閱讀理解之議論文-2023年中考英語考點專項突破

專項40閱讀理解之議論文

備戰(zhàn)2023年中考英語精選考點專項突破

考點詳解

議論文往往有觀點，有事實，邏輯性強，命題往往從事實的有關細節(jié)及文章的主旨或作者的表達意圖

等方面著手，考查我們的思維能力和判斷能力。所以考生要培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文猜詞的能力，或者說根據(jù)情境

能揣測作者的意圖。議論文的閱讀同其他體裁文章的閱讀理解一樣，可以有主旨大意、細節(jié)理解、推理判

斷、詞義猜測等幾種出題方式。

二、解題方法：

一、重視文章標題，找準全文主題句，把握文章主旨

標題往往是全文的主題，審視標題，有利于理解全文，提高解題效率。主題句對全文起提示、啟迪、

概括、歸納之作用。根據(jù)主題句既可以知道文章議論的是什么，也可以知道作者希望讀者了解主題方面的

哪些內容。議論文題材偏難，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用總一分一總的結構，交替使用正面和反面的

論證方式。通常，先總說現(xiàn)象或觀點；其次，正面陳述、反面論證；最后作者表明自己的態(tài)度，再次總結

文章。通常主題句會出現(xiàn)在文章的首句或句末，在這些地方要多留意表示歸納的詞匯，也可以在具體事例

之后或之前的表示觀點的陳述句中尋找。

二、細讀文章，注意文章細節(jié)理解

除主旨題外，細節(jié)理解題也是閱讀理解題中的基礎題，它主要考查學生對文中的具體事例、數(shù)字、時

間、地點等的理解。經常出現(xiàn)排序題（按事情發(fā)展順序排序），圖表題（按文章內容找出正確圖形），正誤題（依

據(jù)文章內容對所列的陳述進行正誤判斷）。對這種題型，無論細節(jié)題如何變化形式，立足點都應是從文章中

找出相應詞句作為依據(jù)。雖然答案中有的細節(jié)在文中很清楚，但可能與問題無關。細節(jié)題的破解一般用尋

讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對有關信息進行快速定位，再將相關信息進行整合、分析、對比，有根據(jù)

地排除干擾項，選出正確答案。假如問題采用的是反向思維，題中含有not或except等表示否定意義的詞，

則需要更加留意。此法可以加強閱讀的針對性，提高做題的準確率。做此類題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯

關系。

三、理解整體語篇，掌握作者意圖

做推理判斷題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語篇的同時，對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的

推理判斷，站在作者的視角，而不是主觀臆斷、憑空想象，從而走入誤區(qū)。英語文章講究使用主題段與主

題句，段與段之間通常有過渡性詞語連接，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫。有時文章還會在時間順序、空間

順序或邏輯推理上運用較高級的手段進行組編。要想準確、深刻地理解文章，必須對文章的結構有所了解,

把握全篇的文脈，即句內、句間和段落間的修辭手段或邏輯關系。作者往往在構思語篇前會進行預先設定:

讀者知道什么，不知道什么，讀者可能與自己共同擁有什么樣的生活經驗、思想見地和需求欲望等，然后

設計一些隱藏在語篇深層的"潛臺詞”。因此，這類試題要求考生利用主題句進行推測，揣摩文字背后作

者的意圖，運用背景知識去挖掘文章的深層含義，從而正確理解作者的言外之意，同時認真體會文章的語

氣與感情基調。

四、多讀多背，擴大詞匯量，掌握猜詞技巧

由于當今的閱讀文章題材廣泛，體裁多樣，經常出現(xiàn)一詞多義，甚至出現(xiàn)沒學過的詞匯。許多學生感

到困擾很大，有的甚至煩躁得難以堅持閱讀下去。要解決閱讀中的生詞問題，一是要擴大英語詞匯量，二

是要學習并掌握一些猜測生詞詞義的方法，如：利用同義、反義、上義、下義、詞的集合、詞的搭配等關

系；利用照應、替代、省略、定義、舉例等情境關系；利用詞綴、轉化、合成等構詞法；利用后置定語或

同位語等語法結構；利用前后對比或因果推理法等。

總之，想要提高閱讀能力，尤其是對考生來說難度較大的議論文閱讀，學生應能從篇章和試題雙方面

入手。通過觀察、體驗、探究等積極主動的學習方法，優(yōu)化閱讀理解中議論文的解題思路和方法策略，提

高學生自主學習的能力。

真題再現(xiàn)

