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學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載中學(xué)英語語法精典總結(jié)1.賓語從句:1.主句若是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情況用適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)。Hesays(that)hewillhaveawalksoon.Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.2.主句若是一般過去時(shí),從句也要用過去時(shí)。HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell.ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.3.無論主句是何時(shí)態(tài),從句若表客觀真理,要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.4賓語從句無論有何引導(dǎo)詞,都要用陳述句語序。CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?(不是willyou)Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)2.狀語從句:1主句若是一般將來時(shí)、祈使句或含不表過去的情態(tài)動詞等,則if(如果),unless(除非),when(當(dāng)…的時(shí)候),assoonas(一…就…),before,after,until,till,as(當(dāng)…的時(shí)候)所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek.Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.2而主句若是一般過去時(shí),從句也要用過去時(shí),如:IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.3.定語從句:關(guān)系代詞who只指人,which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必須跟有名詞,既指人,也可指物。關(guān)系詞作主語時(shí),不可省略,作賓語時(shí)可省略。whom只指人,只作賓語。關(guān)系副詞where指“在那里”,when指“在那時(shí)”。Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautilandkind-hearted.Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所屬)Thegirlwhoistallismysister./Iownabikewhosepriceishigh.Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.(指物)Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.(在這兒)Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.4.wish和hope:1wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that從句.IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.2hope接todosth.或that從句.但不接sbtodosth.Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.5.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.(表達(dá)對對方為自己做了某事的感謝,后無補(bǔ)充的結(jié)果。)Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn’tmakesuchmistakes.(表達(dá)感謝由于某方所做的有利的事,出現(xiàn)了后面的結(jié)果。)6.感官動詞用法之一:see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等詞,后接賓語,再接動詞原形/動詞ing,分別表示全過程和正在進(jìn)行。句中有頻率詞時(shí),以上的詞也常跟動詞原形。IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正進(jìn)行)Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(聽的是全過程)Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(頻率詞)若以上詞用于被動語態(tài),后面原有動詞原形改為帶to不定式:Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.→Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.7.感官動詞用法之二:look,sound,smell,taste,feel可當(dāng)系動詞,后接形容詞。Helooks
.Itsoundsgood.Theflowerssmellbeautil.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.這些動詞不用于被動語態(tài)。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是錯(cuò)誤的。注意:如果加介詞like,則后不可接形容詞,而接名詞或代詞:Helookslikehismother.
Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.Itsmellslikeaflower.
Ittasteslikesalt.8.find和think部分用法:
+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語。(代替賓從)賓補(bǔ)有以下情況:1.名詞短語,Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.2.形容詞短語,Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.3.有時(shí)賓補(bǔ)后可接帶to不定式,Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.9.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike,和want類似:
都可接名詞短語:Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.
都可接帶to不定式:Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.
都可接sb,然后再跟帶to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.2feellike:
后也可接名詞短語:Doyoufeellikesometea?
后若接動詞,須用動詞ing形式:Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?
Idon’tfeellikedrinkingtea.【feellike常用于疑問句或否定句中?!?0.詞序易錯(cuò)的短語:1形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞,形容詞在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge?Nothingserious.
Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.Iwanttogosomewherewarm.2else修飾疑問詞和不定代詞、不定副詞,也放在后面。Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?
Whoelseisintheroom?Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?
Whereelsecanyouseeit?3enough修飾形容詞和副詞,enough放在后面。Thissweaterischeapenough.
