研究生英語寫譯教程基礎(chǔ)級第三版袁錫興楊若東寫作篇1Theparagraph公開課獲獎?wù)n件百校聯(lián)賽一等

ProgressiveWritingbyJessieYaoChapter1TheParagraph2024/11/131ContentIntroduction1TheTopicSentence2TheConcludingSentence3Unity4Coherence52024/11/132I.IntroductionQ:Whatisaparagraph?abasicunitoforganization

inwritingdevelopsonemainidea;standbyitself,or:bepartofalongerpieceofwriting.ContentForm2024/11/133I.Introduction1.Pretest:Readandanswer:page2,modelwriting.A:(1)

Topicsentence.

(2)Concludingsentence.

(3)Supportingsentences.

(4)Transitionalwords.

(5)One.2024/11/134I.IntroductionConstructionofaparagraph:TopicSentenceSupportingsentence1Supportingsentence2SupportingsentencexConcludingSentenceTransitionalwordsOnemainidea2024/11/135I.IntroductionFunctionsofeachelement:TSSS1SS2SSxCSTWthemainideaoftheparagraph:naming&controlingdevelopthets:reasons,facts,egs.statistics,quotationsetc.signalstheend;restatesimportantpointstorememberlinkss,showlogic2024/11/136I.Introduction5Elementsofaparagraph:Thetopicsentence;Supportingsentences;Theconcludingsentence;Transitionalwords,akacherence;Themainidea,akaunity.Exercises:page4

CEADB2024/11/137II.TheTopicSentence1.Pretest:Readandanswer:page5Topicsentences:2,5,8,9Q:Whyandinwhatwaysaretheothersunfitfortopicsentences?Threeimportantcharacteristics→2024/11/138II.TheTopicSentence2.Threeimportantcharacteristics:Acompletesentence;Theimportanceofcommunication.Communicationsisimportantbetweenfamilymembers.Containsbothatopicandacontrollingidea;Therearedifferentopinions.Therearedifferentopinionsabout...evenamongexperts.Differentopinionsarisefromdifferentsidespeopletake.Themostgeneralstatementintheparagraph.2024/11/139II.TheTopicSentenceAmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.Americanfoodisterrible.Americanfoodisterribleintwoways.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.Review:Threeessentialpoints主題句必須是一種完整旳句子由主題詞和主題思想旳表述兩部分構(gòu)成只是一種概括性旳陳說而不提供詳細旳細節(jié)2024/11/1310II.TheTopicSentence3.PositionofTopicSentencesAtthebeginningofaparagraph;Attheendofaparagraph;Implied.eg:7Exercises:page7Para.1:C

A

D

BPara.2:B

G

E

A

DC

FPara.3:D

B

E

A

F

CPara.4:B

E

F

C

A

D

G2024/11/1311II.TheTopicSentence4.TheTwoPartsofaTopicSentenceTopicControllingideatonamethesubject,ormainidea

tomakeaspecificcommentaboutthetopic,whichindicateswhattherestoftheparagraphwillsayaboutthetopic2024/11/1312II.TheTopicSentenceeg:Smokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabit.Itisanexpensiveluxurytoownanautomobileinalargecity.Exercises:page9TopicControllingIdeaTopicControllingIdea2024/11/1313II.TheTopicSentence5.WritingTopicSentencesTwopoints:beneithertoogeneralnortoospecific;avoidtoomanyunrelatedideas.SanFranciscoisfamousforitstemperateclimate,itsmanytouristattractions,anditscosmopolitanatmosphere.Exercises:page112024/11/1314II.TheTopicSentenceExercises:page11:Para.1:AmericanEnglishtakesinalotofforeignwords.Para.2:TheeducationalsysteminEuropeanuniversitiesisquitedifferentfromthatinAmericanuniversities.Para.3:Peopleusuallyuselocalmaterialsavailabletobuildtheirhomes.Para.4:Therearemanysimilaritiesbetweendoctorsandteachers.2024/11/1315III.TheConcludingSentence★Optional,notrequired.Functions:signalstheendoftheparagraph.summarizesthemainpointsoftheparagraph.givesafinalcommentonthetopicandleavesthereaderwiththemostimportantideastothinkabout.2024/11/1316III.TheConcludingSentenceWaysofwritingaconcludingsentence:Eg1:Synonyms,wordsthathavethesamebasicmeaning,donotalwayshavethesameemotionalmeaning.Forexample,...Therefore,youshouldbecarefulinchoosingwordsbecausemanysocalledsynonymsarenotreallysynonymousatall.Paraphrasing同義改寫2024/11/1317III.TheConcludingSentenceEg2:Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Firstofall,goldhas...Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldis...Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.Summerizingthemainpoints總結(jié)要點2024/11/1318III.TheConcludingSentenceEnd-of-paragraphsignals:TosumupInsumHenceToconcludeIntheendInawordAllinall...2024/11/1319III.TheConcludingSentenceExercises:page13:Para.1:

Paraphrasing:Inshort,youneedfirstbeanattentivelistenerbeforebecomingagoodspeaker.Summarizing:Insummary,goodmannersinlistening,suchasattention,notbeinginterruptive,andbodylanguage,canbeasimportantinaconversationasspeakingitself.2024/11/1320III.TheConcludingSentenceExercises:page13:Para.2:Paraphrasing:Thus,moderncorporateworkersareconstantlyundergreatpressureasaresultoftheadvanceincommunicationtechnology.Summarizing:Therefore,thecorporateworkersoftengetoverworkedandfeelfrustratedindealingwiththeoverwhelmingmessagesmadepossiblebythemoderncommunicationtechnology.2024/11/1321IV.

Unity1.Pretest:Readandanswer:page14Para.1:Topicsentence:Adventuretravelisthehottrendinthetourismindustry.Irrelevantsentence:Peopleofallagesarechoosingeducationalstudytoursfortheirvacations.2024/11/1322IV.

UnityPara.2:Topicsentence:Daredevilsportsarealsobecomingpopular.Irrelevantsentence:SoccerisalsobecomingpopularintheUnitedStates,whereitwasnotwellknownuntilrecently.2024/11/1323IV.

Unity2.ImportantPointsofUnityUnity：onlyonemainideaisdiscussedeverysupportingsentencemustdirectlyexplainorprovethemainideathatisstatedinthetopicsentence.eg:17Bestone:Topicsentence:para.2Thefirstsentence2024/11/1324IV.

UnityProblemwithpara.1:MotherscangivetheHIVvirusto...75to85percentofinfections.Problemwithpara.2:ThereisevidencethatintheUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,...atleastamongmales.AlthoughthereisnocureforHIV-AIDS,newmedicinesareavailablethatprolongthelivesofpeoplewithHIV.AnewtopicIrrelevantsentences2024/11/1325IV.

UnityExercises：page17Thefirstsentenceofeachparagraph:1)Logic,whichisbasisofrhetoric,...2)EnglishlogicandEnglishrhetoric,...3)AtypeofconstructionfoundinArabicandPersianwriting...4)SomeAsianwriters,...5)Spanishrhetoric...6)Insummary,...2024/11/1326IV.

UnityExercises：page18para.1:Topicsentences:1)Thequestionis—whichlanguage?2)Thatdayisdecadesaway,however,because...Irrelevantsentences:1)Hiscompanyspends$200million...2)Computerspellingcheckers...2024/11/1327IV.