A

（2022?湖北黃石?中考真題）

閱讀材料，選擇最佳選項。

Nowadays,expertscallonhighschoolstudentstoreadasmanyliteraryclassics（文學名著）aspossible.What

doyouthinkofit?

Linda:Wedon'thaveenoughlifeexperiences,sowemayhavedifficultyunderstandingthedeeperclassics.

Butthisshouldn'tbeareasontogiveupreadingclassics.AsFrancisBaconsaid,"Readingmakesafullman;

conference（談話）areadyman;andwritinganexactman.^^

Curry:Classicsarethetreasuresourancestorsleftus.Weshouldreadthemandpassthemdown.Astheold

Chinesesayinggoes,“Onewhoisfilledwithknowledgealwaysbehaveswell.^^Classicscanopenupourmindsand

developourinterestinculture.

Frank:Withoutbackgroundandlifeexperiences,studentscan'tunderstandwhatwriterswanttoexpressin

theirclassics.Whilereading,somestudentsmainlypayattentiontowordsandexpressionsratherthanthehidden

ideas.Forthisreason,readingclassicsmightbeawasteoftime.

Mary:Ontheonehand,notallclassicsaresuitable（合適的）forallstudents,astherearemanydifficult

expressionsanddeepideas.Ontheotherhand,thespecialwritingstylesmakeitdifficultforstudentstounderstand.

Sotheywon'tprobablychoosethem.

1.Whoagreeswiththeideaofreadingliteraryclassics?

A.Linda&Curry.B.Linda&Mary.C.Curry&Frank.D.Frank&Mary.

2.WhatdoesCurrythinkofliteraryclassics?

A.Theyimprovestudents,readingskills.B.Theydevelopstudents,interestinculture.

C.Theyhelpstudentslearnmorewords.D.Theycanchangestudents9personalities（個性）.

3.Frankthinksclassicsarenotworthreadingbecause.

A.thewritersliveindifferentcountries

B.studentsprefertoreadaboutlifeexperiences

C.studentsmightpaymoreattentiontowordsandexpressions

D.studentsmightnotunderstandthewritingstyles

4.BothLindaandCurryexplaintheirideasby.

A.listingexamplesB.showingnumbers

C.givingquotes（引語）D.makingparisons（對比）

5.Whatdoesthepassagetalkabout?

A.Whyliteraryclassicsbeepopularinhighschools.

B.Whetherhighschoolstudentsshouldreadliteraryclassics.

C.Whyhighschoolstudentsshouldreadliteraryclassics.

D.Howhighschoolsshouldhelpstudentsimprovereadingskills.

【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.C5.B

【導語】本文主要談論了高中生是否應該讀文學名著。四個人給出他們各自的觀點。

1.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)"Linda:Wedon'thaveenoughlifeexperiences,sowemayhavedifficultyunderstandingthe

deeperclassics.Butthisshouldn'tbeareasontogiveupreadingclassics.^^（Linda：我們沒有足夠的生活經驗，

所以我們可能難以理解更深層次的經典。但這不應該成為放棄閱讀經典的理由。）以及“Curry:Classicsarethe

treasuresourancestorsleftus.Weshouldreadthemandpassthemdown.（Curry：經典是我們祖先留給我們的

財富。我們應該閱讀它們并將其傳下去。）可知Linda和Curry同意閱讀文學名著，故選A。

2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Classicscanopenupourmindsanddevelopourinterestinculture."可知Curry認為經典

