江蘇牛津英語所有語法精講

語法基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞表示數(shù)目多少的詞叫基數(shù)詞：onetwothree….二，表示順序的數(shù)次叫序數(shù)詞：1stfirst6thsixth10thtenth2ndsecond7thseventh12thtwelfth3rdthird8theighth20thtwentieth4thfourth9thninth21sttwenty-first5thfifth100thonehundredth注意：Hundredthousandmillion其前有具體數(shù)字時，用單數(shù)：twothousandstudents前無數(shù)詞，模糊數(shù)字+s+of短語:Hundredsofpeople3.序數(shù)詞的用法：序數(shù)詞前加“a”表“再一次”。MayIhaveasecondtry?我能再試一次嗎？當(dāng)“分數(shù)詞”用表示“幾分之幾”。onethirdofthestudents三分之一的學(xué)生twothirds(ofthestudents)三分之二（的學(xué)生）4.時間表達法：7:05sevenfive/fivepastseven8:50sevenfifty/tenpasteight8:008（o’clock）8:30Eightthirty/halfpasteight5.年、月、日的順序：日、月、年5Jane2005②月、日、年Jane52005Inthe1990’s(nineteennineties)20世紀(jì)90年代5.年齡表達法：一個十七歲的女孩a17-year-oldgirlagirl17yearsold6.416房間：Room4161路公共汽車：Bus17.幸福大街81號：No.81,Xingfustreet8.電話號碼256-9905：twofivesixninenine(兩個9也可表示：doublenine)0(零)five9.數(shù)字表達：1,115,780:onemilliononehundredandfifteensevenhundredandeighty8%:eightpercent10.Page120第120頁11.倍數(shù)表達法：三次以上用“基數(shù)詞+times”，兩倍用twice或double。名詞所有格一．在英語中有些名詞可以加“’s”來表示所有關(guān)系，1.單數(shù)名詞詞尾加“’s”，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加“’s”。theboy’sbag男孩的書包men’sroom男廁所2.若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾又是s，只加“’”。theworkers’struggle工人的斗爭3.凡不能加“’s”的名詞，都可以用“名詞+of+名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示所有關(guān)系。例thetitleofthesong歌的名字5.如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有’s，則表示“分別有”；只有一個’s，則表示“共有”。例John’sandMary’srooms(兩間)JohnandMary’sroom(一間)6.在復(fù)合名詞或短語中，’s加在最后一個詞的詞尾。例atwo-monthholidayatwomonths’holiday8.不定代詞后接else,所有格放在else上。例somebodyelse’sbag二、另外一種所有格是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成的名詞短語1.名詞的所有格形式除’s外，還可用of+名詞構(gòu)成短語修飾前面的名詞或表示兩個名詞間的所有關(guān)系。2.使用名詞所有格須注意:一般地說，’s所有格多用于有生命的東西，of所有格多用于無生命的東西，但也有許多例外。例studentsoftheschoolthecostoflivingthenewsofsuccess3．雙重所有格雙重所有格即“of+名詞’s所有格”，表示整體中的一個或部分。anoldfriendofmyfather’s（=oneofmyfather’soldfriends我父親的一個老朋友anoldfriendofmine我的一個老朋友定冠詞the的用法：定冠詞的基本用法：表示特指的人或事物。如：Themanwithaflower指談話雙方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Lookattheblackboard,Lily.(復(fù)述前面提到過的人或事物。如：Thereisamanunderthetree.ThemaniscalledRobert.表示世界上獨一無二的事物。如：Theearth在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級的前面。常用在樂器名稱的前面用在江河、海洋、山脈等名稱的前面。theHimalayaMountains.(喜馬拉雅山)用在含有普通名詞的專有名詞的前面。theUnitedStatesofAmerica.美利堅合眾國)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：TheGreens和某些形容詞連用表示一類人thepoor/richtheyoung/old三餐飯前不用節(jié)、假日前一般不用。球類名詞前不用。表示方向的介詞On(強調(diào)與物體的表面相接觸)over（不必與物體相觸在……正方under在……（正）下方above（不必與物體表面相接觸，也不必在……正上方below在……下方，也不必在……正下方between在……之間（指二者）among在……之間（指三者或三者以上）across從表面橫過、越過……through從內(nèi)部穿過……infrontof→指在某地方之外的前面，inthefrontof→指在某地方之內(nèi)的前面，can和could的用法1,表示允許，兩者均可用，但用could語氣更委婉；2,can表示現(xiàn)在的能力，could表示過去的能力，3,beableto有更多時態(tài)4,表示推測時，can’t意為“不可能”，感嘆句一、由what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，其句子結(jié)構(gòu)可分為以下三種：1.“What+a/an＋形容詞＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋主語＋謂語！”。2.“What＋形容詞＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋主語＋謂語！”。3.“What＋形容詞＋不可數(shù)名詞＋主語＋謂語！”二、由how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，其句子結(jié)構(gòu)也分為三種：1.“How＋形容詞/副詞＋主語＋謂語！”。如：2.：“How＋形容詞＋a/an＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋主語＋謂語！”。3.“How＋主語＋謂語！”由what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句與由how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句有時可以轉(zhuǎn)換，但句中部分單詞的順序要有所變化。如：1，Howbeautifulagirlsheis!＝Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!,三、有時感嘆句也可以由一個單詞、詞組、祈使句、陳述句等構(gòu)成。Goodidea!（好主意?。﹚onderful!（太精彩了?。㏕hankgoodness!（謝天謝地?。?/p>

