel.Smallwood-framebuildingscouldbeliftedfairlyeasily.63．Theunderlinedword“hoist”inParagraph4means“________”．A．changeB．liftC．repairD．decorate根據(jù)語法知識猜測詞義在英語句子中，同位語或同位語從句、定語從句等都起著解釋說明、補(bǔ)充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜測詞義的線索。[典例]Some2,500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom.Beforethattherewasnofreedom.Thereweregreatcivilizations,splendidempires,butnofreedomanywhere.EgyptandBabylonwerebothtyrannies,_oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses.65．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tyrannies”inParagraph2referto?A．Countrieswheretheirpeopleneedhelp.B．Powerfulstateswithhighercivilization.C．Splendidempireswherepeopleenjoyfreedom.D．Governmentsruledwithabsolutepower.根據(jù)生活常識斷定生活常識經(jīng)歷：根據(jù)自身的直接或間接的經(jīng)歷，運(yùn)用自己已有的常識,以及英美國家的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、宗教信仰、社會生活等將生詞推測出來。1).Pruningisimportantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots(嫩芽）,oryoungleavesoftrees.Theword“pruning”means______A.RegularcuttingoftheplantsB.FrequentwateringC.RegularuseofchemicalsD.Growingtheplantshighinthemountain2).Husband：It’sreallycoldouttonight.Wife:Sureitis.Myhandsarealmostnumb.Howaboutlightingthefireplace?a).dyingb).frozenc).hurt3).Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight.Lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowandscatter(散射)light，bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath.Othersabsorblight，stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit，soyoucanseeiteasily.Theunderlinedword“dead”inParagraph3means________．A．silently B．graduallyC．regularlyD．completely4).Mycolortelevisionhasgivenmenothingbutaheadache.IwasabletobuyitalittleoverayearagobecauseIhadmyrelativesgivememoneyformybirthdayinsteadofalotofclothesthatwouldn’tfit.Iletasalesclerkfoolmeintobuyingadiscontinuedmodel.Irealizedthisadaylater，whenIsawnewspaperadvertisementsforthesetatseventyfivedollarslessthanIhadpaid.ThesetworkedsobeautifullywhenIfirstgotithomethatIwouldkeepitonuntilstationssigned_offforthenight.Fortunately，Ididn’tgetanychannelsshowingallnightmoviesorIwouldneverhavegottentobed.Whichofthefollowingcanbestreplacethephrase“signedoff”inParagraph1?_______A．endedalltheirprogramsB．providedfewerchannelsC．changedtocommercialsD．showedallnightmovies代詞指代猜測題代詞指代題要求考生依據(jù)語境的邏輯關(guān)系，判斷畫線的人稱代詞或指示代詞在文章中指代的對象，包括考察it(指動物、無生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件的復(fù)數(shù)名詞)，he/she等人稱代詞的指代意義，以及指示代詞this，that，these，those等在文章中的指代意義，以考察考生對文章中表達(dá)的特定的人、物、事件的再認(rèn)能力。常見的命題形式有：Theword“it/they”inthelastsentencerefersto“________”.Whatdoes“that/those/them”inParagraph3referto?Severalsafaricampsoperateasthebaseforthisadventure，providinguniqueridestwiceadaytoexploredeepintothedelta.Thecampshaveexcellenthorses，professionalguidesandlotsofsupportworkers.Theyhaveareputationforprovidingagreatridingexperience.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“They”referto?________A．Floodedwaters. B．Wildlifejourneys.C．Safaricamps. D．