培養(yǎng)學生對文化的興趣。故選B。

3.細節(jié)理解題o根據(jù)“Withoutbackgroundandlifeexperiences,studentscan'tunderstandwhatwriterswantto

expressintheirclassics.Whilereading,somestudentsmainlypayattentiontowordsandexpressionsratherthan

thehiddenideas.Forthisreason,readingclassicsmightbeawasteof（沒有背景和生活經歷,學生們無法

理解作家想要在他們的經典作品中表達什么。在閱讀時，一些學生主要關注單詞和表達，而不是隱藏的思

想。因此，閱讀經典可能是浪費時間。）可知Frank認為經典名著不值得讀，因為學生可能會更注意單詞和

表達，故選C。

4.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)"AsFrancisBaconsaid,"Readingmakesafullman;conference（談話）areadyman;and

writinganexactman.'"以及"AstheoldChinesesayinggoes,"Onewhoisfilledwithknowledgealwaysbehaves

wellj”可知Linda和Curry都通過引用名言來解釋他們的想法，故選Co

5.主旨大意題。根據(jù)"Nowadays,expertscallonhighschoolstudentstoreadasmanyliteraryclassics（文學名著）

aspossible.Whatdoyouthinkofit?”可知本文主要談論了高中生是否應該讀文學名著。故選B。

B

（2022?四川廣安?中考真題）

Youmayknowabout“junkfbod“l(fā)ikeFrenchfries.Butdoyouknowabout"junksleep"?Recently,aBritish

survey（調查）showsthattherearemanyelectronicproductsinteenagers5bedrooms.Theyareinfluencingteenagers9

sleepbadly.

Thesurveywasdoneamong1,000Britishkidsfrom12to16.Itfoundthat50%ofthemgotjust4to7hours'

sleepeveryday.Butdoctorssaytheyneed8to9hours.

Almost25%ofthekidssaidtheyoftenfellasleepwhiletheywerewatchingTV,listeningtomusicorusing

otherelectronicproducts.

“Thisisveryworrying,9,saidDr.Chris,aBritishprofessor（教授）."Wecallit'junksleep9.Itmeansyoudon't

getenoughsleepandthequality（質量）ofthesleepislow,too.Ifyoudon'tgetagoodrest,youwon'tdowellin

schoolthenextday.^^

Thesurveyfoundthatquiteafewofthekidsfelttiredeachdaybecauseofthejunksleep,especiallygirls

between13and16feelingtheworst.Nearlyalltheteenagershaveaphone,MP5orTVintheirbedrooms.Andlots

ofthemevenhaveallthethree.

Dr.Chrissuggestedthatparentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,andteenagers

shouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts.

6.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Junkfood.B.Junksleep.

C.Electronicproducts.D.Theimportanceofsleep.

7.Howmanyofthechildrensleeponly4to7hoursadayinthesurvey?

A.200.B.250.C.500.D.1000.

8.“Junkfbod^^and“junksleep“aresimilartoeachotherbecause.

A.theyarebothlowinqualityB.theyarebothneededinourlife

C.theyarebothenjoyedatweekendsD.theyarebothnecessaryforpeople'shealth

9.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Teenagersof12to16onlyneed4to7hours9sleepeachday.

B.Fewoftheteenagershaveelectronicproductsintheirbedrooms.

C.Teenagersspendtoomuchtimeonelectronicproducts.

D.Girlsbetween13and16spendtheleasttimeonelectronicproducts.

10.Whichofthefollowingshouldbethebestwaytosolvetheproblem?

A.Parentsmusttaketheelectronicproductsawayfromtheirchildren.

B.Parentsstoptheteenagersfromusinganyelectronicproduct.

C.Teenagersshoulddecidenottousetheelectronicproducts.

D.Teenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts.

