專題37 八省聯(lián)考閱讀微技能之態(tài)度推斷題（滿分攻略+八省名校模擬）【含答案解析】

專題37八省聯(lián)考閱讀微技能之態(tài)度推斷題（滿分攻略+八省名校模擬）解析版（山西、河南、陜西、內(nèi)蒙古、四川、云南、寧夏、青海）技能專區(qū)：沖刺備考名師提醒，提供高效提分干貨，幫你舉一反三提分態(tài)度觀點態(tài)度類試題的解題方法：第一：結(jié)合題干人物和內(nèi)容定位原文出現(xiàn)在哪一（些）段；然后仔細比對該句言外之意；第二：加入自己的態(tài)度。要注意區(qū)分試題考查的是作者的態(tài)度還是作者引用別人的態(tài)度；第三：態(tài)度沒有明確提出時，要學會根據(jù)作者在文章中所運用詞匯的褒貶性去判斷作者的態(tài)度，尤其是動詞、形容詞和副詞，如wonderfully,successfully,unfortunately,doubtfully等。樂觀支持類詞匯：optimistic樂觀的；positive肯定的；favorable支持的，贊同的；supportive支持的；approving贊成的客觀中立類詞匯：objective客觀的；neutral中立的；cautious謹慎的消極反對類詞匯：negative否定的；opposite相反的；unfair公正的；doubtful懷疑的；indifferent漠不關心的；critical批評的；ironic諷刺的；skeptical質(zhì)疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不贊同的；pessimistic悲觀的；dismissive輕蔑的，不屑一顧的真題專區(qū)：研讀高考真題，洞悉高考命題規(guī)律，探尋滿分技巧和應試思維！(2024全國甲卷第31題)TheSaintLukastraindoesn’tacceptpassengers—itacceptsonlythesick.TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(鄉(xiāng)村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.“Peoplestartedqueuingtomakeanappointmentearlyinthemorning,”saysEmileDucke,aGermanphotographerwhotraveledwiththestaffoftheSaintLukasforatwo-weektripinNovemberthroughthevastregions(區(qū)域)ofKrasnoyarskandKhakassia.Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarrangingdoctor’sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.TheannualarrivaloftheSaintLukasisanotherattempttoimprovethesituation.For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(補給).Thenitstartsalloveragainthenextmonth.Moststationswaitaboutayearbetweenvisits.Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.Thetrain’sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups.“Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”28.HowistheSaintLukasdifferentfromothertrains?A.Itrunsacrosscountries. B.Itreservesseatsfortheseniors.C.Itfunctionsasahospital. D.Ittravelsalongariver.29.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph3aboutKrasnoyarsk?A.Itisheavilypopulated. B.Itofferstrainingfordoctors.C.Itisamoderncity. D.Itneedsmedicalaid.30.HowlongcantheSaintLukasworkwithonesupply?A.Aboutayear. B.Abouttenmonths.C.Abouttwomonths. D.Abouttwoweeks.31.WhatisDucke’sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas’services?A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.【答案】28.C29.D30.D31.A【解析】【導語】本文是說明文。文章主要講述政府贊助了五輛名為圣盧卡斯的醫(yī)療列車為俄羅斯中部和東部偏遠地區(qū)每年提供為期10個月的巡回醫(yī)療服務，為鄉(xiāng)村居民提供基本醫(yī)療檢查和治療，改善當?shù)蒯t(yī)療條件。28.細節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)文章第一段“TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(鄉(xiāng)村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.(圣盧卡斯號是五列政府資助的醫(yī)療列車之一，前往俄羅斯中部和東部的偏遠城鎮(zhèn)。每一站平均停留兩天，在此期間，船上的醫(yī)生和護士為農(nóng)村人口提供基本醫(yī)療服務、X光掃描和處方。)”可知，圣盧卡斯號與其他火車的不同之處在于它是政府資助的醫(yī)療火車，充當醫(yī)院。因此選C。29.推理判斷題，第三段提到“Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarrangingdoctor'sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.(俄羅斯的公共衛(wèi)生保健服務迫切需要現(xiàn)代化。政府一直在努力提出解決這一問題的措施，特別是在伏爾加河以東較貧窮的農(nóng)村地區(qū)，包括通過視頻聊天安排醫(yī)生預約，擴大財政援助計劃，激勵醫(yī)生到克拉斯諾亞爾斯克等偏遠地區(qū)行醫(yī)。)”可以推斷，Krasnoyarsk需要醫(yī)療援助，故選D。30.細節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第四段“For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(補給).”(每年有10個月，火車在兩周內(nèi)?？看蠹s八個車站，然后返回地區(qū)首府進行補給和重新裝貨。)”可知，圣盧卡斯號一份補給可以工作大約兩周，故選D。31.