機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語唐一平翻譯

機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語唐一平翻譯第一篇：機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語唐一平翻譯Unit11.2FerrousMetalsandAlloysByvirtueoftheirwiderangeofmechanical,physical,andchemicalproperties,ferrousmetalsandalloysareamongthemostusefulofallmetals.Ferrousmetalsandalloyscontainironastheirbasemetal:thegeneralcategoriesarecastirons,carbonandalloysteels,stainlesssteels,toolanddiesteels.1.2黑色金屬及其合金：由于它們的一系列廣泛的機(jī)械物理和化學(xué)的特征，黑色金屬及其合金是所有金屬中最有用的鐵是黑色金屬及其合金中的基本元素主要種類有鑄鐵，碳鋼，合金鋼，不銹鋼，工具鋼和磨具鋼Thetermcastironreferstoafamilyofferrousalloyscomposedofiron,carbon(rangingfrom2.11%toabout4.5%),andsilicon(uptoabout3.5%).Castironsareusuallyclassifiedasfollows:1.Graycastiron,orgrayiron;2.Ductilecastiron,nodularcastiron,orsphericalgraphitecastiron;3.Whitecastiron;4.Malleableiron;5.Compactedgraphiteiron。（），它包含鐵碳（2.5%—4.5%）和硅（3.5%）鑄鐵的分類如下1.灰鑄鐵2.球墨鑄鐵3.白口鑄鐵4.可鍛鑄鐵5.如墨鑄鐵TheequilibriumphasediagramrelevanttocastironsisshowninFig.1.1,inwhichtherightboundaryis100%carbon,thatispuregraphite.Theeutectictemperatureis1154hC(2109hF),andsocastironsarecompletelyliquidattemperatureslowerthanthoserequiredforliquidsteels.Consequently,ironwithhighcarboncontentcanbecastatlowertemperaturesthancansteels.有關(guān)鑄鐵的平衡相圖如圖1.1所示其右邊界是100%的碳那是純石墨，其共晶溫度是1154℃因此鑄鐵可以在比那些熔化鋼更低的溫度下完全液化所以含碳量較高的鑄鐵的澆注溫度比鋼低。Carbonsteelsaregenerallyclassifiedbytheirproportion(byweight)ofcarboncontent.1.Low-carbonsteel,alsocalledmildsteel,haslessthan1.30%carbon.Itisgenerallyusedforcommonindustrialproducts,suchasbolts,nuts,sheet,plate,andtubes,andformachinecomponentsthatdonotrequirehighstrength.3.碳鋼：碳銅大體上是按碳含量的臂力來分類的1）低碳鋼又叫做軟鋼其碳含量小于0.30%它用于普遍的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品，例如螺栓，螺母。鋼板，港片鋼管和那些強(qiáng)度要求不高的機(jī)器零件Unit55.1IntroductionConventionalmachiningisthegroupofmachiningoperationsthatusesingle-ormulti-pointtoolstoremovematerialintheformofchips.Metalcuttinginvolvesremovingmetalthroughmachiningoperations.Machiningtraditionallytakesplaceonlathes,drillpresses,andmillingmachineswiththeuseofvariouscuttingtools.Mostmachininghasverylowset-upcostcomparedwithforming,molding,andcastingprocesses.However,machiningismuchmoreexpensiveforhighvolumes.Machiningisnecessarywheretighttolerancesondimensionsandfinishesarerequired.傳統(tǒng)機(jī)加工是利用單刃或多刃刀具以切削形式去除材料的（一組）加工方法。金屬切削就是利用機(jī)加工的方法去除材料，傳統(tǒng)機(jī)加工都是利用不用的刀具在車床，鉆床和銑床上進(jìn)行的，與成型加工，模壓制件和鑄造工藝相比，機(jī)加工的準(zhǔn)備成本還是比較低的。然而，如果是大批量生產(chǎn)，其成本要高得多，當(dāng)對零件的光潔度和尺寸公差要求較高時，機(jī)加工是必須的。5.2TurningandLatheTurningisoneofthemostcommonofmetalcuttingoperations.Inturning,aworkpieceisrotatedaboutitsaxisassingle-pointcuttingtoolsarefedintoit,shearingawayexcessmaterialandcreatingthedesiredcylindricalsurface.Turningcanoccuronbothexternalandinternalsurfacestoproduceanaxially-symmetricalcontouredpart.Partsrangingfrompocketwatchcomponentstolargediametermarinepropellershaftscanbeturnedonalathe.5.1車削與車床沿工件進(jìn)給，切掉多余的材料，最后形成要求的圓柱型表面，車削可以加工外表面以形成軸對稱的成型零件，從懷表的零件到大型螺旋角零件軸都可以在車床上加工。車削是金屬切削加工中最常用的方法之一。在車削過程中，一個工件繞其軸線回轉(zhuǎn)，單刃車刀Apartfromturning,severalotheroperationscanalsobeperformedonalathe.除了車削，一些其它的操作也可以在車床上完成。Boringandinternalturning.Boringandinternalturningareperformedontheinternalsurfacesbyaboringbarorsuitableinternalcuttingtools.Iftheinitialworkpieceissolid,adrillingoperationmustbeperformedfirst.Thedrillingtoolisheldinthetailstock,andthelatteristhenfedagainsttheworkpiece.Whenboringisdoneinalathe,theworkusuallyisheldinachuckoronafaceplate.Holesmaybeboredstraight,tapered,ortoirregularcontours.Boringisessentiallyinternalturningwhilefeedingthetoolparalleltotherotationaxisoftheworkpiece.