Uniquerides.直接要求考生指出代詞所指的具體內(nèi)容[例]However,tosucceedinlife,onefirstneedstosetagoalandthengraduallymakeitmorepractical.And,inadditiontothat,inordertogetreallygoodatsomething,oneneedstospendatleast10,000hoursstudyingandpracticing.InParagraph2,theunderlinedword“that”refersto______.A.beinggoodatsomething B.settingapracticalgoalC.puttinginmoretime D.succeedinginlife間接考察考生對代詞指代內(nèi)容的把握因為代詞在上下文或上下句中起語義的銜接作用，在解答某些細(xì)節(jié)題時，如果不弄清代詞的指代內(nèi)容，就很難選出正確的答案。解題中，考生需要利用代詞的回指或預(yù)指來理清上下句的銜接關(guān)系，從而找到問題的答案。Itwashardtolifther.Shewasjustout.Buthemanagedtoraiseherthefourfeettotheplatformsothatbystanderscouldholdherbythegrinsanddragherawayfromtheedge.ThatwaswhereLisabrieflyregainedconsciousness,feltherselfbeingpulledalongtheground,andsawsomeoneelseholdingherpurse.WhendidLisabecomeconsciousagain?A.Whenthetrainwasleaving. B.Aftershewasbackontheplatform.C.Afterthepoliceandfireofficialscame.D.Whenamanwascleaningthebloodfromherhead.Twain’sracialtonewasnotperfect.Oneisleftuneasy,forexample,bythelengthypassageinhisautobiography(自傳)abouthowmuchhelovedwhatwerecalled“niggershows”inhisyouth—mostlywithwhitemenperforminginblack-face—andhisdelightingettinghismothertolaughatthem.YetthereisnoreasontothinkTwainsawtheshowsasrepresentingreality.Hisfrequentattacksonslaveryandprejudicesuggesthiskeenawarenessthattheydidnot.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”referto?A.Theattacks B.SlaveryandprejudiceC.Whitemen D.TheshowsTwo12-year-oldboys,ChristianandJack,rowedoutaboattosearchafootball.Oncethey’drowedbeyondthecalmwaters,abeachumbrellatiedtotheboatcaughtthewindandpulledtheboatintoopenwater.Thepairpanickedandtriedtorowbacktoshore.Buttheywerenomatchforitandtheboatwasoutofcontrol.Whatdoes“it”referto?A.Thebeach B.Thewater C.Theboat D.ThewindHowever，physicistJosephWestthinkstheremighthavebeenasimplerway，wholedthenewstudy.Westsaid，“Iwasinspiredwhilewatchingatelevisionprogramshowinghowsledsmighthavehelpedwithpyramidconstruction.Ithought，‘Whydon’ttheyjusttryrollingthethings’”Asquarecouldbeturnedintoaroughsortofwheelbyattachingwoodenpolestoitssides，herealized.That，henotes，shouldmakeablockofstone“aloteasiertorollthanasquare”．Sohetriedit．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph7referto?__________A．Rollingtheblockswithpolesattached.B．Rollingtheblocksonwoodenwheels.C．Rollingpolestomovetheblocks.D．Rollingtheblockswithfat.名師點津解答代詞指代題時，我們要認(rèn)真閱讀畫線詞所在句和前后鄰近句的內(nèi)容，分析人稱轉(zhuǎn)換和動作變換的詳細(xì)過程，理清其來龍去脈和前后的因果關(guān)系，從而準(zhǔn)確推斷其指代的對象。因此，理解上下文(特別是上句)的意思和代詞所在句的意思是解題的關(guān)鍵。針對句子句意猜測題名師點津考察句意理解的試題一般出現(xiàn)在長難句中。對于這種試題，考生應(yīng)該認(rèn)真閱讀原文，特別是畫線句子的上下文，準(zhǔn)確理解作者的觀點，尤其是對特定的人、物、事件的褒貶觀點，以準(zhǔn)確推斷語句的含義。句意猜測題通常需要考生猜測意思的是一個具有概括性的句子或是格言、諺語等，要求考生通過閱讀文章，用適宜的語句對其進(jìn)展解釋性的描述。常見的命題形式有：Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans“________”．TheunderlinedwordsinParagraph1probablymean________．