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動(dòng)詞(一)知識概要?jiǎng)釉~在語言中是必不可少的一部分。它的語法現(xiàn)象也較多,但在初中范圍主要有以下幾方面問題。①時(shí)態(tài):初中范圍主要有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),過去完成時(shí),將來時(shí)與過去將來時(shí)六種時(shí)態(tài)。②語態(tài):主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)。③助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。④非謂語動(dòng)詞,也就是不定式,動(dòng)名詞及現(xiàn)在分詞的用法。時(shí)態(tài)主要掌握以下幾種時(shí)態(tài)的應(yīng)用要點(diǎn)和習(xí)慣用法。1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):主要有以下三方面,①用來表示狀態(tài),特征或不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在和真理。如:Matterexistsinthreestates物質(zhì)有三態(tài)。又如:Theearthmovesaroundthesun②表示習(xí)慣性和經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,如:Ioftengotobedat9∶30③在時(shí)間、條件等狀語從句中表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,如:AssoonasIgetthereI'lltelephoneyou.2一般過去時(shí):①主要用于表達(dá)過去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),如:Iwasilllastweek②過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,如:Iusedtogetupatsix.3一般將來時(shí):用于表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,其構(gòu)成方式①用will(shall)+動(dòng)詞原形來表達(dá)將來在某一時(shí)間內(nèi)要發(fā)生,或經(jīng)常、將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),如:SchoolwillbeginonSeptember1st②用begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形,用來表示不久將要發(fā)生或打算去作的動(dòng)作。如:I'mgoingtoswimthisafternoon③be+現(xiàn)在分詞,也就是用某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來,如:I'mcoming。這些動(dòng)詞只限于:go,come,leave,start,move,sail,arrive,reach,getto等動(dòng)詞。④在狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):用于表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,如:Whatareyoudoingnow?要注意的是表示狀態(tài),情感的某些詞沒有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),這些動(dòng)詞有:like,have(有),love,know,understand,remember,forget,see,hear,smell,taste,feel,wishhope,expect…5過去將來時(shí):用來表達(dá)從過去某時(shí)間點(diǎn)上看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,如:Hetoldmehewouldcometomyparty6現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí):現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的兩個(gè)用處是:①用來表達(dá)在過去開始的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,如:I'vestudiedEnglishfortwoyears②用來表達(dá)過去發(fā)生的事但它影響到現(xiàn)在,如:Ihaven'thadmybreakfast.soI'mhungrynow現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別在于動(dòng)作的截止時(shí)間,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作截止于現(xiàn)在,而過去完成時(shí)所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作截止于過去。如:Ihaven'tseenmyoldteacherforalongtime我好久未見到我過去的老師了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句話,則將變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí),如:YesterdayIsawmyoldteacher.Ihadn'tseenhimforalongtime.因?yàn)槲液镁梦匆娝@一情況截止于昨天。還要注意的一個(gè)問題是截止性動(dòng)詞可以有完成時(shí),但不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,如:WhenIgottoschool,theclasshadbegun如果一定要講開始幾分鐘了則要換用表示狀態(tài),或延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,如:WhenIgottoschool,theclasshadbeenonforfiveminutes語態(tài):英語中只有主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)之分。主動(dòng)語態(tài),句子中的主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,如:Ibrokethewindow而被動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中的主語是主動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中的賓語,如:Thewindowwasbrokenbyme被動(dòng)語態(tài)主要用于,動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不明確,或沒有必要說出來,如:TheNewbuildingwasbuiltlastweek關(guān)鍵要注意的是在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中有省略不定式符號to的動(dòng)詞,在被動(dòng)語態(tài)要還原,如:主動(dòng)語態(tài)Isawhimcomein.