鏜削和車內(nèi)圓：利用鏜桿或合適的內(nèi)圓車刀可以進(jìn)行鏜削和車內(nèi)圓。工件毛坯如果是實心的，首先要鉆孔，鉆頭安裝在尾架上，后者向工件進(jìn)給，如果在車床上進(jìn)行鏜削，工件一般安裝在卡盤活花盤上。鏜出的孔可以是盲孔、錐孔或者不規(guī)則的輪廓，當(dāng)工具與回轉(zhuǎn)軸平行進(jìn)給時，鏜削實際上是車削。Unit7Qualityandaccuracyaremajorconsiderationsinmakingpartsorstructures.Interchangeablepartsrequireahighdegreeofaccuracytofittogether.Withincreasingaccuracyorlessvariationinthedimension,thelaborandmachineryrequiredtomanufactureapartismorecostintensive.Anymanufacturershouldhaveathoroughknowledgeofthetolerancestoincreasethequalityandreliabilityofamanufacturedpartwiththeleastexpense.在制造機(jī)器零件和結(jié)構(gòu)的過程中，質(zhì)量和精度是最重要的因素?；Q性零件需要有高精度以實現(xiàn)相互配合。隨著精度的增加和尺寸變化的減小，制造零件所需的勞動力和機(jī)器更趨于成本密集型，制造商應(yīng)該對公差有全面的了解，并以最小的成本提高加工零件的質(zhì)量和可靠性。Anengineeringdrawingmustbeproperlydimensionedinordertoconveythedesigner’sintenttotheenduser.Dimensionsofpartsgivenonblueprintsandmanufacturedtothosedimensionsshouldbeexactlyalikeandfitproperly.Unfortunately,itisimpossibletomakethingstoanexactordimension.Mostdimensionshaveavaryingdegreeofaccuracyandameansodspecifyingacceptablelimitationsindimensionalvariancesothatamanufacturedpartwillbeacceptedandstillfunction.Itisnecessarythatthedimensions,shapesandmutualpositionofsurfacesofindividualpartsarekeptwithinacertainaccuracytoachievetheircorrectandreliablefunctioning.Routineprocessesdonotallowmaintenance(ormeasurement)ofthegivengeometricalpropertieswithabsoluteaccuracy.Actualsurfacesoftheproducedpartsthereforedifferfromidealsurfacesprescribedindrawings.Deviationsofactualsurfacesaredividedintofourgroupstoenableassessment,prescriptionandcheckingofthepermittedinaccuracyduringproduction:1:Dimensionaldeviations;2:Shapedeviations;3:Positiondeviations;4:Surfaceroughnessdeviations.一張工程圖應(yīng)有恰當(dāng)?shù)某叽鐦?biāo)注，來把設(shè)計師的想法傳遞給用戶，加工出的零件尺寸應(yīng)與圖紙上所標(biāo)注的零件尺寸完全一致并匹配，但是加工零件的尺寸不可能是精確的尺寸，大多數(shù)的尺寸都有一個加工范圍，這是可接受的規(guī)定尺寸變化極限的一種方法，以至于可以接受并使用這一加工零件，各個零件的尺寸精度，形狀精度，互換位置精度必須保持在一個精度范圍以內(nèi)，以便正確可靠的實現(xiàn)他們的功能，常規(guī)的加工過程不允許對具有絕對精度的給點的幾何特性進(jìn)行維修和測量，因此實際零件加工表面不同于圖紙中規(guī)定的理想零件表面，實際加工表面的偏差在進(jìn)行評估說明和允許誤差的檢查過程中被分為四類：1.尺寸偏差，2.形狀偏差，3.位置偏差，4.表面粗糙度。第二篇：機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語_翻譯spark-ignitonengine電火花式發(fā)動機(jī)acceptancesampling認(rèn)可采樣accessing訪問accurate準(zhǔn)確的acoustic聲學(xué)的actuator作動器alternator交流發(fā)動機(jī)analogsensor模擬傳感器analog-to-digitalconverter模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器armature電樞Artificialintelligence人工智能artificialneuralnetworks神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)asageneralruleofthumb按慣例assumption假設(shè)asynchronousACmotors異步交流電動機(jī)asynchronous不同時的，異步的bargains討價還價bearon生成binomial二項的Brakesystem制動系統(tǒng)brushed/brushlessmotors有刷/無刷電機(jī)builtinto內(nèi)建Bythesametoken出于同樣的原因capacitorStart電容器啟動（電動機(jī)）catastrophically毀滅性地chargingcircuit充電電路Chargingsystem供電系統(tǒng)chassis車身底盤compression-ignitionengine壓然式發(fā)動機(jī)coilhigh-tensioncables線圈高壓電纜compartment間隔間，車廂Compoundwound復(fù)勵concernedwith與有關(guān)concise簡潔conductivity傳導(dǎo)率constantload定常負(fù)載contracts合同Converter轉(zhuǎn)換器corporateactivities公司的行為creditedletters對賬單cylinder汽缸dataacquisition數(shù)據(jù)拾取defectives缺陷產(chǎn)品derivedfrom起源于destructiveinspection有損檢測Detect檢測diesel/compression-ignitionengine柴油機(jī)Differential差速器dimensionsofparts零件的尺寸dissipate耗盡，用完distribution分發(fā)distributor分電器downgradetoalowerqualitylevel信