Nemoisoldenoughtowork.Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.11.對“評價(jià)”、“天氣”的提問之區(qū)別:1Whatdoyouthinkof…?=Howdoyoulike…?“你對…怎么看?”(How…?句中有l(wèi)ike,是動詞。)
2What’stheweatherlikein…?=Howistheweatherin…?“…的天氣什么樣?”(What…?句中有l(wèi)ike,是介詞“像”。)12.take,cost,pay,spend區(qū)別:1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.2物+cost+sb+錢:
Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.(cost,cost,cost)若cost后無sb,則譯作“價(jià)錢是”:Thebagcosts30Yuan.3人+pay+sb+錢+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,paid,paid).(pay后所加內(nèi)容可視具體情況取舍。)4人+spend+時(shí)間/錢+onsth/(in)doingsth.Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.spend有時(shí)可指“度過”:spendholiday/weekends/winter13.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu):pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/ask/tell/build等可加雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。即后接sb+sth.其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.buy,build等可接sth+forsb.另外,若sth是代詞時(shí),不用雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Pleasepassittome.14.部分詞作連詞與介詞:(連詞接句子,介詞接名詞或代詞)Keepcarelwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.(連詞)Keepcarelwhenlisteningtotheteacher.(介詞)類似的,while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。如:I’llwaituntilIhearfromher.(連詞)I’llwaituntilnextFriday.(介詞)15.動詞ed與動詞ing作形容詞用法之一:1.動詞ed作形容詞:表示被動或已發(fā)生,常作定語。TheboynamedPeterismyfriend.那個(gè)叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。劃線部分起修飾作用,下同。He’seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸雞。Thereisnotimeleft.IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我讀了一部魯迅寫的小說。Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.2.動詞ing作形容詞:表示正進(jìn)行或功能,常作定語。the
ingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboy
inginthecorner
(正進(jìn)行)asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit
(功能)16.動詞ed與動詞ing作形容詞用法之二:和心理感受有關(guān),但ed修飾人,ing常修飾物。Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.17.動詞ing和帶to不定式作主語:Tobeateacherismydream.
Workinghardbringsyousuccess.Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.(謂語用單數(shù))Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(謂語用單數(shù))Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(謂語用復(fù)數(shù))18.later/after/ago/before:1later“…時(shí)間后”結(jié)構(gòu):時(shí)間段+later常用于一般過去時(shí)。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.(later單獨(dú)在句尾,常用于將來時(shí):I’llseeyoulater.)2after“…時(shí)間后”結(jié)構(gòu):after+時(shí)間段,常用于一般過去時(shí),和1相同。TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays.(after也可加句子:I’llsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.
HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.)3ago“…時(shí)間前”結(jié)構(gòu):時(shí)間段+ago,用于一般過去時(shí)。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.(since+時(shí)間段+ago,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))4before單獨(dú)放在句尾,常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):“以前”IhavebeentoLondonbefore.
Hehasseenthefilmbefore.(若是時(shí)間段+before,則常用過去完成時(shí),譯為“…時(shí)間前”:Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.
Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.)19.四季:spring春;summer夏;autumn秋;winter冬;season季20.月:January,一月;February,二月;March,三月;April,四月;May,五月;June,六月;July,七月;August,八月;September,九月;October,十月;November,十一月;December,十二月。21.星期:Sunday,星期日;Monday,星期一;Tuesday,星期二;Wednesday,星期三;Thursday,星期四;Friday,星期五;Saturday,星期六。Sunday為第一天,Saturday為最后一天。22.“也”:either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨著動詞,少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾,前常有逗號。aswell,只用于句尾。注意:后三個(gè)詞都不用于否定句。23.帶to不定式用法之一:帶to不定式有邏輯賓語在前時(shí),to后動詞用及物動詞,不及物時(shí)需加介詞。Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.24.(a)little/(a)few:1few,little“幾乎沒有;少”否定詞。few加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),little加不可數(shù)名詞。2afew“一些”肯定詞,加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù);alittle“一些;一點(diǎn)”也是肯定詞,加不可數(shù)名詞。3另外,在too,very,so等詞后用few,little;在only,just,still等詞后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/alittle譯為“很多”25.及物動詞+副詞:puton/off/away/up/down/out;
breakoff/down;turnon/off/up/down;
getback;
useup;
giveaway/out/up/back;
thinkup;
handin/out;
fixup;
workout;
;dressup;pickup;
helpout;keepoff/out/down
cutdown;
writedown;
wakeup(叫醒);takeoff/away;
sellout;
lookup/over;
eatup;
throwaway/off賓語是名詞時(shí),可放在中間或后邊,是代詞時(shí)只放在中間。26.as……as用法:1和…一樣…Hisroomisasbigasmine.HerunsasfastasI/me.
2as…aspossible/sbcan“盡可能…”Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我們盡可能快地去了那兒。
Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.