Unitypara.2:Topicsentences:1)Evenwhenyoutrytobepolite,...2)AlthoughAmericansareusuallyverydirectinsocialmatters,...Irrelevantsentences:1)Americanmealsareusuallymoreinformal...2)Idiomsareoftendifficult...2024/11/1328V.Coherence1.Pretest:Readandcompare:page19Translation2isbetterbecause:theuseoftransitionalwords;theuseofgrammaticalstructurewords;theuseoflogicwords(pronounsandnouns);theuseofpropertense/mood.2024/11/1329V.Coherence2.ComparisonBetweenEnglishandChineseWritinginCoherenceCoherence：beingconnectednaturallyandlogicallybyacommonprincipleCoherenceinEnglishChineseEmphasizesAchievedbyNatureformmeaningtransitional,structural,logicwordscontext,noexplicitwordshypotaxisparataxis2024/11/1330V.CoherenceThreewaystoachievecoherenceinEnglish:1.Repeatingkeynouns.2.Usingpronounsthatreferbacktokeynouns.3.Usingtransitionsignals.2024/11/1331V.Coherence3.RepetitionofKeyNounsConsecutiveuseofkeynounsandpronouns.Readandcount:Model1_____"gold"_____"it"_____"its"Exercise:Readandrepalce,page2172312wordsreferingto"gold"2024/11/1332V.CoherenceEnglishhasalmostbecomeaninternationallanguage.ExceptforChinese,morepeoplespeakitthananyotherlanguage.Spanishistheofficiallanguageofmorecountriesintheworld,butmorecountrieshaveitastheirofficialorunofficialsecondlanguage.Morethan70percentoftheworld’smailiswritteninit.ItistheprimarylanguageontheInternet.2024/11/1333V.CoherenceIninternationalbusiness,itisusedmorethananyotherlanguage,anditisthelanguageofairlinepilotsandairtrafficcontrollersallovertheworld.Moreover,althoughFrenchusedtobethelanguageofdiplomacy,ithasdisplaceditthroughouttheworld.Therefore,unlessyouplantospendyourlifealoneonadesertislandinthemiddleofthePacificOcean,itisausefullanguagetoknow.2024/11/1334V.CoherenceExercise:Readandrepalce,page22Dolphinesareinterestingbecausetheydisplayalmosthumanbehaviorattimes.Forexample,theydisplaythehumanemotionsofjoyandsadness.Duringtraining,whentheydosomethingcorrectly,theysquealexcitedlyandracetowardtheirtrainer.Whentheymakeamistake,however,theydroopnoticeablyandmopearoundtheirpool.Furthermore,theyhelpeachotherwhentheyareintrouble.2024/11/1335V.CoherenceIfoneissick,itsendsoutamessage,andothersintheareaswimtohelpit.Theypushittothesurfaceofthewatersothatitcanbearthe.Theystaywithitfordaysorweeksuntilitrecoversordies.Theyhavealsohelpedtrappedorlostwhalesnavigatetheirwaysafelyouttotheopensea.Theyaresointelligentandhelpful,infact,thattheUSNavyistrainingthemtobecomeunderwaterbombdisposalexperts.2024/11/1336V.Coherence4.UseofConsistentPronounsTwo"don'ts":Don’tchangefromyoutoheorshe(changeofperson)Don’tchange

fromhetothey(changeofnumber).Exercise:Readandrepalce,page222024/11/1337V.CoherenceOlympicathletesmustbestrongbothphysicallyandmentally.Firstofall,ifyouhopetocompeteinanOlympicsport,youmustbephysicallystrong.Furthermore,anaspiringOlympianmusttrainrigorouslyformanyyears.Forthemostdemandingsports,theytrainseveralhoursaday,fiveorsixdaysaweek,fortenormoreyears.Inadditiontobeingphysicallystrong,heorshemustalsobementallytough.2024/11/1338V.CoherenceThismeansthatyouhavetobetotallydedicatedtoyoursport,oftengivingupanormalschool,family,andsociallife.Beingmentallystrongalsomeansthatheorshemustbeabletowithstandtheintensepressureofinternationalcompetitionwithitsattendantmediacoverage.Finally,noteveryonecanwinamedal,sotheymustpossesstheinnerstrengthtolivewithdefeat.2024/11/1339V.Coherence5.TransitionsTransitionsaresignalsusedtoshowthepreciserelationshipbetweenideas.GoSlowStopSimilarIdeaOppositeIdeaConclusion

similarlymoreoverfurthermoreinadditionontheotherhandhoweverincontrast

inconclusiontosumup2024/11/1340V.CoherenceOthertypesoftransitionalwords/phrases:example:forexample;forinstance;take...asanexample;...result:asaresult;consequently;thereby;...Remember:nevertoomany,nortoofew.2024/11/1341V.CoherenceExercise:Read,compareandunderline,page23Themorecoherentone:para.2Transitionalsignals:Another,Forexample,Firstofall,therefore,consequently,Furthermore2024/11/1342V.Coherence6.TypesofTransitionalSignalsThreegroupsbygrammaticalfunction:Sentenceconnectors;Clauseconnectors;coordinatingconjunctions;subordinatingconjunctions.Others.

Furthercategorizedinmeaning/function.See252024/11/1343V.CoherenceReadandstudy:Learnmoreabouttheusageofeachtypeandfinishtheexercise4onpage29：The“women’slib”movementtowardg