用等級下調(diào)dynamicbraking動態(tài)制動Electricalsystem電氣系統(tǒng)electricalequipment電氣裝置electricalschematics電氣原理圖electricalsystem供電系統(tǒng)electromechanicalsystem機(jī)電系統(tǒng)electromechanical機(jī)電的eliminate排除emphasison強(qiáng)調(diào)equivalent相等的Essential基本的establish建立expertsystem專家系統(tǒng)fiber-opticsensor光纖傳感器fiber-opticsensors光纖傳感器Fiber-optic光纖fieldservice現(xiàn)場服務(wù)flaws有缺點的flux通量flywheel飛輪fractionalhorsepower(rating)小功率電動機(jī)fractional部分的，分?jǐn)?shù)的functional功能的gasoline/spark-ignitionengine汽油機(jī)Gas-turbineengine汽輪機(jī)generate產(chǎn)生geographic地理的Grossdomesticproduct總產(chǎn)值heatengines熱機(jī)high-tension高壓的hood（發(fā)動機(jī)）罩humidity濕度hyperbolic雙曲線的hysteresismotors磁滯式電動機(jī)hysteresis滯后作用，磁滯式hysteresis:磁滯現(xiàn)象ignitioncoil點火線圈Ignitionsystem點火系統(tǒng)imbalance不平衡，不均衡imperfect不合格的impetus推動，激勵intermsof根據(jù)increaseordecreasetheslipspeedoftherotor增減轉(zhuǎn)子的滑動速率inductionmotor感應(yīng)式電機(jī)induction電磁感應(yīng)informationtechnologies信息技術(shù)inherent固有的initialimpetus最初的發(fā)展Inorganicmaterials無機(jī)材料inspect檢查Instrumentservomotor儀表伺服電機(jī)internalcombustionengine內(nèi)燃機(jī)internalcombustion內(nèi)燃機(jī)invoices發(fā)票irreversible不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的leadingpowerfactor超前功率因數(shù)loadtorque負(fù)載扭矩Logicfunction邏輯功能logisticsupport后勤保障log-normal對數(shù)正態(tài)的low-tension低壓的Magneticslip電磁轉(zhuǎn)差率maintained保留makesupfor彌補(bǔ)manipulate操縱marginalcost邊際成本medium中間，媒介mercurythermometer水銀溫度計Missileflighttracking導(dǎo)彈飛性追蹤momentofinertia轉(zhuǎn)動慣量monitoring監(jiān)視motorwinding電機(jī)繞組：nationalcodesandstandards國標(biāo)negotiate談判nondestructiveinspection無損檢測nondestructive無損檢測Nonmentallicmaterials非金屬材料operatingpractice實際操作permanentmagnet永磁permanentsplitcapacitor固定分相的電容器permeability滲透性placestheorder下訂單Poissondistributions泊松分布Polarinertia極慣性矩poly-phaseACmotors多相交流電動機(jī)polyphase多相的Powerfactor功率因數(shù)Price-performanceratio性價比Principalcomponent主要部件proximitysensor接近傳感器purchaseorder訂單qualityassurance質(zhì)量保證qualityinconformance產(chǎn)品移植性rawmaterials原材料Rearwheeldrive后輪驅(qū)動regenerativebraking再生制動，反饋制動regenerative再生的，反饋的reluctance磁阻repulsioninduction推斥式感應(yīng)repulsionstart推斥式啟動reversible可逆的Rotationalspeed轉(zhuǎn)速rotormagneticfieldrotate轉(zhuǎn)子磁場運動sampling采樣scheme安排schemes方案scrapped拋棄semi-finishedparts半成品sensorfusion傳感器融合Serieswound串勵shadedpole屏蔽極式Sheetmetalshell金屬板殼Shuntwound并勵Shut-off關(guān)斷signstheagreement簽合同singlephase單相的smartsensor智能傳感器somewhat稍微，有點sophistication復(fù)雜性，完善化，采用先進(jìn)技術(shù)sparkplugcables火花塞電纜sparkplug火花塞specifications指標(biāo)speedtransducer速度傳感器splitphase分相式squirrelcage鼠籠式Startingsystem啟動系統(tǒng)statistical統(tǒng)計的統(tǒng)計學(xué)統(tǒng)計學(xué)的steeringsystems方向系統(tǒng)steering轉(zhuǎn)向器steppermotors步進(jìn)電機(jī)strain應(yīng)變sufficient足夠的surfacetreatment表面處理surroundings環(huán)境Suspensionsystem懸掛系統(tǒng)suspension懸架switch開關(guān)，轉(zhuǎn)換器synchronousACmotors同步交流電動機(jī)synchronous同時的Tactilesensing觸覺傳感技術(shù)technique-baseddecision技術(shù)決策tendsto傾向于tenet原則tensiletests拉伸實驗tensile可拉長的tensile張力，拉力theinductionmotoroperatesneartheferquencyoftheinputsource：感應(yīng)式電動機(jī)在接近輸入電源頻率下運行。