被動(dòng)語態(tài)Hewasseentocomein.助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義,它只不過與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞,形成了時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、構(gòu)成了疑問句,否定句,以及用來加強(qiáng)語氣。而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞則表達(dá)一種可能、必要、允許、愿望、猜測……的意圖、傾向。也用來表示語氣的委婉和祝愿。初中階段主要有:can,could,may,might,will,would,must(haveto),shall,should。最后要談?wù)摰氖欠侵^語動(dòng)詞,非謂語動(dòng)詞分為不定式,和動(dòng)詞的ing形式,(即現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞)。雖然在初中范圍,這一項(xiàng)不是語法重點(diǎn),但還是要花一定時(shí)間去學(xué)習(xí),為的是打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。為進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)提供良好的條件。不定式在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語。如:Toseeistobelieve.(百聞不如一見)Hewanttoseeafilm還可以作補(bǔ)足語,如:Hewantsmetoleave.也可以作狀語,如:IcomeheretolearnEnglish.動(dòng)名詞也可以起到上述作用,如:Seeingisbelieving.Ilikeswimmingverymuch.而現(xiàn)在分詞多用于作定語、補(bǔ)足語、狀語,如:Thegirldrivingacarishersister.(定語)Didyounoticehishandshaking?(賓語補(bǔ)足語)Hearingthenoise,westoppedtalking.(狀語)(二)正誤辨析[誤]Shelaiddownandsoonfellasleep.[正]Shelaydownandsoonfellasleep.[析]考試中常出現(xiàn)的是易混動(dòng)詞lay放,lie躺,lie說謊。它們的過去時(shí)、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞變化如下:lay(放)laid,laid,laying(及物動(dòng)詞)lie(躺)lay,lain,lying(不及物動(dòng)詞)lie(說謊)lied,lied,lying[誤]Pleaseriseyourhand.[正]Pleaseraiseyourhand.[析]rise是不及物動(dòng)詞,其后不能接賓語,如:Thesunrisesintheeast.而raise是及物動(dòng)詞。[誤]Iliketoswimverymuch,butIdon'tlikeswimmingthisafternoon.[正]Ilikeswimmingverymuch,butIdon'tliketoswimthisafternoon.[析]like作為"喜歡"講時(shí),可以接動(dòng)名詞也可以接不定式,但接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)多表達(dá)一種習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。而接不定式則側(cè)重于表達(dá)一次性、特殊性的動(dòng)作。但要注意的是like與would連用時(shí)則一定要接不定式,如:Wouldyouliketogowithme?再有一點(diǎn)要注意的是,like作為介詞"像"講時(shí),只能用分詞作其賓語。[誤]Stop!Didyoulistentoastrangevoice?[正]Stop!Didyouhearastrangevoice?[析]hear的側(cè)重點(diǎn)是聽到、聽見什么,而listento的側(cè)重點(diǎn)為聽的傾向,如:listen!Doyouhearsomeonecallinghelp?這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ook與see。它們的側(cè)重點(diǎn)也不同,look重于"看"的傾向,而see重于看見沒看見。[誤]Didyouwatchsomefilmrecently?[正]Didyouseesomefilmrecently?[析]英語中see與watch各有不同的用處,see用于看電影、劇目,而watch用作看電視和看球賽。[誤]Look.Abeautifullamphangedfromtheceiling.[正]Look.Abeautifullamphungfromtheceiling.[析]hang有兩個(gè)含義,①"掛",它的過去時(shí)與過去分詞是hung,hung;②"絞刑",這時(shí)它是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,其過去式與過去分詞則為hanged,hanged。[誤]HowlongcanIborrowthisbook?[正]HowlongcanIkeepthisbook?[析]"借"在英文中有三個(gè)詞,①借入,即borrow,如:MayIborrowsomebooksfromthelibrary?②借出,如:Icanlendmybiketoyou.③借多久要用keep,因?yàn)閎orrow與lend都是截止性動(dòng)詞,而keep是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如HowlongcanIkeepit?[誤]Wehavewonyourclass.[正]Wehavebeatenyourclass.[析]win是及物動(dòng)詞,其后面的賓語應(yīng)是比賽、戰(zhàn)爭、獎(jiǎng)品、獎(jiǎng)金。而beat的賓語,應(yīng)是人、隊(duì)、班級等等,如:Wewonthegame.[誤]Ileftmykey.[正]Iforgotmykey.[正]Ileftmykeyathome.[析]leave是"丟下",其后一定要接地點(diǎn)狀語,而forget其后不要接地點(diǎn)狀語。[誤]Oh!It'srainingoutside.Pleasebringtheraincoatwithyou.[正]Oh!It'srainingoutside.Pleasetakethisraincoatwithyou.[析]bring為"帶來"如:Nexttimebringyourlittlesisterhere.而take為"帶走",fetch為"去某處取什么回來",如:Pleasefetchsomecoffeeforus要熟記的是在初中課文中與take有關(guān)的詞組,如:takeaway拿走takeback收回takedown取下takeoff脫下take…out拿出takeplace發(fā)生takeholdof拿住takepartin參加takeaseat坐下takeone'splace替代takealook看看takeone'sturn輪流takeamessage捎信takecareof照看takeiteasy別著急takeone'stime慢慢來takeone'stemperature測量體溫[誤]Thepolicemanreachedhisgun.[正]Thepolicemanreachedforhisgun.