【答案】6.B7.C8.A9.C10.D

【導語】本文講述青少年床上的電子產品會影響到他們的睡眠，導致垃圾睡眠。

6.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段"junksleep"及"therearemanyelectronicproductsinteenagers5bedrooms.Theyare

influencingteenagers5sleepbadly”,可知文章主要介紹了垃圾睡眠。故選B。

7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Thesurveywasdoneamong1,000Britishkidsfrom12to16.Itfoundthat50%of

themgotjust4to7hours，sleepeveryday”可知，有1000個孩子參與調查，其中50%的孩子每天只睡4到7

小時，可知只睡四到七個小時的人數(shù)是1000x50%=500人。故選C。

8.推理判斷題o根據(jù)第四段"Wecallit4junksleep5.Itmeansyoudon'tgetenoughsleepandthequalityofthe

sleepisbad,too”可知，垃圾睡眠指睡眠質量不好，垃圾食品指的是質量不好的食品，可推斷兩者質量都不好。

故選Ao

9.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"parentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,and

teenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts”父母應該幫助孩子遠離電子產品，青少年花費在電

子產品上的時間應該更少?？芍?，青少年花費在電子產品上的時間太多了。故選C。

10.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"parentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,and

teenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts”可知，電子產品影響青少年的睡眠，解決問題的最

好的辦法是花更少的時間在電子產品上。故選D。

R盡1模擬檢測，

C

（2022?廣西貴港?二模）

WhenanItalianmanwenttoworkwithamask（口罩）toprotecthimselffromtheCOVID19,hewas

criticized（ftt評）byhisworkmatesforcausingpanic（恐'慌）.ButinChinaandotherAsiancountries,almost

everyonewearsamaskduringoutbreaks（爆發(fā)）.WhydotheEastandtheWesthavedifferentideasaboutwearing

masks?

IntheWest,peoplewearmasksonlywhentheygetsick.Peopleseemasksasatooltoprotectsickpeopleand

stopdisease（疾?。ゝromspreading,sohealthypeopledon'tneedtowearthem.Ifapersongoesoutwithamask,

otherpeoplemaylookathimlikeavirus（病毒）spreader.Eventheirfriendstriedtostayawayfromthem.Some

Westernpeoplesaywearingamaskinpublicmakesthemfeel“worried","shy",and"afraidofbeinglookedat

differently^^.ButasthenumberofCOVID19cases（病例）keepsgrowingaroundtheworld,moreandmorehealthy

peoplearestartingtowearmaskstoprotectthemselves,peopleintheWestarechangingtheirideas.

InAsiancountrieslikeChinaandJapan,wearingmasksismon.In1910,ChinesedoctorWuLiandeinvented

themodemmedicalmask.Duringthe2003SARS,peopleusedmaskswidelyinChinaandEastAsia.Many

Chinesealsowearmaskstokeepwarminwinterorprotectagainstairpollution.

InJapan,someyoungwomenmaywearmaskswhentheydon'thavetheirmakeup（化妝）on.Manypopstars

inAsiaalsowearmaskstoprotecttheirprivacy（隱私）whentheygoout.Thisculturalbackgroundhasmadeit

easierforpeopleintheEasttowearmasksduringtheC0VID19outbreak.

11.HowdidtheItalianman'sworkmatesfeelabouthim?

A.Hecausedpanic.B.Hewastooworriedtowork.

C.Hedidn'twanttogotowork.D.Hewantedtoprotecthimself.

12.WhydoWesternpeoplerefusetowearmasks?

A.Becausetheyareafraidtolookuglywithfacemasks.

B.Becausetheydon'twantotherstoknowtheyareill.

C.Becausetheyhopetofortotherpeopleinthisway.

D.Becausetheydon'tthinkhealthypeopleneedmasks.

13.Wherewasthemodemmedicalmaskinvented?

A.InEngland.B.InChina.C.InJapan.D.IntheUSA.

14.WhichofthefollowingisNotTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Asianpeoplewearmaskstoprotecttheirprivacy.