Theinternalcombustionengine內(nèi)燃機(jī)Tolerancelevels公差等級Torque扭矩torque-speedcurves轉(zhuǎn)矩-速度曲線traceability可描繪traditionalbusiness傳統(tǒng)商務(wù)transmissionsystems傳動系統(tǒng)transmission變速器trunkdeck行李箱蓋two-valuecapacitorstart兩價電容器啟動ubiquitous普遍存在的ultrasonic超聲的，超聲波universalmotor交直流兩用電動機(jī)utilize利用variability可變的可變性vehicle車輛Visualsensing視覺傳感技術(shù)voltageregulator電壓調(diào)整器Weightdistribution質(zhì)量分配Windingcurrent繞住電流withtheemergenceofdigitalsignalprocessorsandmicrocontrollers隨著數(shù)字信號處理器和控制器的出現(xiàn)woundrotorinductionmotor繞線轉(zhuǎn)子電動機(jī)woundrotor繞線轉(zhuǎn)子第三篇：機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語文章翻譯機(jī)械題目：學(xué)號：班級：數(shù)控姓名：康振平工程專業(yè)英語Computer-AidedDesignandManufacturing20110334304121Computer-AidedDesignandManufacturing計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計與制造Computer-aideddesign（CAD）involvestheuseofcomputerstocreatedesigndrawingsandproductmodels.Computer-aideddesignisusuallyassociatedwithinteractivecomputergraphics（knownasaCADsystem）.Computer-aideddesignsystemsarepowerfultoolsandareusedinthemechanicaldesignandgeometricmodelingofproductsandcomponents.計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計（CAD）是指用計算機(jī)來創(chuàng)造設(shè)計圖紙和產(chǎn)品模型。計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計通常是與交互式計算機(jī)圖形學(xué)（稱為CAD系統(tǒng)）有關(guān)系的。計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)是功能強(qiáng)大的工具，被用于在機(jī)械設(shè)計以及產(chǎn)品和零件的幾何建模。InCAD，thedrawingboardisreplacedbyelectronicinputandoutputdevices.WhenusingaCADsystem，thedesignercanconceptualizetheobjecttobedesignedmoreeasilyontheGraphicsscreenandcanconsideralternativedesignsormodifyaparticulardesignquicklytomeetthenecessarydesignrequirementsorchanges.Thedesignercanthensubjectthedesigntoavarietyofengineeringanalysesandcanidentifypotentialproblems（suchasanexcessiveloadordeflection）.Thespeedandaccuracyofsuchanalysesfarsurpasswhatisavailablefromtraditionalmethods.在CAD（計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計）中，傳統(tǒng)的畫圖板被電子輸入和輸出設(shè)備所替換。當(dāng)使用CAD系統(tǒng)時，設(shè)計者可以使對象概念化以便更容易在圖形屏幕上設(shè)計，并且可以考慮替代設(shè)計或快速地修改一個特定的設(shè)計來達(dá)到必要的設(shè)計要求或變化。因而設(shè)計者可以提供多種工程分析并且可以識別潛在的問題（如過負(fù)荷或變形）。這些分析的速度和準(zhǔn)確性都遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了傳統(tǒng)的方法。Draftproductivityrisesdramatically.Whensomethingisdrawnonce，itneverhastobedrawnagain.itcanberetrievedfromalibrary,andcanbeduplicated,stretched,sized,andchangedinmanywayswithouthavingtoberedrawn。Cutandpastetechniquesareusedaslabor-savingaids.設(shè)計生產(chǎn)率的提高是顯著的。當(dāng)某些圖形被繪制一次后，就沒必要再畫第二次。它可以從圖形庫中恢復(fù)，可以被復(fù)制，拉伸，改變大小，和其他許多方面的改變而無需重新繪制。剪切和粘貼技巧作為節(jié)省勞力的助手被使用。CADmakespossiblemultiview2Ddrawings，andthedrawingscanbereproducedindifferentlevelsofreductionandenlargement.Itgivesthemechanicalengineertheabilitytomagnifyeventhesmallestofcomponentstoascertainifassembledcomponentsfitproperly.Partswithdifferentcharacteristics，suchasmovableorstationary，canbeassigneddifferentcolorsonthedisplay.CAD使二維圖紙多重視圖變?yōu)榭赡?，并且圖形可以在大小不同的圖層里重生。它使機(jī)械工程師有能力放大甚至最小的部件來確定構(gòu)件是否裝配合適。對于具有不同特性的零部件，如移動或靜止，可以指定不同的顏色在顯示屏上標(biāo)示。haveevenmorefreedomwiththeadventof3-Dpartsandmanipulatetheminendlessvariationstoachievethedesiredresults.Throughfiniteelementanalysis，stressescanbeappliedtobeacomputermodelandtheresultsgraphicallydisplayed，givingthedesignerquickfeedbackonanyinherentproblemsinadesignbeforethecreationofaphysicalprototype.隨著三維建模的出現(xiàn)設(shè)計師有了更多自由和無限制的修改它們以實現(xiàn)所期望的結(jié)果。通過有限元分析，應(yīng)力加到計算機(jī)模型上并且以圖形化的方式顯示其結(jié)果，在產(chǎn)品物理原型生產(chǎn)之前，對設(shè)計中的任何內(nèi)在問題給設(shè)計者一個快速的反饋。DesignersInadditiontothedesign’sgeometricanddimensionalfeatures，otherinformation（suchasalistofmaterials，specification，andmanufacturinginstructions）isstoredintheCADdatabase.Usingsuchinformation,thedesignercanthenanalyzetheeconomicsofalternativedesigns.除了設(shè)計的幾何和尺寸特性之外，其他信息(比如材料清單、規(guī)格、和制造說明)都存儲在CAD數(shù)據(jù)庫里。