[析]reach作"到達(dá)"講時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞,如:Ireachedthehotelat8∶30但作"伸手去拿",則要用reachforsomething。作為"到達(dá)"講時(shí)還有arrive(in+大地方)(at+較小的地方)和getto.要注意的是與get有關(guān)的詞組有:getback回來getin收割getinto進(jìn)入getoff下車geton上車getout出去getup起床getto到達(dá)getreadyfor=bereadyforgetonwellwith與人相處融洽get加比較級為變得如何,例如:getcolderandcolder.[誤]Thisdictionaryspentmefivedollars.[正]Thisdictionarycostmefivedollars.[析]英文中的"花費(fèi)"有4個(gè)spend,cost,take和pay,其中spend與pay所在句中的主語應(yīng)為人,如:Ispenttwohoursindoingmyhomework.Ipaidfivedallarsforthebook.而cost與take的主語則是事物,如:Ittakesmetwoyearstofinishthisbook.[誤]InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopened.[正]InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopen.[正]Ialwayssleepwiththewindowsclosed.[析]要注意open是動(dòng)詞也是形容詞,而close則要用其過去分詞作形容詞。[誤]Pleasewaitaminute.I'mhavingonmyclothes.[正]Pleasewaitaminute.I'mputtingonmyclothes.[析]英語中的穿衣服要分狀態(tài),是什么樣的穿著打扮,還是穿衣服的動(dòng)作兩類動(dòng)詞。表示穿著狀態(tài)的詞有haveon,wear,在用法上haveon不宜用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),它多用一般時(shí)態(tài),如:Shehasonanewschooldress.而wear則多用進(jìn)行時(shí)來表示狀態(tài),如:Sheiswearinganewsweater.在表示動(dòng)作的詞中puton是常用的一詞。dress用作動(dòng)詞當(dāng)"穿衣"講時(shí)其后賓語不應(yīng)接衣物,而要接人,如:Mychildrenwereveryyoungtheycouldn'tdressthemselves.在表示穿著狀態(tài)時(shí)用其過去分詞當(dāng)形容詞,如:Heisdressedinwhite.[誤]Mycomputercan'tbegin.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?[正]Mycomputercan'tstart.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?[析]begin與start均可指"開始",而且常??梢曰Q,如:Schoolbegins(starts)at8a.m.但是在兩種情況下不宜用begin而要用start,①當(dāng)作機(jī)器開動(dòng)、發(fā)動(dòng)講,如:Mycarcan'tstart.Theremustbesomethingwrongwithit.②作為"旅途開始"講,如:Weshouldhavetostartearly.Therewasalotoftrafficontheroad.[誤]I'mverygladbecauseIhavefoundedmylostkey.[正]I'mverygladbecauseIhavefoundmylostkey.[析]find是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,它的過去式和過去分詞是found,found,而found又是另外一詞"建立",它是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,其過去式與過去分詞是foundedfounded,如:ThePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1949.[誤]Please.Let'sspeakinEnglish.[正]Please.Let'sspeakEnglish.[正]Please.Let'stalkinEnglish.[誤]CanyouspeakitEnglish?[正]CanyousayitinEnglish?[析]英文中"說"有4個(gè)常用詞say,tell,speak,talk.其中不及物動(dòng)詞有speak和talk,如:Iwanttotalkwithyou.Wearetalkingaboutthenewfilm.而speak其后接語言時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞,其他情況是不及物動(dòng)詞。say與tell是及物動(dòng)詞,其中tell常用雙賓語,如:Tellusastory.但用于講實(shí)話或謊話時(shí)也用單賓語。如:Tellthetruth.[誤]CanyousayJapanesefromChinese?[正]CanyoutellJapanesefromChinese?[析]tell…from為固定詞組,即分辨兩者的不同。[誤]Excuseme,didIsteponyourfoot?[正]Oh,sorry,didIsteponyourfoot?[析]excuseme用于未打擾對方前,以提醒對方注意的用語,而sorry則是由于自己已做的事向?qū)Ψ降狼浮#壅`]Wouldyoucarefortoswimwithus?[正]Wouldyoucaretoswimwithus?[析]carefor后接不定式時(shí),要省略for,或換用名詞,如:Wouldyoucareforacupoftea.carefor作"照顧"講時(shí)與lookafter相同。在初中階段學(xué)習(xí)與for有關(guān)的詞組有:askfor請求callfor接人,請人carefor關(guān)心goinfor從事answerfor負(fù)責(zé)lookfor尋找waitfor等待sendfor請人payfor付款searchfor尋找leavefor去某地preparefor準(zhǔn)備thanksomebodyforsomething為某事向某人道謝。[誤]Areyouunderstandingit?Yes,Igottoit.[正]Doyouunderstandit?Yes,Igotit.[析]understand這一詞沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),如同感觀動(dòng)詞love、hate…Igotit是美語,即Iunderstoodit。要記住get作為"到達(dá)"講時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞,如:I'llgettotheschoolat8a.m.初中范圍常用與to有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞詞組如下:belongto屬于cometo蘇醒pointto(at)指著getto到達(dá)referto談到stickto堅(jiān)持leadto導(dǎo)致turnto翻到lookforwardto期望agreeto同意[誤]Themeathasgonebadly.[正]Themeathasgonebad.