3有些短語有幾個(gè)意思:assoonas和…一樣快;一…就…;asmuchas和…一樣多;多達(dá);aslongas和…一樣長;長達(dá);只要;aswellas和…一樣好;和…一樣;asfaras遠(yuǎn)達(dá);就…來說;27.prefer用法:prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜歡…prefertodosthratherthandosth寧愿…也不愿…prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜歡做某事28.some-,any-,every-用法:1some-“某~,一些~”,用于肯定的陳述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.
Maybesomebodyhastakenit.
若用于疑問句中表示期待對方肯定的回答或表示請求或建議.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?
Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?
Whataboutsomemilk?
Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?
2any-,在疑問句中仍譯為“某~,一些~”Doyouhaveanythingtosay?Isanybodyinthehouse?在肯定句和否定句中譯為“任何~”Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.
Heistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.
Wedon’thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.
3every-“每~”,強(qiáng)調(diào)所有,既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?-No,TomandLucyhave29.動詞時(shí)態(tài)和形式:八個(gè)時(shí)態(tài):一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般將來時(shí)(will/shall/begoingto+動詞原形)、一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were+v.ing)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has+v.過去分詞)、過去完成時(shí)(had+v.過去分詞)、過去將來時(shí)(would+v.原形)
六個(gè)形式:原形;過去式;過去分詞;第三人稱單數(shù)(加s/es);現(xiàn)在分詞(v.ing);帶to不定式。30.if/whether區(qū)別:if如果(引導(dǎo)條件狀從)/是否(引導(dǎo)賓從)whether無論(引導(dǎo)讓步狀從)/是否(引導(dǎo)賓從)都譯為“是否”時(shí),whether可接ornot,也可接帶to不定式。if則不可。另外,if可接any-單詞,常不接some-單詞。Ifyouhaveanywater,pleasegivemesome.31.因?yàn)椋篵ecause,常是對why的回答,語氣最強(qiáng)。since,位置:Since…,….
Sinceit’salreadylate,Imustgonow.for,位置:…,for….語氣最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit’ssnowing.as有時(shí)也指“因?yàn)椤?,用法基本無限制。32.表推測:must,may,might,can,could,can’tmust“一定”,可能性最大,常用于肯定句。Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.may/might“也許”一般用于肯定句,may比might可能性大。Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.can/could“可能”could比can語氣更委婉。但can多用于否定。Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare.Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan’tbetherenow.33.so與such區(qū)別:so是副詞,后跟形容詞/副詞,sotall/slowly…such是形容詞,后跟名詞短語。suchbadweather/goodnews…;suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone…;suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies…;若名詞前形容詞是many,much,few,little時(shí),不用such,而用so.somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater…也常有“so/such…that…”句型,譯為“如此…以致于…”。34.so的另兩個(gè)用法:1so+be/情態(tài)動詞/助動詞+主語,“…也”上下文所指不是同一個(gè)人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.以及對話形式:A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.
B:SodidI.2so+主語+be/情態(tài)動詞/助動詞,“的確…是”上下文所指是同一個(gè)人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.
B:Soyoudo.又如:A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.
B:Sohecan.35.neither/nor用法之一:neither/nor+be/情態(tài)動詞/助動詞+主語“…也不”上文是否定句。Shedidn’tgetwell,nordidherbrother.或?qū)υ捫问剑篈:Jimhasn’thadbreakfast.
B:NeitherhaveI.36.keep,make,get,have用法:1keep+sb/sthdoingsth“讓…一直做…”I’msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.
keep+doingsth“堅(jiān)持做某事”2make+sb/sthdosth讓…做某事I’lltrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.
IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.3get+sb/sthtodosth.讓…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.4have+賓語+動詞原形/ing/過去分詞Havehimdoit,please.讓他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.我們讓那臺機(jī)器一直工作著。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我們讓人修理了那臺機(jī)器(讓那臺機(jī)器被修理了)。5也都可接形容詞:keepsafe/busy,
keepthedoorclosed/open,makeushappy,
getthedoorclosed,
haveeverythingready.37.used短語:usedto+動原,“過去常?!盚eusedtosmoke.beusedto譯為“被用來…”,后接動原。Itisusedtocutthings.beusedto譯為“習(xí)慣于…”,后接動詞ing或名詞/代詞.如:He’susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.beusedfor+目的(名詞或動詞ing)如:Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.38.through/past/across:都可作介詞,“穿過”前常有位移動詞。Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.Heswamacrosstheriver.【through,內(nèi)部;past,旁邊;across,表面。】位移動詞+past相當(dāng)于動詞pass;位移動詞+across相當(dāng)于cross.39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的數(shù)量”;后者“許多的”都跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。前者作主語,謂語用單數(shù);后者作主語,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用單數(shù)is.Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用復(fù)數(shù)have.40.延續(xù)性動詞:Howlong,since,for,(以上見84)until/till等所在肯定句中的主句謂語要用延續(xù)性動詞。HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?
I’velivedheresince2002.Let’swaituntilhecomesback..
但否定句中可用短暫性動詞:Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.
all接可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù),謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可數(shù),謂語用單數(shù)。2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.
each接名詞單數(shù)或接of+限定詞+復(fù)數(shù),后謂語都用單數(shù)。3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.none+of+限定詞+復(fù)數(shù),謂語用單、復(fù)數(shù)都可。另見885-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.
謂語用單數(shù)。6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.
謂語用單數(shù)。all/each/none分別指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一個(gè)”/“沒有一個(gè)”。both/either/neither42.計(jì)量表達(dá)法:數(shù)量+單位+形容詞。Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.若計(jì)量表達(dá)的后面跟有名詞,則要用連字符,單位不用復(fù)數(shù)。Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.It’sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.It’satwo-monthholiday.
(此處計(jì)量中的形容詞long可省略。)43.MustI/MayI/NeedI…?用法:1MustI…?我必須…嗎?A:MustIfinishthework?
B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.2MayI…?我可以…嗎?A:MayIgooutforawalknow?B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t/can’t.3NeedI…?我有必要…嗎?A:NeedIcleanthehouse?
B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具體數(shù)字,不加s及of.否則加s,加of.如:thousandsoftrees;
manymillionsofpeople.ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of:severalmillionpounds45.反意疑問句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主語,QT主語用it.Somethingiswrong,isn’tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,can’tshe?Idon’tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?QT要結(jié)合think后的從句而定。3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?
而Let’s…用shallwe?Getupnow,willyou?
Don’tbenoisy,willyou?Bequiet,willyou?
Pleasedon’ttalk,willyou?Letusdoitnow,willyou?
Let’sdoitnow,shallwe?4Therebe句型,QT主語用there.Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn’tthere?ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn’tthere?Therewon’tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?46.puton,wear,dress,in:
1puton,“穿上”后接物。表行為,是短暫動詞。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.2wear,“穿,穿著”后接物,表狀態(tài),是延續(xù)性動詞。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes.3dress,“給…穿衣”后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.bedressedin后常接具有某種特征的衣物。Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表顏色的詞。4in,“穿著”后接具有某種特征的衣物,表狀態(tài),是介詞,不可作謂語,可作狀語。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?
I’veseentheboyinyellow.47.虛擬語氣部分用法:在非真實(shí)條件句中要用虛擬語氣,即if從句中用一般過去時(shí),而主句動詞用would/should+動詞原形,表示與現(xiàn)在相反的主觀設(shè)想,也可以表示在說話人看來實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小的情況。(注意:虛擬語氣中的be動詞都要用were.)Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小)48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:1如果不特定指出哪一個(gè),是泛指,“另一個(gè)”要用another,后加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.(沒特定指出哪一杯茶,是泛指。cup是單數(shù)。)another也可+數(shù)字+可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù):Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanothersixdesks.2如果只有兩個(gè)或只有兩部分,就給出了范圍,其中另一個(gè)或另一部分是特指(other前有the.),有如下用法:第一種,所說內(nèi)容只有兩個(gè):Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgoodatscience.【只有兩個(gè),用theother,不加s,后面名詞可省略。】
又如:Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.