While，deepdown，weknowwecandoit，ourmind—orthemindsofthoseclosetous—usuallysayswecan’t.Thatisn’tareasontostop，it’sjustthemind，thatlittlemanorwomanonyourshoulder，tryingtotalkyououtofsomethingagain.Ithasdoneitmanytimesbefore.It’sallaboutstartingsimpleanddoingitnow.Decideandactbeforeoverthinking.Whenyoudothisyoumayfeelalittle，orlarge，releasefromthejailofyourmindandyou’llbeonyourway.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheunderlinedpartinthelastparagraph?_________A．Escapefromyourpunishment.B．Realizationofyourdreams.C．Freedomfromyourtension.D．Reductionofyourexpectations.常見典故諺語（短語）知識儲藏skeletoninthecupboard/closet碗櫥里的骨架引申為：不為人知的家丑，不可外揚(yáng)的家丑，隱情”thelaststraw壓垮駱駝的最后一根稻草,終于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事，終于使人不支的最后一擊，導(dǎo)火線;“havenineliveslikeacat”（富有生命力的）youreapwhatyousow一分耕耘，一分收獲oursmallkindnessesoftenbringusrichrewards,whileoursmalloffencecanbringdisasters.seniorcitizens老年人，年長的人aseasyaspie十分容易，輕而易舉“meetone’sWaterloo”（一敗涂地）capitalpunishment死刑dogtired非常累catch-22第二十二條軍規(guī)（指讓人左右為難的規(guī)定或處境）“raincatsanddogs”（傾盆大雨）Don'tcountyourchickensbefore/untiltheyarehatched.雞蛋未孵出,先別數(shù)小雞。寓意:別快樂太早了。Pandora’sBox潘多拉魔盒(邪惡之源)、seethehandwritingonthewall–seesignsthatdisasteriscomingAchilles’heel阿基里斯的腳踵(致命弱點)、theappleofsomebody’seye—achildwhoislovedverymuchbyhisorherparents.視覺的核心”，即“眼睛中的蘋果(appleoftheeye)”時，我們就會聯(lián)想到，那是對我們來說最為珍貴的東西。與漢語成語“掌上明珠”頗相似?！妒ソ?jīng)》中的Adam'sapple(喉結(jié))、afeatherinone’scap—somethingthatyoucanbeproudof可夸耀的事,值得驕傲的事?！妒ソ?jīng)》中的GardenofEden伊甸園(世外桃源)、Shylock（夏洛克）來比喻“狡詐者，守財奴”scratchthesurface隔靴搔癢，只觸及問題的外表或一小局部其他古希臘典故：theswordofDamocles(達(dá)摩克利斯之劍)“富貴中隱藏的不安全”的同義語，也可以指形勢危急，千鈞一發(fā)。DamonandPythias生死之交Penelop’sweb一項永遠(yuǎn)也完不成的工作appleofdiscord意思是“不和的根源、發(fā)生糾紛的事端”daphne（月桂樹）古羅馬人便用月桂樹枝條編成冠冕，獎勵音樂、美術(shù)、體育競賽和作戰(zhàn)的勝利者，“桂冠”就成了優(yōu)勝的標(biāo)志和榮譽(yù)的象征。猜測詞意練習(xí)題目：Passage1Aman’spositionamongtheblack-tentpeopledependsonhisancestors,relatives,andfellowtribesmen.Iftheyarehonored,heisalsohonored.Iftheyaredisgraced,hetooisdisgraced.Thereforeonecarefullyguardsthehonorofhisfamily,hislineage(宗系),andhistribe.Theword“disgrace”means_________inthistext.A.honorB.endangerC.proudD.shamePassage2Therulerhadbeensocruelanddishonestthataftertherevolutionhewasbanished.AfewmembersoftheSenate(參議院)opposedthisdecision,butthemajorityvotedthattherulershouldleavethecountryforever.Theunderlinedword“banished”mean_______.A.killedbystoningB.sentawayC.imprisonedD.punishedbywhippingPassage3Althoughheoftenhadthechance,Mr.Brownwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.Theword“jeopardize”means_____inthistext.A.protectB.endangerC.continueD.stopItwasoncecommontoregardBritainasasocietywithclassdistinction.Eachclasshaduniquecharacteristics.Inrecentyears,manywritershavebeguntospeakthe'declineofclass'and'classlesssociety'inBritain.Andinmoderndayconsumersocietyeveryoneisconsideredtobemiddleclass.Butpronouncingthedeathofclassistooearly.Arecentwide-rangingsocietyofpublicopinionfound90percentofpeoplestillplacingthemselvesinparticularclass;73percentagreedthatclasswasstillavitalpartofBritishsociety;and52percentthoughttherewerestillsharpclassdifferences.Thus,classmaynotbeculturallyandpoliticallyobvious,yetitremainsanimportantpartofBritishsociety.Britainseemstohavealoveofstratification.42.ThewordstratificationinParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto________.A.varietyB.divisionC.authorityD.qualificationThelinkbetweenwhatthemenhaddoneasboysandhowtheyturnedoutasadultswassurprisinglysharp.Thosewhohaddonethemostboyhoodactivitiesweretwiceaslikelytohavewarmrelationswithawidevarietyofpeople,fivetimesaslikelytobewellpaidand16timeslesslikelytohavebeenunemployed.TheresearchersalsofoundthatIQandfamilysocialandeconomicclassmadenorealdifferenceinhowtheboysturnedout.Workingatanyageisimportant.Childhoodactivitieshelpachilddevelopresponsibility,independence,confidenceandcompetencetheunderpinnings(根基)ofemotionalhealth.Theyalsohelphimunderstandthatpeoplemustcooperateandworktowardcommongoals.Themostcompetentadultsarethosewhoknowhowtodothis.Yetworkisn’teverything.AsTolstoyoncesaid,“Onecanlivemagnificentlyinthisworldifoneknowshowtoworkandhowtolove,toworkforthepersononelovesandtoloveone’swork.”49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sharp”probablymeaninParagraph4?A.QuicktoreactB.HavingathinedgeC.ClearanddefiniteD.suddenandrapidInfact,whenitcomestotheartofwar,antshavenoequal.Theyarecompletelyfearlessandwillreadilytakeonacreaturemuchlargerthanthemselves,attackinginlargegroupsandovercomingtheirtarget.Suchistheirdevotiontothecommongoodofthecolonythatnotonlysoldierantsbutalsoworkerantswillsacrificetheirlivestohelpdefeatanenemy.Behavinginthisselflessanddevotedmanner,theselittlecreatureshavesurvivedonEarth,formorethan140millionyears,farlongerthandinosaurs.Becausetheythinkasone,theyhaveacollective(集體的)intelligencegreaterthanyouwouldexpectfromitsindividualparts.70.Whatdoestheunderlinedexpression"takeon"inParagraph3mean?A.Accept. B.Employ. C.Playwith. D.Fightagainst.OncewhenIwasfacingadecisionthatinvolvedhighrisk,Iwenttoafriend.Helookedatmeforamoment,andthenwroteasentencecontainingthebestadviceI’veeverhad:Beboldandbrave—andmighty(強(qiáng)大的)forceswillcometoyouraid.ThosewordsmademeseeclearlythatwhenIhadfallenshortinthepast,itwasseldombecauseIhadtriedandfailed.ItwasusuallybecauseIhadletfearoffailurestopmefromtryingatall.Ontheotherhand,wheneverIhadplungedintodeepwater,forcedbycourageorcircumstance,IhadalwaysbeenabletoswimuntilIgotmyfeetonthegroundagain.Boldnessmeansadecisiontobiteoffmorethanyouaresureyoucaneat.Andthereisnothingmysteriousaboutthemightyforces.Theyarepotentialpowerswepossess:energy,skill,soundjudgment,creativeideas—evenphysicalstrengthgreaterthanmostofusrealize.52.Whatistheimpliedmeaningoftheunderlinedpart?A.Swallowmorethanyoucandigest.B.Actslightlyaboveyourabilities.C.Developmoremysteriouspowers.D.Learntomakecreativedecisions.Passage11（2016全國卷IB篇）“Inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn’tgetawayfromhomefarenoughorfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown,”saysChristineCrosby,publisherofGrand,amagazineforgrandparents.“Wenowrealizehowimportant