[析]英語中g(shù)o,get,become,turn作為轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí),其后接形容詞,這時(shí)這些動(dòng)詞應(yīng)被看作系動(dòng)詞。[誤]Theteachersaidtheearthmovedaroundthesun.[正]Theteachersaidtheearthmovesaroundthesun.[析]如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí),其賓語從句可以是任何時(shí)態(tài)。如果是過去時(shí),則賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與之呼應(yīng)。但地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)是不隨時(shí)間而變化的客觀事實(shí),所以還應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)來表達(dá)。[誤]I'llcometoseeyouassoonasI'llbeback.[正]I'llcometoseeyouassoonasIamback.[析]在狀語從句中要用一般時(shí)來表示將來,如:Ishouldtellhimwhenhecameback.[誤]Iwanttoknowwhetheryoucometomypartytomorrowornot.[正]Iwanttoknowwhetheryouwillcometomypartytomorrowornot.[析]在賓語從句中則要用將來時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作。要注意的是如果賓語從句中仍有狀語從句時(shí),依然要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來,如:Iwanttoknowifitrainstomorrowyou'llcomehereornot.[誤]Whatdidyoudoateightlastnight?[正]Whatwereyoudoingateightlastnight?[析]在描述過去某一具體時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或從某時(shí)到某時(shí)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作要用過去進(jìn)行時(shí),如:IwaswashingclothesfromeighttillnoonlastSunday[誤]Myclassmatescametoseeafilmyesterday.Ididn'tgowiththem,becauseIhaveseenitbefore.[正]Myclassmatescametoseeafilmyesterday.Ididn'tgowiththembecauseIhadseenitbefore.[析]現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的相同之處是其動(dòng)作均開始于過去的某一點(diǎn),它的差別在于該動(dòng)作是截止到什么時(shí)候。如動(dòng)作截止到現(xiàn)在用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);如動(dòng)作截止到過去,用過去完成時(shí)。例如:I'velearntEnglishforthreeyears.(到現(xiàn)在為止)又如:BeforeIwenttocollege,IhadlearntEnglishforthreeyears.(動(dòng)作截止到上大學(xué)那時(shí),即截止于過去)[誤]I'mfeelingwellnow.[正]Ifeelwellnow.[析]瞬間動(dòng)詞有些無進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),它們是:表示思維狀態(tài)的詞:believe,feel,forget,imagine,know,mean,need,prefer,remember,understand,want表示感情的動(dòng)詞:care,like,dolike,love,mind,hate,fear表示狀態(tài)的詞:belong,own感觀動(dòng)詞:feel,hear,see,smell,taste[誤]Whenhaveyoudonethiswork?[正]Whendidyoudothiswork?[析]when提問的是一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)不可用于完成時(shí)態(tài)的問句中。[誤]ThisisournewEnglishteacher.Hehasgonetomanyforeigncountries.[正]ThisisournewEnglishteacher.Hehasbeentomanyforeigncountries.[析]havegoneto是到某地去了,此人現(xiàn)在不在這里。havebeento是到過某地,現(xiàn)在此人在說話現(xiàn)場。[誤]Ihaveborrowedthisbookfortwoweeks.[正]Ihavekeptthisbookfortwoweeks.[析]截止性動(dòng)詞有完成時(shí)態(tài),但不可和與表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用。如:WhenIgottothecinemathefilmhadbegun.但要講WhenIgottothecinemathefilmhadbeonforfiveminutes這樣的用法還有buy,join,die,如:Iboughtthisbookyesterday.我昨天買的這本書。Ihavehadthisbookfortwodays.這本書我已買了兩天了。Ijoinedtheclubtwoyearsago.兩年前我加入了這個(gè)俱樂部。Ihavebeeninthisclubfortwoyears.我加入這個(gè)俱樂部已兩年了。Myfatherdiedfiveyearsago.我父親是5年前去世的。Myfatherhasbeendeadforfiveyears.我父親已去世5年了。[誤]Haveyouunderstoodthelessons?[正]Doyouunderstandthelessons?[析]有些動(dòng)詞不易用完成時(shí)態(tài),它們是understand,think,believe,know(知道)[誤]ItwassaidthattheSecondWorldWarhadbrokenoutin1939.[誤]ItwassaidthattheSecondWorldWarwasbrokenoutin1939.[析]在講述過去的歷史事件時(shí),總要用過去時(shí)而不要用完成時(shí),而且happen,breakout,takeplace作為發(fā)生講時(shí)均沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。[誤]WhenIwalkedalongthestreet.Ihappenedtomeetanoldfriend.[正]WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreetIhappenedtomeetanoldfriend.[析]在一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的過程中,某一突然事件發(fā)生,這時(shí)長動(dòng)作應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)),而突發(fā)性動(dòng)作用一般時(shí)(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)),如:Whenmyfatherisreadinganewspaperthetelephonerings.