利用這些信息，設(shè)計師可以分析備選設(shè)計的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。Computer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM)involvestheusesofcomputersandcomputertechnologytoassistinallthephasesofmanufacturingaproduct，includingprocessandproductionplanning，machining，scheduling，management，andqualitycontrol.Computer-aideddesignandcomputer-aidedmanufacturingareoftencombinedintoCAD/CAMsystems.計算機(jī)輔助制造(CAM)包括使用計算機(jī)和計算機(jī)技術(shù)來協(xié)助制造產(chǎn)品的所有階段，包括工藝和生產(chǎn)計劃，加工，調(diào)度，管理，和質(zhì)量控制。計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計和計算機(jī)輔助制造常常是和CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合的。Thiscombinationallowthetransferofinformationfromthedesignstageintothestageofplanningforthemanufactureofaproduct，withouttheneedtoreenterthedataonpartgeometrymanually.ThedatabasedevelopedduringCADisstored；thenitisprocessedfurther，byCAM，intothenecessarydataandinstructionsforoperatingandcontrollingproductionmachinery，material-handlingequipment，andautomatedtestingandinspectionforproductquality.這種組合允許一個產(chǎn)品的信息從設(shè)計階段傳遞到加工規(guī)劃階段，而不需要手動重新輸入幾何部件的數(shù)據(jù)。計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計研發(fā)期間存儲在數(shù)據(jù)庫，然后通過計算機(jī)輔助制造進(jìn)一步處理，一直到必要的數(shù)據(jù)和指令的操作和控制生產(chǎn)機(jī)械、物料搬運設(shè)備，自動化測試和檢驗產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。Inmachiningoperations，animportantfeatureofCAD/CAMisitscapabilitytodescribethetoolpathforvariousoperations，suchasNCturning，milling，anddrilling.Theinstructions（programs）arecomputergenerated，andtheycanbemodifiedbytheprogrammertooptimizethetoolpath.Theengineerortechniciancanthendisplayandvisuallycheckthetoolpathforpossibletoolcollisionswithfixturesorotherinterferences.Thetoolpathcanbemodifiedatanytime，toaccommodateotherpartshapestobemachined.在機(jī)械加工中，CAD/CAM的一個重要特征是它有可以描述刀具運動軌跡的能力，如數(shù)控車削，銑削，鉆孔。指令（程序）是計算機(jī)生成的，它們可以由程序員修改優(yōu)化刀具路徑。工程師或技術(shù)員可以顯示和檢查刀具路徑可能與夾具或其他干擾工具碰撞。刀具路徑可以隨時修改，以適應(yīng)其他部分的形狀被加工。SometypicalapplicationsofCAD/CAMare：（a）programmingforNC，CNC，andindustrialrobots；（b）designoftoolsandfixturesandEDMelectodes；（c）qualitycontrolandinspection，forinstance，coordinate-measuringmachinesprogrammedonaCAD/CAMworkstation；（d）processplanningandscheduling；and（e）plantlayout.CAD/CAM的一些典型應(yīng)用是：（a）數(shù)控編程，計算機(jī)數(shù)控編程和工業(yè)機(jī)器人；（b）工具和夾具以及電火花電極的設(shè)計；（c）質(zhì)量控制和檢查，例如，在CAD/CAM工作站上的坐標(biāo)測量機(jī)編程；（d）工藝規(guī)劃與調(diào)度；和（e）工廠布局。TheemergenceofCAD/CAMhashadamajorimpactonmanufacturing，bystandardizingproductdevelopmentandbyreducingdesigneffort，tryout，andprototypework；ithasmadepossiblesignificantlyreducedcostsandimprovedproductivity.Thetwo-engineBoeing777passengerairplane，forexample,wasdesignedcompletedbycomputer（paperlessdesign）.TheplaneisconstructeddirectlyfromtheCAD/CAMsoftwaredeveloped（anenhancedCATIAsystem）andnoprototypesormockupswerebuilt，suchaswererequiredforpreviousmodels.CAD/CAM的出現(xiàn)對制造業(yè)產(chǎn)生了重大影響，通過產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和減少設(shè)計工作量，試用，和原型的工作；它有可能大大降低成本和提高生產(chǎn)力。例如雙引擎的波音777客機(jī)就是由計算機(jī)設(shè)計完成（無紙化設(shè)計）。這架飛機(jī)直接從CAD/CAM軟件開發(fā)（增強(qiáng)CATIA系統(tǒng)）并沒有建立原型或?qū)嵨锬Ｐ偷那闆r下制造出來，如以前所需要的的模型。第四篇：機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語第二版必考翻譯(完整版)1.Withlow-powermachineryorvehiclestheoperatorcanusuallyapplysufficientforcethroughasimplemechanicallinkagefromthepedleorhandletothestationarypartofthebrake.Inmanycases,however,thisforcemustbemultipliedbyusinganelaboratebrakingsystem.