這雙鞋子很怪,一只藍(lán)色,而另一只綠色。第二種,只有兩部分:此種情況下theother后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),或不接名詞而只在theother后加s.
Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsaregirls/theothersaregirls.
Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.(其他孩子都留下了。)3如果沒有顯示出只有兩部分,未給出范圍,則是泛指,不加the.LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.Haveyouanyotherquestions?Alicedidn’tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers.4other的另一用法:用比較級的形式,體現(xiàn)最高級的含義。Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.(劃線中boy用單數(shù))=Heistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass.(劃線中boy用復(fù)數(shù))他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的)。49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:1howlong是對長度或時(shí)間段提問。Howlongistheriver?
-It’s5,000kilometerslong.Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?
-Forfivemonths./Since20022howoften是對頻率提問,如:never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。HowoftendoyouwatchTV?
-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.【若只有次數(shù),則用howmanytimes提問:HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?
-Twice./onlyonce.】3howsoon是對“in+時(shí)間段”提問:HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?
-Inaweek./Intwodays.4howfar是對時(shí)間段’s+walk/ride/drive或計(jì)量表達(dá)提問。-Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?-Fiveminutes’walk./Anhour’sride./Thirteenminutes’drive.或者說:It’sabout20kilometers(far)away.(問和回答不同。)50.分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá):二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如:halfanhour=ahalfhour半小時(shí)
It’shalfpastseven.(省略冠詞)以下情況中,分子(基數(shù)詞)若超過一,分母(序數(shù)詞)需加s:三分之一:a/onethird
三分之二:twothirds四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter四分之三:threefourths或threequarters.五分之一:a/onefifth
五分之二:twofifths
其它類推。若分?jǐn)?shù)所在of短語作主語,謂語依of后的名詞而定:Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.
(指名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂用復(fù))Twofifthsofthelandispolluted.
(指不可數(shù)時(shí),謂用單)51.到達(dá):1getto+地點(diǎn)gettoShanghai/London/China接地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí),不帶to.
getthere/home/here.2arrivein+大地點(diǎn)(Beijing/Zhengzhou),arriveat+小地點(diǎn)(school/hospital),arrive只作不及物動詞。所以也可單獨(dú)用:Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.reach只作及物動詞,后直接加地點(diǎn):reachBeijing/England但常不說reachhome/there/here.52.感嘆句:What+名詞短語+主語+謂語!Whatlazyboys(theyare)!
Whathardwork!
Whatgoodnews!Whatagoodidea!
Whatbadweather(itis)!
Whatapity!How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!Howhardtheworkis!
Howfastheruns!
Howrudeyouare!Howcarefullytheyarelistening!
Howbadtheweatheris!53.because/instead/out等與加of的區(qū)別:1because后接句子,becauseof接名詞或代詞。Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.2instead是副詞,單獨(dú)在句尾。insteadof還要接名詞或代詞。Wedidn’thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.3out副詞,可單獨(dú)用,但若接地點(diǎn),先加of.(也可作介詞,“向…外”,可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.54.toomuch,toomany與muchtoo:muchtoo“過于”,加形容詞或副詞原級。muchtoobig/slowly等。toomuch“太多的”,加不可數(shù)名詞。toomuchwork/rain等。toomany“太多的”,加可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)。toomanybooks/people等。55.alone/lonely:1alone,“獨(dú)自一人;單獨(dú)”不含感情色彩??僧?dāng)形容詞,但只在系動詞后作表語:Jackisalone.杰克是單身。Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老婦一個(gè)人在屋里??僧?dāng)副詞,修飾動詞:Shelivesalone.她獨(dú)居。Canyoumovethestonealone?你能獨(dú)自搬動那塊兒石頭嗎?Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克獨(dú)自在海灘漫步。(注意:不可說veryalone.但可說verymuchalone.是特例)2lonely,“孤獨(dú)的;寂寞的”帶有傷感色彩。只當(dāng)形容詞??稍谙祫釉~后作表語:Theoldmanislonely.這位老人是孤獨(dú)的。Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多親戚,但感到孤獨(dú)。(lonely和心理感受有關(guān),而alone和心理感受無關(guān)。)也可在名詞前作定語:alonelyperson一位孤獨(dú)的人alonelyvillage一個(gè)偏僻的村莊
(alone不可作定語)56.belongto與be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(人)Thissuitismine/Lucy’s/mybrother’s/hers.(某物是某人的)57.by常見用法:1“通過”IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.