[誤]Pleasebuyabookforme.[正]Pleasebuymeabook.[正]Pleasebuyabooktome.[析]在接雙賓語的動(dòng)詞后面的兩個(gè)賓語,一個(gè)是直接賓語,一個(gè)是間接賓語,如:Buymeabook中me是間接賓語,而abook是直接賓語。如果將直接賓語前置,其后應(yīng)加to,如:Tellmeastory.Tellastorytome.Givemeabook.Giveabooktome.[誤]Hewasseencomeintothebookstore.[正]Hewasseentocomeintothebookstore.[析]在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中,有時(shí)可以加不帶to的不定式作賓語,如:Isawhimcomeintothebookstore.但如果變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),則要將省略的to還原。當(dāng)然這些動(dòng)詞還可以加動(dòng)名詞作賓語,如:Isawhimcomingintothebookstore,如變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),則沒有變化。如:Hewasseencomingintothebookstore.[誤]Hownicethebookis!Isitsoldwell?[正]Hownicethebookis!Doesitsellwell?[析]有些動(dòng)詞可以表示一種動(dòng)作,但也可以用來表示某種性質(zhì),表示動(dòng)作時(shí)可用被動(dòng)語態(tài),在表示性質(zhì)時(shí)則不可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:Thisbooksellswell.這本書暢銷。Thiscardriveseasily.這車容易駕駛。Theseclotheswasheasily.這些衣服好洗。在作上述表達(dá)時(shí),不要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。而要講:Thiskindofbookwassoldout.(這種書賣完了)Theseclotheswerewashedbythewashingmachine.這時(shí)要用被動(dòng)語態(tài),因?yàn)樗枋龅氖蔷唧w動(dòng)作。[誤]MustIdoitnow?No.youmustn't.[正]MustIdoitnow?No,youneedn't.[析]need用在疑問句和否定句中常用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,其后接不帶to的不定式。由must提問的問句作答語時(shí),如是肯定的要用must,否定的要用needn't,即為沒有必要。在肯定句中常用作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞,如:Ineedtowaitformyboy.[誤]Isthisbookyours?Yes,It's.[正]Isthisbookyours?Yes,Itis.[析]在肯定的回答中不要用縮寫形式,而在否定的回答中可以用縮寫形式,如:No.Itisn't.[誤]I'llhavemybikerepairtomorrow.[正]I'llhavemybikerepairedtomorrow.[析]have+人+動(dòng)詞原形或現(xiàn)在分詞意為:讓某人作某事,如:Myfatherhadmetolearnhowtodrive,或Myfatherhadmedoingmyhomeworkfrommorningtillmighthave+物+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞為某件事被別人完成。如:Ihavemyhaircut.我去理發(fā)。而不是自己理發(fā)。如果講我想自己作某事,則用Iwanttorepairmybikemyself.[誤]I'llgetmybrotherrepairthebikeforyou.[正]I'llgetmybrothertorepairthebikeforyou.[析]have與get的用法有相同之處,也有不同之處。相同之處,如:havesomethingdone,也可用getsomethingdone,或have(get)somebodydoingsomething但不同之處在于havesomebodydosomething在用get時(shí)則要用getsomebodytodosomething。[誤]IhavetostudyonSaturdaybutIhaven'ttostudyafullday[正]IhavetostudyonSaturday,butIdon'thavetostudyafullday.[析]haveto不得不,而don'thaveto為其否定式。[誤]IsTomintheclassroom?No.Hemustn'tbeintheclassroom,becauseIsawhimtalkingwithourteacherintheofficejustnow.[正]IsTomintheclassroom?No.Hecan'tbeintheclassroombecauseIsawhimtalkingwithourteacherintheofficejustnow.[析]must加動(dòng)詞原形表達(dá)一種比較肯定的推測,而表示否定的推測則要用can't。[誤]Mygrandpaisovereightybutheisabletoreadwithoutglasses.[正]Mygrandpaisovereighty,buthecanreadwithoutglasses.[析]can(could)多用于表達(dá)客觀的事實(shí),主觀能力,而beableto則多用于表達(dá)主觀的意愿。[誤]Shedoesn'tanswerthedoorbell.Sheshouldbeasleep.[正]Shedoesn'tanswerthedoorbell.Shemustbeasleep[析]should用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的句子中應(yīng)譯為"應(yīng)該",如:Youshoulddoyourhomeworkrightaway.而must加動(dòng)詞原形表示一種推測。[誤]Doyouliketogowithus?[正]Wouldyouliketogowithus?[析]Doyoulike…問的是習(xí)慣,如:Doyoulikeswimming?而wouldyoulike是一次性的邀請。[誤]Iamusedtogetupearlyinthemorning.[正]Iamusedtogettingupearlyinthemorning.[析]usedto共有三種用法,①表示過去的習(xí)慣,如:Iusedtolivewithmyparents.②表示過去的習(xí)慣延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,如:Iamusedtoswimmingintheriver.③用于被動(dòng)語態(tài),如:Oilisusedtocook[誤]Toplaywiththechildrenareveryinteresting.[正]Toplaywiththechildrenisveryinteresting.