祈使句1祈使句用以表達命令，要求，請求，勸告等。,2動詞原形開頭，Takethisseat.3否定結(jié)構(gòu)句首加Don't4反意疑問句用willyou/won'tyou?（1），(Don't)openthedoor,willyou/won'tyou?,（2），Letushaveanothertry，willyou/won'tyou?（3），Let'shaveanothertry，shallwe/shan'twe?形容詞比較級和最高級一、英語形容詞比較等級有三個：原級，比較級和最高級。1、規(guī)則變化1）單音節(jié)詞末尾加-er（比較級），-est（最高級）2）單音節(jié)如以e結(jié)尾，只加-r（比較級），-st（最高級）3）閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞如末尾只有一個輔音字母，須先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加-er（比較級），-est（最高級）bigthinfatslimhotwetred4）輔音字母+y,則變y為-i，再加-er和-est。5）部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞皆在前面加單詞more和most。6）不規(guī)則變化原級比較級最高級good/well-better–bestbad-worse-worstmany/much–more-mostlittle--less–leastfar--farther/further--farthest/furthest注：有些形容詞一般沒有比較等級。如：right,wrong,woolen等。原級（同級）比較：2、as+形容詞/副詞+as…;notas(so)+形容詞/副詞+as…3、比較級：表示兩者之間比……常用than可用狀語much,alot,alittle,even等修飾：4、最高級：最高級前必須加the,副詞最高級前常省略the，后面多用of……，in……短語表示范圍：5、特殊：⑴Johnistheclevererofthetwoboys.5、用比較級表示最高級：約翰是班里最高的男生。-Johnistallerthananyotherboyintheclass.-Johnisthetallestboyintheclass.5、the+比較級…..the+比較級，表示“越……越……”:6、moreandmore+多音節(jié)，表示“越來……越……”:7形容詞前如加less和least則表示"較不"和"最不"lessimportant較不重要8that代指單數(shù)和不可數(shù)these代指復(fù)數(shù)-TheweatherinShanghaiishotterthanthatinBeijing.9Shanghaiisoneof