2“截止到”Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.3“被”ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.4“經(jīng)過”Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.5“在……旁邊”Sitbyme.
Theyareplayingbytheriver.58.部分用in的短語:inEnglish,
inagoodway,
inahurry,inpen/ink(見105),
intheday(見92),
indifferentsizes,indifferentshapes,
inadifficultsituation,ingoodhealth,inaredcoat/inred(見46),
instyle,
intheopenair(露天場所)59.比較級與最高級部分要點(diǎn):1不規(guī)則形式或易錯(cuò)形式:much/many→more→most
bad/badly/ill→worse→worstfar→farther/further→farthest/furthest
little→less→leastfew→fewer→fewest
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest以ly結(jié)尾的形容詞常把-ly換成-lier/-liest.2常見比較級/最高級句型:Herunsfasterthanme.(有than)Hedidbetterthananyotherstudentintheschool.(參照48)Tomisthecleverestboyinhisclass.(某個(gè)范圍內(nèi))Heisthetallerofthetwo(boys).
(兩者,此句型中加the)Heisthetallestofthethree(boys).
(三者)Whichisbetter,teaormilk?
(兩者選擇)Whichisthebest,tea,milkorwater?
(三者選擇)It’sthesecondlongestriverinChina.(序數(shù)詞后用最高級。)3“越來越…”比較級+and+比較級Hecriedharderandharder.
Sheisgettingtallerandtaller.類似:biggerandbigger/happierandhappier/fatterandfatter/strongerandstronger/richerandricher/worseandworse…另一種情況:moreandmorebeautiful/slowly/carefully/…4“越…,越…”“the+比較級”分別置于兩句的開頭,倒裝。ThemoredifficultEnglishis,theharderyoushouldstudy.Theyoungerweare,themoreenergywehave.Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillget.5“越來越多的…”moreandmore+名詞Moreandmorepeoplearegettingricherandricher.Weneedmoreandmoredesks/paper/trees/water….6“…得多”much+形容詞/副詞比較級Thisroomismuchbiggerthanthatone.類似:muchtaller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better…以及:muchmorecareful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious…7“另外的…(個(gè))…”結(jié)構(gòu):數(shù)量+more+名詞onemoretowel,
threemoresuits,
manymoretiles,muchmoretruth,
somemoremeat,
alotmorewood,alittlemoreexperience,
oncemore=onemoretime=again.這種結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)也可用another+數(shù)字+名詞替代:fivemoretrees=anotherfivetrees
(記住詞的位置)60.talk,tell,say,speak:1talk只作不及物動詞。Don’ttalkinclass.
ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudy?Heistalkingwithhisteacher.
MayItalktoyou?(talkwith/tosb
talkaboutsth)2tell只作及物動詞,“告訴;講”。常接雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Mr.Litoldusaninterestingstory.
Whotoldyouthenews?3say必須接有內(nèi)容。PleasesayitinEnglish.Hesaidnothing.“Idisagreewithyou.”saidTom.
Whatwillyousay?say若接sb,則需先加to:
Imustsaysorrytoyou.“Ioversleptthismorning.”hesaidtome.4speak“說話”不及物動詞。Hespoketoofastformetofollow.接人時(shí)先加介詞to.
MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?可表說話的能力。Thebabycanspeaknow.Thereissomethingwrongwithhisthroat,hecan’tspeak.“演講,發(fā)言”Whowillspeakinthemeeting?“說”可作及物動詞。61。sometimes/sometimes/sometime/sometime:sometimes:“有時(shí)”=attimes.Heisimeslateforschool.sometimes:“幾次”IhavebeentoNanjingsometimes.sometime:“某一時(shí)刻”Iboughtitsometimelastspring.We’llmeetagainsometimenextweek.sometime:“一段時(shí)間”Wehavetostayhereforsometime.62.need的用法:1need可當(dāng)情態(tài)動詞(和can等用法類似,但need只用于疑問句或否定句中):NeedIgonow?(need在一般疑問句的開頭)
Ineedn’ttellyoutheanswer.(否定句中直接在need后加not)
【當(dāng)情態(tài)動詞時(shí),need無時(shí)態(tài)變化?!?need可當(dāng)行為動詞(和want等用法類似):Heneedsabike.(后可直接加名詞)Ineedtogoovermylessons.(后接帶to不定式)Doyouneedtohavearest?(一般疑問句中do,does,did在句首)Wedon’tneedtowaitforhercoming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)【注:need后接表被動的內(nèi)容時(shí),可表達(dá)為:TheTVneedstoberepaired.=TheTVneedsrepairing.】63.dowith與dealwith:都譯為“處理,對付,安排,應(yīng)付”Whathaveyoudonewiththemilk?
用what提問。Howshallwedealwiththisproblem?
用how提問。下面兩句由此而來:Couldyoutellmewhattodowiththemilk?Couldyoutellmehowtodealwiththisproblem?64.就近原則:常見的有:EitheryouorLucyiswrong.Thereisadogandtwocatsintheyard.
(therebe句型)Notonlyyoubut(also)Iamstrictinthework.NeitheryounorLucyhasseenthefilmbefore.65.主謂一致:One/Neitherofyouisright.
(單數(shù)謂語)Tom,withhisfriends,hasgone.
(主語是Tom,單數(shù)謂語)Thispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.
(主語是pair,單數(shù)謂語)Theshoeslookbeautiful.
(主語無pair,復(fù)數(shù)謂語)Everyboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.
(單數(shù)謂語)(the加形容詞表一類人,謂語用復(fù)數(shù))Mr.andMrsGreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫婦
(復(fù)數(shù)謂語)BothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.
(復(fù)數(shù)謂語)thenumberof與anumberof參見39.
(分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)見50)當(dāng)“each(every)+單形名詞+and+each(every)+單形名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)分做兩個(gè)單獨(dú)結(jié)構(gòu)來看時(shí),應(yīng)用單形動詞。
例如:
Eachbookandeachpaperisfoundinitsplace.每本書,每一份文件,都可在一定的地方找到。
Everyhourandeveryminuteisimportant.每一小時(shí),每一分鐘,都很寶貴。
有時(shí)可省去第二個(gè)each或every,例如:
Everymanandwomanhasgoodreasontobeproudoftheworkdonebytheirfarhers.
注:可參閱薄冰主編的《高級英語語法》中“數(shù)的一致”一章。66.quite/such/really用法之一:如果出現(xiàn)不定冠詞時(shí),常放在后面。It’squiteaneasyquestion.
Heisquiteacleverboy.It’ssuchanimportantlesson.(另見33)
Lilyisreallyalazygirl.67.部分用what提問的句型:Whatsizedoyouwant?
Whatwillyoudowiththeproblem?What’sthepopulationofChina?
Whatdayisittoday?What’sthedatetoday?
What’sthepriceofthisone?68.therebe部分用法:1Thereisonlyastudenttakingnotesnow.Thereisnoneedtoopenthebox.
Thereare20treestobeplanted.2常有以下結(jié)構(gòu):theremay/will/must/isgoingto/usedto/…be.…3therebe中不可再出現(xiàn)have/has/had(有)的詞。另一用法見45。69.常見表否定的詞或短語:no,not,hardly,few,little,neither,nor,nothing,nobody,none,nowhere等.有些有時(shí)在某些句型中也相當(dāng)于否定,如without,
too…to…withoutanything,
tootiredtogoanyfurther但前綴如dis--,un--,in--或后綴如--less,并不表否定。70.常見后接動詞原形的詞或短語:whynot/hadbetter/please/wouldyouplease/let/make/情態(tài)動詞,等等。【注意否定形式:hadbetter/wouldyouplease/let直接加not+動原;而please加don’t+動原】71.常見后接動詞ing的詞或短語:finish/enjoy/practice/giveup/endup/putoff/consider/keep/feellike/prefer…to…/can’thelp/bebusy/beworth/taketurns/miss(錯(cuò)過)/spend/havefun/介詞等。72.常見后接帶to不定式的詞或短語:want/hope/wish/allow/encourage/ask/tell/pretend/decide/plan/invite/urge/advise/warn/seem/inorder(為了)/疑問詞,等等。
另外,it作形式主語,后也常有帶to不定式。
【否定:以上大多詞+not+todosth】73.被動語態(tài)(be+v.過去分詞)用法:Ididit.→Itwasdone.雙賓:Hetoldusastory.→Weweretoldastory.→Astorywastoldtous.Shepassedmeapen.→Iwaspassedapen.→Apenwaspassedtome.