B.Asianpeoplewearmaskstoprotectagainstairpollution.

C.Asianpeoplewearmaskstostopdiseasefromspreading.

D.Asianpeoplewearmaskstomakethemlookfashionable（時尚的）.

15.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Westernpeople'stroubleofwearingmasks.

B.ThereasonswhymasksarepopularinAsianculture.

C.DifferentideasofusingmasksinEasternandWesterncountries.

D.TheimportanceofwearingmasksduringtheC0VID19outbreak.

【答案】11.A12.D13.B14.D15.C

【導語】本文主要介紹了東西方國家對于戴口罩的不同觀點。

11.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)"WhenanItalianmanwenttoworkwithamasktoprotecthimselffromtheCOVID19,he

wascriticizedbyhisworkmatesforcausingpanic.”可知，這個意大利男人的同事認為他佩戴口罩的行為引起了

恐慌。故選A。

12.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)"Peopleseemasksasatooltoprotectsickpeopleandstopdiseasefromspreading,so

healthypeopledon'tneedtowearthem.”可知，西方國家的人們認為健康人不需要戴口罩，所以他們拒絕戴口

罩。故選D。

13.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“In1910,ChinesedoctorWuLiandeinventedthemodemmedicalmask.”可知，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)用

口罩在中國被發(fā)明。故選B。

14.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“ManypopstarsinAsiaalsowearmaskstoprotecttheirprivacywhentheygoout...Many

Chinesealsowearmaskstokeepwarminwinterorprotectagainstairpollution....Duringthe2003SARS,people

usedmaskswidelyinChinaandEastAsia.”可知，亞洲人戴口罩保護個人隱私，亞洲人戴口罩為了防止空氣污

染，亞洲人戴口罩為了防止疾病的傳播。文中沒有提到亞洲人戴口罩使自己看起來時尚。故選D。

15.主旨大意題。根據(jù)“WhydotheEastandtheWesthavedifferentideasaboutwearingmasks?”及全文可知，

本文主要介紹了東西方國家對于佩戴口罩的不同觀點。故選C。

D

（2022?遼寧遼陽?一模）

Atthecrossroads

“WHYDIDN'Tthechickencrosstheroad?”

“BecausetherewasaKFContheotherside.”

ThiswasoneofmyfavoritejokeswhenIwasgrowingup.ButnowIwonderifthechickenwouldwantto

crosstheroadeveniftherewerenoKFCs.

Rulesforwhen,whereandhowweshouldusethestreetsareimportantforsafetyandorderinsociety.Weare

taughtinprimaryschoolthatweshouldalwaysfollowthem.Butthesedays,weseemtolivelifeattopspeed.

Manytimes,Ihaveseenpeoplecrossthestreetunsafely.<aSpeedyw,deliverymen（送貨員）runtheredlightsand

getdangerouslyclosetopedestrians（行人）.Thesepeoplethink“speed“ismoreimportantthan“safbty”.Theyare

puttingthecart（馬車）beforethehorse.

Shanghaihasnowintroducednewtrafficrules.Peoplewillbefinedforjaywalkingorjayriding.Forsure,this

iswele.However,theremaybeproblems.Beforegivingafine,thepolicemustwitness（當場看至U）theperson

jaywalkingorjayriding,buttherearenotenoughpoliceofficerstokeepaneyeonallthestreets.Thatmeanssome

lawbreakerswillnotbecaughtandfined.Also,somesaythefineistoosmallyuanforjaywalkersand50yuan

forjayriders）tostoppeoplefrombreakingtherules.

Iapplaud（稱贊）Shanghaiforintroducingthenewrules,butIthinkthecitycandoevenbetter.Otherwise,

smart“chickens“mightstillbealittlescaredaboutcrossingtheroad.

16.Ajayridermightwhilecrossingthestreet.

A.driveslowlyB.letpedestriansgofirst

C.runtheredlightsD.stayawayfromothercars

17.Somedeliverymenthinkismoreimp