thebiggest

cities

inChina.上海是中國最大城市之一。比較級、最高級1.Hedidn’tpasstheexamandhisteacherlookedathim________(angry).2Youarevery(care).3Ihavemany(care)students.4.Youplannedeverything_________(well)thanIdid.5.Annisas_________asMillie.(care)6..Annwritesas_________asMillie.(care)7.Jimworks_________thananyotherstudentinhisclass.(hard)8.The________(busy)heis,the_______(happy)hefeels.9.Nobodycanjump___________(far)thantheboyinhisclass.10.Alargenumberofpeoplegoabroadtostudy__________.(far)11.Hetalked_________(little)ofallatthemeeting.12.Itrained.越來越大?！?011泰州】5.—WhoissuitableforthenewchairpersonoftheStudents’Union?—Davidis.Heis______enoughtocomeupwithnewideas.A.imaginativeB.humorousC.modestD.outgoing【2011?無錫】—Thereusedtobelotsoffishinthelake.—Yes,buttherearevery__________now.A.fewB.fewerC.littleD.less【2011?無錫】Nanjingisn’tsolarge__________Shanghai,however,it’sthesecond__________cityinEastChina.A.like;largestB.as;largestC.like;largeD.as;large【2011·蘇州】Duringthisyear’sReadingWeek,Ireadthemostbooksinourclass.Nooneread______booksthanI.A.manyB.moreC.fewD.fewer【2011連云港】9.—Howamazingthenoodleis!—Yes,itis______,andbreakstheGuinnessWorldRecordasthelongesthandmadenoodle.A.1,704–meter–longB.1,704–meters–longC.1,704meterlongD.1,704meterslong【2011江蘇徐州】14.We’vegotnocoffee.Let’shavetea_______.A.either B.however C.yet D.instead【2012江蘇連云港】7.TheFirstHuaguoshanInternationalGolfOpenwassuccessthatweenjoyedourselvesverymuch.A.suchagreatB.asuchgreatC.soagreatD.asogreat【2012江蘇宿遷】11.—Jack,isthereintoday’snewspaper?—No,nothing.A.anythingimportantB.somethingimportantC.importantanythingD.importantsomething【2012江蘇徐州】11.—Whyareyouso,Amy?—IthoughtIlostmypurse,butIdidn’t.Ifounditinmystudy!A.angryB.happyC.sadD.nervous【2012江蘇鹽城】7.Thisschoolbagisnotexpensive.Andthepriceofitistheofthethree.A.lowest B.biggest C.highest D.smallest【2012江蘇鎮(zhèn)江】12.HespeaksFrenchwell,butofcoursenot_____apersonborninFrance.A.asclearasB.clearerthanC.asclearlyasD.themoreclearly【2012江蘇連云港】5.—HaveyouboughtforLinda’sbirthday?—Notexactly.Justsomeflowers,A.somethingunusualB.anythingunusualC.unusualsomethingD.unusualanything【2012江蘇宿遷】17.Themeatsmells.Throwitaway.A.wellB.goodC.badlyD.bad【2013徐州】50.I________watchthisTVprogramme.It'sveryinteresting.A.oftenB.neverC.hardlyD.seldom【2013揚州】110.EagleFatherwasso__________withhissonthathekeptthefour-year-oldsonrunninginthesnowwithoutclothes.A.pleasedB.sorryC.carefulD.strict過去完成時一、過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作或狀態(tài)。它表示句子中描述的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”?；窘Y(jié)構(gòu)：主語+had+過去分詞二、基本用法1表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作，可以用by,before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示，Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelbynineo'clocklastnight.TheyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbeforelastWednesday.2是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。4)Whenwereachedthecinema,thefilmhadbegun3賓語從句中當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如：Shesaidthatshehadseenthefilmbefore.三、用‘should’,‘oughtto’,‘hadbetter’,‘haveto’,and‘must’提建議1.⑴should/oughtto應(yīng)該⑵must表示“必須”，側(cè)重于說話人的主觀意志。⑶haveto表示“必須”，側(cè)重于客觀的需要，含有“不得不”的意味。⑷hadbetter(?？s寫為’dbetter)，表示“最好”，hadbetterdosth.。hadbetternotdosth.表示“最好不要做……”。四、用‘whynot’,‘whydon’tyou’and‘perhaps’提建議Whynot…?/Whydon’tyou…?后面必須跟動詞原形。動詞不定式1.(主語)Itisunhealthyforyoutoeattoomuch.=Toeattoomuchisunhealthyforyou.2.Predictive(表語)Mydreamistobeagreatfootballplayer.3.Object(賓語)不定式可以接在有些動詞后作賓語,如:hope,promise,plan,learn,decide,choose,prepare,agree,remember,forget,seemPleasedon’tforgettotakepartinourclubparty.4.ObjectComplement(賓語補足語)Myparentsdonotallowmetogooutafter6p.m.這樣的搭配有：allowneedadvisewanttellaskorder有些動賓結(jié)構(gòu)可以接省略“to”的不定式作賓補。(使役動詞)make/let/havesb.dosth.（感官動詞)see/hear/notice/watchsb.dosth.在被動語態(tài)中“to”要還原。Millieismadetodoplentyofexercises.5.Attributive(定語)MrWuisalwaysthelasttoleave.不定式作定語通常放在被修飾的詞之后。Ihavesomemoretosay.Thereisneedtotellhimthetruth.Hesaidhefoundachairtositon.6Adverbial表目的Hestayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.Adverbial表結(jié)果Lindacamebackhometofindherhouseonfire.（二）疑問詞+不定式動詞1)Shefoundoutwhereshecouldbuycheaperfruits.=Shefoundoutwheretobuycheaperfruits.間接引語間接引語在多數(shù)情況下構(gòu)成賓語從句。1.直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時應(yīng)注意幾個變化:A.人稱的變化Shesaid,“Iamtired.”Shesaidthatshewastired.B.時態(tài)的變化：1.主句謂語是現(xiàn)在時，從句的時態(tài)不變Heasks,“IsTomanEnglishman?”Heasksif/whetherTomisanEnglishman.2.主句謂語是過去時，從句的時態(tài)要相應(yīng)地降一級一般現(xiàn)在時—一般過去時一般將來時—過去將來時現(xiàn)在進行時——過去進行時現(xiàn)在完成時—過去完成時一般過去時——過去完成時3.直接引語改為間接引語時時態(tài)不變的情況(1)當(dāng)表示的是客觀事實或真理的時候,時態(tài)不變。Theteachertoldusthatthesunrisesintheeast.C.連接詞1.被引用的句子是陳述句,只需要在句子前面加that,在口語中及非正式用語中常常省略,如:Dadsaidtome,“Ienjoycartoonsverymuch.”Dadtoldme(that)heenjoyscartoonsverymuch.2.如果被引用的句子是一般疑問句，這個時候要用if/whether引導(dǎo)從句。如:Heasked,“DoyoulikeChinesetea?”Heaskedmeif/whetherIlikedChinesetea.whether/if之異同：(1)強調(diào)兩方面的選擇，特別是句中有ornot時。如：(4)在介詞之后作介詞的賓語時。如：Ihaven’tsettledthequestionofwhetherI’llgobackhome.(5)在不定式前與不定式一起組成詞組時。如：Whethertogoorstayisstillaquestion.4.當(dāng)被引用的句子是祈使句時,改為間接引語時用ask,want,tell,order等表示，如:⑴TommysaidtoLinda,“Gotoclosethedoor.”TommyaskedLindatogotoclosethedoor.⑵Themansaidtothechildren,“Don’tplaywithfire.”Themantold/orderedthechildrennottoplaywithfire.D.指示代詞，地點狀語的變化直接引語間接引語指示代詞thisthatthesethose地點狀語herethere動詞comegobringtakeE.時間狀語的變化直接引語間接引語nowtodaytonightthisweek/year/termthenthatdaythatnightthatweek/year/termthreedaysagoyesterdayeveninglastweekyesterdaythedaybeforeyesterdaythreedaysbeforetheeveningbeforetheweekbeforethedaybeforetwodaysbeforetomorrowtomorrowmorningthedayaftertomorrownextweek/month/yearthenextdaythenextmorningtwodayslater/afterthenextweek/month/yearF