推斷判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的““Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”(“醫(yī)生和他們的助手在這么小的空間里工作和生活，但仍然保持專注和非常關注，這給我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke說。這是許多農(nóng)村人獲得他們想要的治療的最好機會。”)”可知，Ducke對SaintLukas的服務持贊賞的態(tài)度，故選A。模擬專區(qū)：做好題才有好成績！練技能，補漏洞，提分數(shù)，強信心！【01】（24-25高三上·廣東·期中）Sandingontheshoreofalake,Ican’thelpbutmarvelatthetensorhundredsofthousandsofsmallrocksthatsurroundmyboots.Theywereallcreatedfromhardsurfaces,theiredgessofteningovertime.AndIwonder,canwelearnfromapileofrocks?Eventhetallestmountainshaveworndown;noneareastallastheywere1,000yearsago.Andmuchlikearock.I’vefoundmyattitudehassoftenedandmydesiretobetterunderstandothershasexpandedwitheachtriparoundthesun.OnceItoowasasharprockcoveredinpointyedges.Today,afterdecadesofthewatersoflifecoursingoverme,myedgesaresofterandmoreunderstanding.I’mlesslikelytojudgeandmoreinterestedinlearninghowwecanexisttogether.ButI’mnotarock.I’mahuman-beingfilledwithallthedramabuiltintomyDNA.Twoyearsago,whiletravelinginthePacificNorthwest,Iwatchedarestaurantowneraskaguytoleavefornotfallinginlinewiththerules.Notforcefulandnetrude.Onthedoorreadasign:“Pleasewearamaskbeforeenteringourrestaurant.Wedon’tlikeiteither,butlet’salldowhatwecan.”Buttheguytriedtoargueaboutthenote.Isatwatching.understandingbothsides.I’vebeenthisguybefore,usingmyyouthfuledgestochipawayattheworld.WhatIlost,however,wastheabilitytogrowbylookingthroughothers’eyes,andthusthepossibilityoffindingcontentandsuccess.Youcanfitmoreroundedrocksinajarthanthosewithsharpedges.Theformerlookforwaystoadjustandmakeroomforothers;thelatternevergiveaninchtoaccommodateothers.Time,likethewatersrollingagainstoncesharpstones,changesusbywashingawayourresistancetoseeingtheworldfromanother’spointofview.Iplacedaroundedstoneintomypocket.MotherNatureisholdingclassagain.1.Whatdoestheauthorcomparetherocksto?A.Peoplewithvariedpersonalities.B.DNAuniquetoeachperson.C.Challengesthatwecomeacross.D.Ourabilitiesthatgrowswithtime.2.Whatcausedtheargumentintherestaurant?A.Lackofclarityinthesign.B.Theowner’sinappropriateattitude.C.Demandingrestaurantrequests.D.Theguy’sfailingtoobeytherules.3.Whichbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetowardtheworldwhenhewasyoung?A.Respectful. B.Aggressive. C.Ambiguous. D.Tolerant.4.Whatdoestheauthortrytoconveythroughthistext?A.Weshouldadjustourselvestonewconditions.B.Bebravewheninthefaceofdifficultiesinlife.C.It’snecessarytoobeytherulesinpublicspaces.D.Beingopenandunderstandingbringssatisfaction.【答案】1.A2.D3.B4.D【導語】本文是一篇夾敘夾議的文章，主要敘述并議論了人如同巖石一般不斷磨平棱角，學會理解體諒他人的過程。1.細節(jié)理解題。從文章第三段“Eventhetallestmountainshaveworndown;noneareastallastheywere1,000yearsago.Andmuchlikearock.I’vefoundmyattitudehassoftenedandmydesiretobetterunderstandothershasexpandedwitheachtriparoundthesun.(即使是最高的山也已磨損；沒有一座像一千年前那么高。和這些巖石很像，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的態(tài)度軟化了，而隨著每一次的旅行，我也更渴望能去更好地了解他人)”可知，作者把巖石比成有著各自性格的人。故選A項。2.細節(jié)理解題。文章第六段講到“Twoyearsago,whiletravelinginthePacificNorthwest,Iwatchedarestaurantowneraskaguytoleavefornotfallinginlinewiththerules.Notforcefulandnetrude.Onthedoorreadasign:“Pleasewearamaskbeforeenteringourrestaurant.Wedon’tlikeiteither,butlet’salldowhatwecan.”Buttheguytriedtoargueaboutthenote.(兩年前，在太平洋西北地區(qū)旅行時，我看到一個餐館老板要求一個不遵守規(guī)定的人離開。他的態(tài)度既不強硬，也不粗魯。