情態(tài)動詞:Wecanmakeaplan.→Aplancanbemade.進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):Tomiswritingaletter.→AletterisbeingwrittenbyTom.完成時(shí)態(tài):Ihavefinishedthework.→Theworkhasbeenfinished.74.名詞或所屬格作定語:1強(qiáng)調(diào)性別時(shí)amandoctor/twomendoctors;
awomanteacher/sixwomenteachers
被修飾詞是單數(shù)時(shí),性別也用單數(shù);被修飾詞是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),性別也用復(fù)數(shù)。2agirlactor/fourgirlactors
aboyplayer/twoboyplayersabusstation/somebusstations
復(fù)數(shù)只變被修飾的詞。3aboys’team/agentlemen’sholiday/theTeachers’Day/theChildren’sDay
“復(fù)數(shù)+’s”作定語,譯為“…的…”4Father’sDay/Mother’sDay
此處“單數(shù)+’s”作定語。(附:and連接的名詞所屬格:Lucy’sandAnn’sfathersareworkers.
分別是兩個(gè)人的爸爸,所以應(yīng)分別加“’s”LucyandAnn’sfatherisveryinteresting.兩個(gè)人共有的爸爸,所以在兩人后只加一個(gè)“’s”。)75.win與beat區(qū)別:win后加物:I’msureJimwillwinthematch.
Wewonthefirstplaceinthesportsmeeting.而beat后加的是人:I’mafraidtheywillbeatus.Ihopewecanbeattheboys’team.
(男子隊(duì),相當(dāng)于人。)76.it/that/one的部分用法:1it指上文的某個(gè)事物,和上文是同一個(gè)。Thisbookisveryuseful.Iwilltakegoodcareofit.it也可指上文所說的事:Mysonhaslosthimselfinthecomputergames.I’mworriedaboutit.
2that與上文所說是同一類,但不是同一個(gè),常指不可數(shù)名詞。ThefoodinChinaisquitedifferentfromthatinAmerica.
TheweatherofHainanisbetterthanthatofGansu.
that也可指上文所說的事:A:Ihadanaccidentandbrokemylegs.B:I’msorrytohearthat.
3one指代上文所說的某類可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),但不是同一個(gè)物。Thissweateristooexpensive,doyouhaveanotherone?(也指毛衣,但不是上文那個(gè))77.at/bytheendof,intheend的區(qū)別:1attheendof+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或地點(diǎn),“在…的盡頭,在…的末尾”TheywillhaveasportsmeetingattheendofMarch.(加時(shí)間)Heputsomebooksattheendofthebed.(加地點(diǎn))2bytheendof+時(shí)間點(diǎn),“截止到…末”若接過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),常用過去完成時(shí):Theyhadplantedsixthousandtreesbytheendoflastmonth.
若接將來的時(shí)間,常用一般將來時(shí):Weshallfinishtheworkbytheendofnextmonth.3intheend“最后”,后不加of短語:Theywantedtofindaplacetorestin,intheend,theysawavillage.78.havegoneto/havebeento/havebeenin:1havegoneto+地點(diǎn)“已去了…(還未回來)”-Ican’tfindthosechildren,wherearethey?-Theyhavegonetothefarm.(去了農(nóng)場,不在這兒)2havebeento+地點(diǎn)“去過…(原來去過,現(xiàn)在已回)”句尾常接次數(shù)或多個(gè)地點(diǎn)或before,或句中常有ever,never等。ShehasbeentoQingdao
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