F用陳述語序2.ShirleyaskedMary,“AreyoufromAmerica?”ShirleyaskedMaryifsheisfromAmerica.反義疑問句一、基本形式：Youcan’tdoit,canyou?你不能做它，是嗎？否定肯定Theyareverylateforthemeeting,aren’tthey?他們開會遲到了，是嗎？肯定否定當(dāng)陳述句中含有be動詞，助動詞，或是情態(tài)動詞時，反問句部分由這些詞加上主語人稱代詞構(gòu)成，Be動詞包括：am,is,are,was,were助動詞有：do,does,did,have\has（用在完成時）,had（用在過去完成時）等情態(tài)動詞有：can,could,may,might,must,will,would,shall,should二、反意疑問句的陳述部分帶有l(wèi)ittle,few,never,hardly,seldom，nobody,nothing,no等否定意義的詞時，問句部分用肯定式。如：①Shenevertellsalie,doesshe?②Hewasseldomlate,washe?三、陳述部分帶有dislike,unhappy,useless等加前后綴構(gòu)成否定意義的詞時，問句部分用否定四、反意疑問句的陳述部分為Iam……時，問句部分習(xí)慣上用aren’tI？表示。陳述部分的主語為不定代詞something,anything,等時，問句部分的主語用it。主語為不定代詞somebody(someone),anybody等)時，問句部分的主語用he或they，五、．陳述部分為祈使句1）若為let’s引導(dǎo)，反問句用shallwe?2）若為letus引導(dǎo)和其余的任何一般的否定祈使句，都用willyou,3）Please(don’t)openthewindow,willyou?打開窗，好嗎？六、Hedoesn’tthinksheisright,isshe?反意疑問句1、Fewofthemhurtthemselvesintheaccidentlastnight,________