（P5）用低能機(jī)器或傳力工具，操作者通過向踏板或把手的一個簡單機(jī)械連接構(gòu)件作用足夠的力量到車閘固定的部分。大多數(shù)情況，然而，用一個詳細(xì)（復(fù)雜）的車閘系統(tǒng)使這個力量成倍增加。2.Thefundamentalprincipleinvolvedistheuseofcompressedairactingthroughapistoninacylindertosetblockbrakesonthewheels.Theactionissimultaneousonthewheelsofallthecarsinthetrain.Thecompressedairiscarriedthroughastronghosefromcartocarwithcouplingsbetweencars;itsreleasetoalltheseparateblockbrakeunits,atthesametime,iscontrolledbytheengineer.(BrakingSystems)（P5）相關(guān)的基本原理是使用壓縮氣體，通過氣缸內(nèi)的活塞將閘塊壓在車輪起作用。列車的所有車廂上的車輪同時動作。壓縮氣體通過一個堅固的管道在由聯(lián)軸器連接的車廂之間傳輸；工程師控制其在同一時間釋放到所有獨立的閘塊單元。3.Whenthebrakepedalofanautomobileisdepressed,aforceisappliedtoapistoninamastercylinder.Thepistonforceshydraulicfluidthroughmetaltubingintoacylinderineachwheelwherethefluid’spressuremovestwopistonsthatpressthebrakeshoesagainstthedrum.(BrakingSystems)（P5）當(dāng)踩下汽車剎車的踏板，在主汽缸中的活塞上施加一個力?；钊?qū)動液壓流體通過金屬管道進(jìn)入每個車輪氣缸，在那里液壓移動兩個活塞將閘片壓向輪圈。4.Machineryontologyincludingmechanicalrack,mechanicalconnectionsandmechanicaltransmission,whichisthebasisofmechanical-electricalintegration,playsaroleinsupportingtheotherfunctionalunitsofthesystemandtransmittingmotionandpower.Comparedtopurelymechanicalproducts,theperformanceandfunctionalityofintegrationtechnologyinelectricalandmechanicalsystemshavebeenimprovedalot,whichrequiresmechanicalontologytoadaptitsnewstatusinmechanicalstructure,materials,processingtechnology,aswellastheareasofgeometry.Accordingly,thenewontologyiswithhighefficient,multi-functional,reliableandenergy-saving,small,light-weightedandaestheticallypleasingcharacteristics.(MechatronicsSystem)（P7）機(jī)械體包括機(jī)架、機(jī)械聯(lián)接和機(jī)械傳動，它是機(jī)電一體化的基礎(chǔ)，作用是支撐系統(tǒng)其他功能單元，傳遞運動和動力。和純機(jī)械產(chǎn)品相比，一體化技術(shù)的性能和功能在機(jī)電系統(tǒng)中大幅提高，它要求機(jī)械本體適應(yīng)在機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)、材料、加工技術(shù)以及這些領(lǐng)域中的幾何學(xué)下的新環(huán)境。相應(yīng)的，新的一體化具有高效、多功能、可靠、節(jié)能、小輕和美學(xué)的令人賞心悅目的特征。5.Detectingsensordetectingsensorpartincludesavarietyofsensorsandsignaldetectioncircuit,anditsfunctionistodetecttheprocessofmechatronicsystemsintheworkitselfandthechangesofrelevantparametersinexternalenvironmentandtransmittheinformationtotheelectroniccontrolunit.Electroniccontrolunitchecktheinformationandsendsthecorrespondingcontrolissuestotheactuator.(MechatronicsSystem)（P7）檢測傳感器部分包括各類傳感器、信號檢測電路，它的功能是檢測機(jī)電系統(tǒng)自身工作的工程，在外部環(huán)境下的相關(guān)參數(shù)的改變，將其信息傳給電子控制單元。電子控制單元通過檢查信息，送出相應(yīng)的指令到執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)。6.Electroniccontrolunit,alsoknownasECU,isthecoreofmechatronicsystems,responsiblefortheexternalcommandsandthesignalsoutputbysensors.Itcentralizesstores,computesandanalyzestheinformation.Basedontheresultsofinformationprocessing,instructionareissuedaccordingtoacertainextentandpacetocontrolthedestinationfortheentiresystem.(MechatronicsSystem)（P7）電子控制單元，也被稱為控制單元（ECU）控制，是機(jī)電系統(tǒng)的核心，負(fù)責(zé)外部命令和傳感器的信號輸出。它集中、存儲、計算并分析信息?；谛畔⑻幚淼慕Y(jié)果，按照一定的范圍和步調(diào)發(fā)出命令來實現(xiàn)控制整個系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)。7.Itisputintoafairlystandardmachinetoolthathashadpositionsensingandmotorsonthecontrolknobsinstalled.Thisisbasicallyjustarobotmachinist.Youusearotatingcuttingtooltocutawayallthemetalthatisn’tyourcrank.3Dmetaletch-a-sketch,withthecomputerinterpolating,sothecirclescomeouttobeprettysmooth.(CNCMachining)（P9）將數(shù)控系統(tǒng)裝入一個非常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的機(jī)床，它在控制手柄上有位置感應(yīng)和馬達(dá)。這基本上是一個機(jī)械師。你能使用一個旋轉(zhuǎn)切削刀具切掉不是你設(shè)計的所有金屬。具有計算內(nèi)插的三維金屬蝕刻成型可以使得圓被加工得更光滑。