[析]不定式作主語時(shí),應(yīng)視為單數(shù)主語,特別是兩個(gè)不定式用and作連詞作主語時(shí),如指的是一件事也應(yīng)用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。如:Togetupearlyandtogotosleepearlyisgoodforyourhealth.[誤]Heaskedmedomyhomeworkalone.[正]Heaskedmetodomyhomeworkalone.[析]某些動(dòng)詞要求不定式作其賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語,它們是:asksomebodytodosomething要求某人做某事。tellsomebodytodosomething告訴某人做某事還有prepare準(zhǔn)備,decide決定,happento碰巧,seem似乎。[誤]hetoldmetodriveacar.[正]Hetoldmehowtodriveacar.[析]要學(xué)會疑問詞加不定式的用法,特別要注意的是what是疑問代詞,而how是疑問副詞。如:Iwanttoknowwhattodo.(我想知道干什么)。Iwanttoknowhowtodoit.(我想知道如何去作)。要注意的是howtodoit中的it是不可少的,因how是疑問副詞,不能作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語,而what是疑問代詞,可做do的賓語,所以whattodo后不要加it。[誤]Iamverygladmeetingyou.[正]Iamverygladtomeetyou.[析]許多形容詞后加不定式,這樣用時(shí)形容詞多是用來描述人物的感情、態(tài)度,如:glad,happy,pleased,lucky,sorry,sad,upset,ready,careful,surprised。[誤]I'mtoogladforseeingyou.[正]I'mtoogladtoseeyou.[析]這句話不能按照too…to的句型翻譯為:我太高興了以至于不想見你。而應(yīng)譯為:見到你太高興了。又如:Sheistoohonesttotellthetruth應(yīng)譯為:她很誠實(shí),不會不講實(shí)話。[誤]Tomistooyoungnottojointhearmy.[正]Tomistooyoungtojointhearmy.[析]這是too…to的正常用法,太如何如何以至于不能如何。[誤]Iwenttothehospitalforseeingmyoldfriend.Hewasillinhospital.[正]Iwenttothehospitaltoseemyoldfriend.Hewasillinhospital.[析]在句中表示某動(dòng)作的目的時(shí),要用不定式而不能用for加動(dòng)名詞。[誤]Couldyouhelpmetofindachairtosit.[正]Couldyouhelpmetofindachairtositon.[析]當(dāng)不定式作后置定語時(shí),將不定式放于名詞之后。如果不定式中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則其后面的介詞不要省略。如:Isatonthechair.這樣的用法還有:Iwanttofindaroomtolivein.Iwanttofindapentowritewith.[誤]Whenmotherwasaboutleavingthebabycriedsuddenly.[正]Whenmotherwasabouttoleavethebabycriedsuddenly.[析]beaboutto是表達(dá)較近的即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,可用來表示將來時(shí),或按計(jì)劃、安排的事。[誤]Thisworkisdifficulttobedone.[正]Thisworkisdifficulttodo.[析]在不定式作賓語時(shí),下列情況常用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)。①句子的主語即是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,如:Ihavealotofletterstowrite.②句中的賓語是不定式中動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,如:Couldyoufindmeajobtodo?③在形容詞之后的不定式,如:Englishisdifficulttolearn.[誤]Wouldyouliketoseeafilmwithus?Yes,I'dlove.[正]Wouldyouliketoseeafilmwithus?Yes,I'dloveto.[析]在口語簡答語中要將不定式符號保留,如:Ihadto(不得不作)I'mgoingto(打算作)Iusedto(過去習(xí)慣作)I'dloveto(喜歡作)Ihopeto(希望作某事)I'llbegladto(高興作)[誤]Didyouseesomeonetodothisworkforme?[正]Didyouseesomeonedothisworkforme?[析]在感觀動(dòng)詞之后常接不帶to的不定式。這些詞是see,lookat,watch,hear,listento,feel,notice。[誤]Hewasseenpreparethiscar.[正]Hewasseentopreparethiscar.[析]在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中要將主動(dòng)語態(tài)句中省去的不定式還原回來。[誤]PleaseLetmychildtotryitagain.[正]PleaseLetmychildtryitagain.[析]在make,have,let后加不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。[誤]Whynottodoitagain?[正]Whynotdoitagain?[析]Whynot,you'dbetter后接不帶to的不定式,如:You'dbettergo.但要注意的是它的否定式是You'dbetternotgo.[誤]Whenheheardthenewshecouldn'thelptocry.[正]Whenheheardthenewshecouldn'thelpcrying.[析]can'thelp+現(xiàn)在分詞表示情不自禁作某事。[誤]Inautumn,thestreetisalwayscoveredwithfallingleaves.[正]Inautumn,thestreetisalwayscoveredwithfallenleaves.[析]現(xiàn)在分詞作定語有正在的含義,如:fallingleave正下落的葉子。而過去分詞作定語fallenleaves是落地的葉子。過去分詞含有已經(jīng)完成的意思。[誤]Doyouhearsomeonesingintheoffice?[正]Doyouhearsomeonesingingintheoffice?[析]感觀動(dòng)詞可用不帶to的不定式來作賓語補(bǔ)足語,表達(dá)一個(gè)動(dòng)作的全過程或已結(jié)束的動(dòng)作,而用現(xiàn)在分詞表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作。[誤]Iwanttoshopsomefoodforsupper.[正]Iwanttobuysomefoodforsupper.[正]Iwanttogoshopping.[析]shop作買東西講時(shí),要用goshopping,其后不要加所購買的東西。這樣的用法還有:goboating劃船gosailing航海goskating滑冰goshooting射擊godancing去跳舞gofishing釣魚goswimming去游泳……不要用錯(cuò),也不要改為其他式,因?yàn)檫@是習(xí)慣用法。