A.don’ttheyB.didn’ttheyC.didtheyD.dothey

2、-You’veneverseendinosaureggs,haveyou?

--_____.HowIwishtovisittheDinosaurWorld.

A.Yes,IhaveB.No,Ihaven’tC.Certainly,IhaveD.Ofcourse,Ihaven’t

5、JohncanhardlyunderstandanyChinese,_________he?

A.Can’tB.doesn’tC.canD.does

6.Don’tsmokeinthemeeting-room,_________?

A.doyouB.willyouC.canyouD.couldyou

9、Theladycouldn’tsayawordwhenshesawthesnake,________?

A.couldtheladyB.couldn’ttheladyC.couldsheD.couldn’tshe

14、Tinaisunhappynow,________?A.isn’tsheB.issheC.isheD.didshe

21、He’sneverbeentoaforeigncountry,_______?

A.hasheB.doesheC.hasn’theD.doesn’the

22、Thereissomewaterinthatbottle,isn’t_______

A.thereB.itC.thatD.those

26Let’sgoandplayfootball,__________?

A.willyouB.doyouC.won’tyouD.shallwe

27、Theboyhastostayathometolookafterhislittlesister,_______?

A.doesheB.isheC.doesn’theD.hasn’the5、Hethinkshisauntisright.(改為反意疑問句)

Hethinkshisauntisright,______________________?