8.They(CNCmachine)arecomplicatedmachines,fullofservomechanisms,andmeasuringtechnologythatcanmeasureto0.005mm(0.0001”)whilecoveredinoil.ACNCmachinehasaminimumof6motors(includingsometochangetools,andoneormoretopumpoilandcoolantvariousplaces).Thistranslatestorunningcoststhatmaybewellover$1/minute.(Thecomputerisnotasignificantpartofthecostanymore.)(CNCMachining)（P10）數(shù)控機(jī)床是復(fù)雜的機(jī)器，具有伺服機(jī)構(gòu)和檢測技術(shù)，它能在覆蓋油膜狀態(tài)下檢測到0.005mm。數(shù)控機(jī)床至少有6個馬達(dá)（包括一些用來換刀具，一個或多個用來泵油和冷卻液的各地方）。這些化成運行成本可能大大超過1美元/分鐘。（電腦不再是成本的一個重要部分.）9.Thesmaller,denserchipscanalsoprovidespeedbenefits,becauseinhigh-speeddevices,thelengthoftimeittakesasignaltotravelagivendistancecanbecomeafactor.(IntegratedCircuit(IC))（P57）小而密的芯片能提供速度優(yōu)勢，因為高速裝置中，信號傳輸給定距離所需時間長度是一個因素。10．ICshaveconsistentlymigratedtosmallerfeaturesizesovertheyears,allowingmorecircuitrytobepackedoneachchip.Thisincreasedcapacityperunitareacanbeusedtodecreasecostand/orincreasefunctionality-seeMoore’slawwhich,initsmoderninterpretation,statesthatthenumberoftransistorsinanintegratedcircuitdoubleseverytwoyears。（P58）多年來集成電路持續(xù)向更小的外觀尺寸發(fā)展，允許每個芯片封裝更多的電路，這增加了單位面積的容量，可以被用于降低成本和/或增加功能。由Moore法則，用現(xiàn)代的解釋來說，集成電路中晶體管的數(shù)量每兩年漲一倍。11.Ingeneral,asthefeaturesizeshrinks,almosteverythingimprovesthecostperunitandtheswitchingpowerconsumptiongoesdown,andthespeedgoesup.However,ICswithnanometer-scaledevicesarenotwithouttheirproblems,principalamongwhichisleakagecurrent,althoughtheseproblemsarenotinsurmountableandwilllikelybesolvedoratleastamelioratedbytheintroductionofhigh-kdielectrics.(IntegratedCircuit(IC))（P58）一般隨著外觀尺寸的減小，幾乎任何物品的單位成本會改善（降低），轉(zhuǎn)換能源消耗會降低，速度提高。然而，納米級設(shè)備所用的IC芯片不是沒有問題，其中最基本的是漏電流，盡管這些問題不是不可克服的，它可被解決，或至少可通過引入高k值絕緣體被改善。12.Themajorfabricatingstepsforintegratedcircuitsincludefilmformation,impuritydoping,photolithography,etching,andpackaging.（P58）集成電路的主要的制造步驟包括薄膜形成、摻雜雜質(zhì)、微影技術(shù)、蝕刻、包裝。13.FactoryassemblylinemachineryisactivatedandmonitoredbyasinglePLC,whereinthepasthundredsoftimersandrelayswouldhavebeenrequiredtodothetask.Themachineorsystemuserrarely,ifever,interactsdirectlywiththePLC’sprogram.WhenitisnecessarytoeithereditorcreatethePLCprogram,apersonalcomputerisusually(butnotalways)connectedtoit.(WhatisaPLC?)（P61）工廠的裝配線機(jī)械用一個PLC就能操縱和監(jiān)控，過去需要數(shù)百的計時器和繼電器才能完成這項工作。這臺機(jī)器或系統(tǒng)用戶，如果有的話，很少直接與PLC的程序交互。當(dāng)有必要編輯或創(chuàng)建PLC程序時僅需將個人計算機(jī)（但不總是）連到PLC上。14.Theprocessesofsequencingcontrolandinterlocklogicneededforautomobilemanufacturingwasatimeconsumingandarduoustask,whichrequiredmanualupdatingofrelays,timersanddedicatedclosed-loopcontrollers.Whenanewyear’smodelwascomingoffthedrawingboard,skilledelectricianswerecalledontoresettheproductionline.(WhatisaPLC?)（P61）汽車制造所需的時序控制、互鎖邏輯的處理是一項耗時、費勁的工作，它需要手工更新繼電器、計時器和特定的閉環(huán)控制器。當(dāng)一個新模型脫離制圖板，熟練的電工被要求從裝生產(chǎn)線。15.PLCs,inessence,monitorexternalsensoryactivityfromadditionaldevices.Theytakeinthedatawhichreportsonawidevarietyofactivity,suchasmachineperformance,energyoutput,andprocessimpediment.Theyalsocontrolattachedmotorstarters,pilotlights,valuesandmanyotherdevices.Bothfunctionsrespondtoacustom,user-createdprogram.(WhatisaPLC?)（P62）PLC，本質(zhì)上是監(jiān)控附加裝置的外部傳感活動，他們接受數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)提供廣泛的活動，如機(jī)器性能、能量輸出和加工障礙。它們也控制相連的馬達(dá)啟動器、導(dǎo)航燈、閥門和許多其他裝置。所有的功能都對應(yīng)一個慣例，實用程序。16.They(PLCs)aredesignedforreal-timeuse,andoftenmustwithstandharshenvironmentsontheshopfloor.Theprogrammablelogiccontrollercircuitrymonitorsthestatusofmultiplesensorinput,whichcontroloutputactuators,whichmaybethingslikemotorstarters,solenoid,lightsanddisplays,orvalves.