[誤]Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom,thestudentsstoppedtotalk.[正]Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom.thestudentsstoppedtalking.[析]stoptodosomething是停下來去做某事,而stopdoingsomething則是停止做某事。[誤]Ididn'trememberclosingthedoor,sothethiefcameintotheroomdirectly.[正]Ididn'tremembertoclosethedoor,sothethiefcameintotheroomdirectly.[析]remember后接不定式是記著去做某事,即該動(dòng)作并沒有完成。而remember后接動(dòng)名詞則表明該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)作完了。如:Doremembertoturnoffthelight,beforeyouleave.即在你離開前記著去關(guān)燈。而關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作并沒有做。Iremembermeetingyousomewhere.我記得在某處見過你。而相見一事已經(jīng)作完了。相同用法還有forget。[誤]WhenIfinishedtodothisworkIwouldgotoplayfootball.[正]WhenIfinisheddoingthisworkIwouldgotoplayfootball.[析]在英語中有些動(dòng)詞后要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。在初中范圍主要有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞finish和enjoy,千萬不要與like相比。因?yàn)閘ike作動(dòng)詞"喜歡"用時(shí),其后接動(dòng)名詞表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,接不定式表示一次性特殊的動(dòng)作,而wouldyoulike后面則一定要用不定式。[誤]Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewentonplayingthefootball.[正]Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewentontoplayfootball.[析]goontodosomething是做完一件事緊跟著做另一件事。而goondoingsomething是在做一件事的過程中被打斷后接著再繼續(xù)做這件事。[誤]He'sbusytopreparehislessons.[正]He'sbusypreparinghislessons.[析]bebusy后加doing而不能接不定式。(三)例題解析1MrZhangaskedme___thewordsagain.A.readB.readsC.toreadD.reading[答案]C.[析]asksomebodytodosomething要求某人作某事。2You___playontheroad.It'sdangerous.A.mustn'tB.mayC.canD.must[答案]A.[析]must用于否定句表示禁止做某事。3MrBrown___inBeijingsince1993.A.workB.worksC.workedD.hasworked[答案]D.[析]句中有since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語,因此句中要用完成時(shí)態(tài)。4I___aletterwhenmymothercamein.A.writeB.amwritingC.waswritingD.willwrite[答案]C.[析]當(dāng)母親進(jìn)來時(shí)是一個(gè)瞬時(shí)的動(dòng)作,而寫信是一個(gè)長動(dòng)作,所以寫信這個(gè)動(dòng)作應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),表示在寫信過程中發(fā)生的另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作。5It'snotanimportantparty,youneedn't___.A.payforitB.wearitoutC.tryitoutD.dressupforit[答案]D.[析]payfor-為某物,某人付款,wearout-穿壞,磨破,tryout-選拔,挑選,而dressup-梳妝打扮。6CanI___abikefromhim?A.lendB.returnC.giveD.borrow[答案]D.[析]borrowsomethingfrom…為向某人某處借某物。而lend,return,give后面的介詞應(yīng)用to。7-MustIstayathome?-No,you___.A.mustn'tB.needn'tC.maynotD.cannot[答案]B.[析]needn't為"沒有必要必須做某事",而mustn't為"禁止做",cannot為"不能做"。根據(jù)題意是:你不一定待在家里。8-Howlonghaveyou___h(yuǎn)ere?-Abouttwomonths.A.beenB.goneC.comeD.arrived[答案]A.[析]havebeenhere是個(gè)狀態(tài),可以與后面的長時(shí)間狀語連接,而其他三個(gè)動(dòng)詞都是瞬間動(dòng)詞。9Stamps___bypeopleforsendingletters.A.useB.usingC.usedD.areused[答案]D.[析]這里是被動(dòng)語態(tài),意為郵票被人們用來發(fā)信。10TheradiosaysTianjinwillbe___tomorrow.A.rainsB.rainC.rainedD.rainy[答案]D.[析]rainy為形容詞作表語。11Ifyoudon'tknowthisword,___inthedictionary.A.lookforitB.lookatitC.lookafteritD.lookitup[答案]D.[析]lookup查字典,與look有關(guān)的詞組有:lookabout四周環(huán)視lookafter照顧lookaround周圍,四處看lookat看lookback回顧lookfor尋找lookforwardto期待lookout當(dāng)心looklike看上去像12Myfathertoldme___playonthestreet.A.notB.tonotC.nottoD.didnot[答案]C.[析]不定式的否定式是nottodosomething.13Thereisgoingto___anEnglishpartythisevening.A.beB.hasC.haveD.is[答案]A.[析]這里是therebe無生命的"有"加助動(dòng)詞的句型,即therewillbe,而沒有therehave的句型。14There___nobusstopherelastyear.A.isB.wasC.areD.were[答案]B.[析]lastyear為去年,所以用過去時(shí)。而therebe句型的單復(fù)數(shù)要看be動(dòng)詞之后離之最近的名詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如:Thereisapenandtwopencilsonthedesk.15Ourschoolwillholdasportsmeetingifit___tomorrow.A.isn'trainB.rainsC.won'trainD.doesn'train[答案]D.