9aUnit1句型一：Itis/was+adj.+ofsb.(not)todo…這里形容詞是對人的品質(zhì)、特征等的修飾、說明某人（不）做某事是……怎么樣的ItisverykindofJackieChantoraisemoneyforcharities.JackieChan_________________________raisemoneyforcharities.ItisnotwrongofLucytohelpLily.Lucy______________________________________helpLily.類似句型1：Itis/was+adj.+forsb.+todosth.對某人來說，做某事是……怎么樣的。這里的形容詞是對做的事的好壞等性質(zhì)的修飾、說明1.Itiseasy_________me________speakEnglish.2.Itwasquitedifficult____________thechild___________lift(舉)suchaheavybox.類似句型2：Itis/wasadj.+that引導(dǎo)從句.對某人來說，做某事是……怎么樣的。1.在步行前先訓(xùn)練自己是有必要的。Itisnecessarythatyoutrainyourselfbeforethewalk.轉(zhuǎn)換成:It’snecessary________you________trainyourselfbeforethewalk.句型二：tobe+adj.+enough+todo某人足夠……以至于……注意：enoughadj./adv.+enough;enough+n./n.+enough用tobe+adj.+enough+todo句型改寫下列句子：1.It’spatientofyoutowaitfortwohourshere.You____________________________________________waitfortwohourshere.2.Heiskind.HehelpsmewithmyEnglish.He’s____________________________helpmewithmyEnglish.It’s________________________________helpmewithmyEnglish.其它類似句型及其轉(zhuǎn)換：such…that,so…that,enoughto..,too…to1.Heissuchayoungboythathecan’tgotoschool.=Heis___________young______________hecan’tgotoschool.=Heis______________________enough______________gotoschool.=Heis____________young____________gotoschool.3.Mr.Wuissopatientthathespendsmuchtimeexplainingthingstous.=Mr.Wuis_____________________________spendmuchtimeexplainingthingstous.4.Thepandaissofatthatitcan’tgothroughthehole.=Thepandais__________________________gothroughthehole.句子成分Ⅰ.主語subjectTheclassroomisverybig.Ⅱ.表語(predicative)聯(lián)系動詞后面的成分叫表語，主語+連系動詞＋表語Ⅲ.聯(lián)系動詞（Linkverb）be動詞become成為，turn變成.seem,look,sound,taste,feel等Thebikeismine.Thatsoundsgreat.Ⅳ.謂語(predicate)謂語一般放在主語之后。Westudyhard.Ⅴ.賓語object句型II:主語+謂語＋賓語HecanspeakEnglish.Theyhavefinishedthejob.雙賓語:directobjectandindirectobjectAndyboughtMillieanicecream.MyteachergavemeanEnglishbook.間接賓語直接賓語Ⅵ.定語attributive定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用“……的”表示。Youareahard-workingperson.Thegirlinredismysister.定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾由some,any,every,no構(gòu)成的不定代詞時，（如：something、nothing），則定語通常后置。Ihavesomethinginterestingtotellyou.Ⅶ.狀語(adverbial)：IreadEnglisheverymorning.Mygrandpaoftenwalksinthepark.時間地點副詞通常作狀語。9AUnit1()12.Heusedtodoeverythingso______thatheoftenmademistakes.A.carefulB.carelessC.carefullyD.carelessly()13It’simportant______us______Englishwell.A.for;learnB.for;tolearnC.of;learningD.of;tolearn(14.It'snecessary______learnaforeignlanguageA.forwetoB.thatweC.ofustoD.forus()14.Andyis______bealeader.A.enoughenergetictoB.energeticenoughtoC.energeticenoughthathecanD.B&C()15.Heisnot______togotoschool.A.enougholdB.enoughyoungC.oldenoughD.youngenough()16.Itisnecessary______you______Englishasoftenasyoucan.for;toreadB.for;toreadingC.of;toreadD.of;reading()17.Itisnice______youto______methenewspaper.A.for;bringB.for;takeC.of;bringD.of;take()18.Anenergeticpersonhaslotsofenergy.A.directobjectB.indirectobjectC.predicateD.attributive()19Kittydanceseveryday.A.predicateB.predicativeC.objectD.adverbial()20.Mikeisanenergeticperson.A.predicateB.predicativeC.objectD.adverbial(21.Yourfriendisshowingyouanarticle.A.directobjectB.indirectobjectC.predicateD.attributive()9.Amywantstotravelaroundtheworld.A.predicateB.adverbialC.objectD.subject()22.Whobrokethewindow?A.subjectB.objectC.predicativeD.attributive()23.TheycallthemanMonk（和尚）.A.predicativeB.objectcomplementC.attributiveD.adverb