(WhatisaPLC?)（P62）PLC被設(shè)計為實時應(yīng)用，常常必須經(jīng)受車間惡劣環(huán)境。PLC的電路檢測很多傳感器輸入的狀態(tài)，控制輸出執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，如馬達(dá)啟動器、螺線管、燈、顯示屏和閥門。17.LadderlogicisessentiallyaBooleanlogic-solvingprogramwithagraphicaluserinterfacedesignedtolooklikeanelementarywiringdiagram,familiartoallindustrialelectricians.(WhatisaPLC?)（P62）梯形邏輯本質(zhì)是一個具有圖形用戶界面的布爾邏輯處理程序，設(shè)計成一個所有的工業(yè)電氣師都熟悉的基本電氣線圖。18.PIDcanbedescribedasasetofruleswithwhichpreciseregulationofaclosed-loopcontrolsystemisobtained.Closedloopcontrolmeansamethodinwhichareal-timemeasurementoftheprocessbeingcontrolledisconstantlyfedbacktothecontrollingdevicetoensurethatthevaluewhichisdesiredis,infact,beingrealized.(WhatisPIDControl)（P63）PID可以用一組規(guī)則描述，通過這組規(guī)則可獲得閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)的精密調(diào)控。閉環(huán)控制是一種方法，用這種方法可將被控過程的實時檢測持續(xù)地反饋給控制設(shè)備以確保期望值被實現(xiàn)。19.Themostimportantofthese(PIDs),ProportionalControl,determinesthemagnitudeofthedifferencebetweentheSETPOINTandthePROCESSVARIABLE(knownasERROR),andthenappliesappropriateproportionalchangestotheCONTROLVARIABLEtoeliminateERROR.(WhatisPIDControl)（P63）PID中最重要的是比例控制，它決定了設(shè)定值和過程變量間的差值，然后對控制變量使用合適的比例變量以消除誤差。20.Shaftingisthemachineelementthatsupportsarollerandwheelsothattheycanperformtheirbasicfunctionsofrotation.Shafting,madefromroundmetalbarsofvariouslengthsandmachinedtodimensionthesurface,isusedinagreatvarietyofshapesandapplications.Becauseshaftscarryloadsandtransmitpower,theyaresubjecttothestressesandstrainsofoperatingmachineparts.Standardizedprocedureshavebeenevolvedfordeterminingthematerialcharacteristicsandsizerequirementsforsafeandeconomicalconstructionandoperation.(Shafting)（P67）軸是能支撐滾子和輪子以完成最基本的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動的機(jī)械元件。軸，由各類長度的圓形金屬棒料制成，被加工成各類的表面尺寸，以各種形狀用于各種用途。軸因為承載和傳動必經(jīng)受在工作的機(jī)器零件的應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變。已演化出的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流程確定安全經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)操作所需的材料特性和尺寸要求。21.Particularlyinsolidshafting,theshaftissteppedtoallowgreaterstrengthinthemiddleportionwithminimumdiameterontheendsatthebearings.Thestepsallowshouldersforpositioningthevariouspartspressedontotheshaftduringtherotorassembly.(Shafting)（P67）特別是實心軸，階梯軸允許中部有更大的強(qiáng)度，端部軸承處直徑最小。階梯允許軸肩在轉(zhuǎn)子裝置期間，通過靠在軸上來定位各類零件。22.Oneormorepiecesofshaftingjoinedbycouplingsisusedtotransmitpowerfrom,forexample,anenginetoaremotelylocatedmachine.Asingleenginecandrivemanylinesofshafting,which,inturn,connectinmultiplefashionstoprocessequipmentmachines.Beltsoperateonpulleystotransmitthetorquefromonelinetoanotherandfromtheshaftingtothemachines.Clutchesandcouplingscontrolthetransferofpowerfromtheshafting.Thedeliveryofpowertothemachinesinashophasgenerallybeenconvertedfromlineshaftingtoindividualelectricmotordrivesforeachmachine.Thus,inamodernprocessingplant,lineshaftingisobsolete.（P68）一個或多個傳動軸件，由聯(lián)軸節(jié)接合，用來傳送能量形式，例如，一個引擎到遠(yuǎn)程機(jī)器。一個單一的引擎可以驅(qū)動許多軸系，反過來，以多種形式連接到加工設(shè)備機(jī)器。皮帶在滑輪上運行，從一個軸系向另一個軸系傳遞扭矩，并從軸系傳遞給機(jī)器。離合器和聯(lián)軸器控制來自軸系的動力傳遞。把動力傳遞給車間里的機(jī)器一般已從用傳動軸系變成了用獨立的電動馬達(dá)驅(qū)動每臺機(jī)器。因此，在一個現(xiàn)代化的加工廠里，傳動軸系已過時。23.Differingwidelyinviscosity,specificgravity,vaporpressure,boilingpoint,andotherproperties,lubricantsalsoofferawiderangeofselectionfortheincreasinglyvariedneedsofmodernindustry.Butwhatevertheirderivationorproperties,thepur