[析]在狀語從句中應(yīng)用一般時(shí)態(tài)來表示將來。16Bikesmustn't___everywhere.A.beputB.beputtedC.putD.putting[答案]A.[析]這里是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。與put有關(guān)的詞組如下:putaway放好putoff推遲puton穿上putout撲滅putdown放下17NeitherLiLeinorHanMeimei___Harbin.A.havebeentoB.hasbeentoC.havegonetoD.hasgoneto[答案]B.[析]hasbeento是去過某處。18It'scoldtodayyou'dbetter___morecoats.A.putonB.takeoffC.toputonD.totakeoff[答案]A.[析]'dbetter其后加不帶to的不定式,而puton為"穿上"。19Henry___abirthdaycardforSamyesterday.A.hasboughtB.buysC.boughtD.willbuy[答案]C.[析]因句中的yesterday為表達(dá)過去的時(shí)間狀語,所以應(yīng)用過去時(shí)態(tài)。20WhenIgottothefactory,theworkers___aboutthefilim.A.aretalkingB.talkedC.weretalkingD.havetalked[答案]C.[析]狀語從句中所用的動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí),則主句中也要與之呼應(yīng)。而工人們在談?wù)撾娪盀橐婚L時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,所以要用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。21Nohurry,please___yourtime.A.takeB.bringC.carryD.catch[答案]A.[析]takeone'stime慢慢來別著急。22Ienjoy___thelightmusic.A.tolistentoB.listeningtoC.hearingD.tohear[答案]B.[析]enjoy與finish其后只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。23Please___assoonasyougetthere.A.ringmeupB.ringupmeC.wakemeupD.wakeupme[答案]A.[析]ringup打電話,而wakeup喚醒。英文中有很多動(dòng)詞詞組如其賓語是代詞時(shí),一定要放在動(dòng)詞與介詞之間。24WhenI___,Iwanttobeateacher.A.growsupB.growupC.shallgrowD.grewup[答案]B.[析]growup長大。而狀語從句要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來,即使主句也用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),但它含有將來之意。25Icalledhimandhe___tohaveatalkwithme.A.stopB.stopsC.stopedD.stopped[答案]D.[析]這是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列句,所以時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致。26-Wouldyouplease___meanevaser,Lucy?-Certainly.Hereyouare.A.borrowB.lendC.borrowedD.lent[答案]B.[析]wouldyouplease其后接不帶to的不定式即動(dòng)詞原形,而borrow為"借入"而lend為"借出"。27Trees___inspring.A.plantB.wereplantedC.shouldbeplantedD.shouldplant[答案]C.[析]should用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中表示應(yīng)該,而此句又是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。28-Where'syourfather?-He___toParis.A.goB.goesC.wentD.hasgone[答案]D.[析]hasgone是已去某處了,不在這里了。所以強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的動(dòng)作影響到現(xiàn)在。29-MustIfinishmyhomeworkinclassnow?-No,you___.Youcandoitathome.A.mustn'tB.maynotC.needn'tD.can[答案]C.[析]needn't表示沒有必要一定要這樣做。由must提問,肯定句用must,否定句用needn't.30Thankyouverymuchfor___yourbook___me.A.lending,toB.lent,toC.borrow,fromD.borrowing,from[答案]A.[析]for是介詞,要用動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語。31TheGreatGreenWallwillstopthewindfrom___theearthaway.A.blowingB.blowC.blowsD.toblow[答案]A.[析]stop…fromdoingsomething.阻止某人或某物作某事。32ThestudentswillgototheWestHillFarmbybike,ifit___finetomorrow.A.willbeB.isC.shallbeD.was[答案]B.33Ourteacheralwaystellsus___inthestreet.It'stoodangerous.A.don'tplayB.nottoplayC.toplayD.notplay[答案]B.[析]不定式的否定式為nottodo。34Englishisausefullanguage.It___widelyintheworld.A.isspokenB.wasspokenC.canspeakD.willspeak[答案]A.[析]本句為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。35Thekiteisflyinghighinthesky.It___abird.A.looksatB.lookslikeC.looksforD.looksafter[答案]B.[析]looklike像……,其中l(wèi)ike為介詞。36-Look!What'sWangPingdoingoverthere?-She___underabigtree.A.singsB.sangC.hassungD.issinging[答案]D.37You___seeadoctor.You'vegotabadcold.A.willB.aregoingtoC.hadbetterD.could[答案]C.[析]hadbetter最好,意為一種真心的勸告。38Yourradioistooloud.Wouldyouplease___?A.turndownitB.turnitdownC.toturndownitD.toturnitdown[答案]B.[析]
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