門上寫著：“請戴上口罩進入我們的餐廳。我們也不喜歡這樣，但讓我們一起盡己所能。”但那家伙試圖就這條規(guī)定進行爭吵。)”，從中可知，這次餐館的爭吵原因是這個人未能遵守規(guī)則。故選D項。3.推理判斷題。從文章第四段“OnceItoowasasharprockcoveredinpointyedges.(我也曾是一塊邊緣銳利的尖石）”可知，作者年輕時是有棱有角的性格，態(tài)度比較激進好斗。故選B項。4.推理判斷題。從文章倒數(shù)第二段“Youcanfitmoreroundedrocksinajarthanthosewithsharpedges.Theformerlookforwaystoadjustandmakeroomforothers;thelatternevergiveaninchtoaccommodateothers.Time,likethewatersrollingagainstoncesharpstones,changesusbywashingawayourresistancetoseeingtheworldfromanother’spointofview.(圓的石頭比棱角分明的石頭更容易裝進罐子里。前者想辦法調(diào)整自己，為他人騰出空間；后者從不讓步遷就別人。時間就像水流沖刷著尖銳的石頭，沖走我們對從別人的角度看世界的抗拒，從而改變了我們）”可知，作者通過本文傳達的應是“開放和理解的態(tài)度將使我們獲得滿意”。故選D項?！?2】（24-25高三上·福建廈門·期中）SomegraduatestudentsinLondonwererecentlytaskedwithoutwittingalargelanguagemodel(LLM),atypeofAIdesignedtoholdusefulconversations.LLMsareoftenprogrammedwithguardrailstostopthemgivingharmfulreplies:instructionsonmakingbombsinabathtub,forinstance.Theaimofthetaskwastobreakthoseguardrails.Someresultsweremerelystupid.Oneparticipantgotthechatbottoclaimduckscouldbeusedasindicatorsofairquality.Butthemostsuccessfuleffortswerethosethatmadethemachineproducethetitlesandpublicationdatesofnon-existentacademicarticles.AIbasthepotentialtobeabigbenefittoscience.Butitcomeswithdownsides,too.Startwiththesimplestproblem:academicmisconduct.SomeresearchersuseLLMstohelpwritepapers.GuillaumeCabanac,acomputerscientist,hasuncovereddozensofpapersthatcontainphrasessuchas“regenerateresponse”-thetextofabuttoninChatGPTthatcommandstheprogramtorewriteitsmostrecentanswer,probablycopiedintothemanuscript(原稿)bymistake.AnotherproblemariseswhenAlmodelsaretrainedonAI-generateddata.LLMsaretrainedontextfromtheInternet.Astheyproducemoresuchtext,theriskofLLMstakingintheirownoutputs-grows.Thatcancause“modelcollapse’.In2023lliaShumailov,acomputerscientist,co-authoredapaperinwhichamodelwasfedhandwrittendigitsandaskedtogeneratedigitsofitsown,whichwerefedbacktoitinturn.Afterafewcycles,thecomputer’snumbersbecamemoreorlessincomprehensible.Someworrythatcomputer-generatedinsightsmightcomefrommodelswhoseinnerworkingsarenotunderstood.Inexplainablemodelsarenotuseless,saysDavidLeslieatanAl-researchoutfitinLondon,buttheiroutputswillneedrigoroustestingintherealworld.Thatisperhapslessunnervingthanitsounds.Checkingmodelsagainstrealityiswhatscienceissupposedtobeabout,afterall.Fornow,atleast,questionsoutnumberanswers.Thethreatsthatmachinesposetothescientificmethodare,attheendoftheday,thesameonesposedbyhumans.AIcouldacceleratetheproductionofnonsensejustasmuchasitacceleratesgoodscience.AstheRoyalSocietyhasit,nulliusinverba:takenobody’swordforit.Nothing’s,either.1.TheresultofthetaskconductedinLondonshowsthat.A.LLMsgiveawayusefulinformation B.theguardrailsturnouttobeineffectiveC.AI’sinfluencewillpotentiallybedecreased D.theeffortputintothestudyofAIhardlypaysoff2.Whatdoes“modelcollapse"indicate?A.Thereadabilityofthemodels’outputisunderestimated.B.Thediversesourcesofinformationconfusethemodels.C.Trainingonregenerateddatastopsmodelsworkingwell.D.Thedatabecomesreliableafterfeedingonitsowndigits.3.WhatisDavidLeslie’sattitudetowardsinexplainablemodels?A.Dismissive. B.Objective. C.Favorable. D.Ambiguous.4.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.FasterNonsense:AICouldAlsoGoWrong B.ImperfectModels:HowWillAIMakeAdvances?C.TheRiseofLLMs:AICouldStillBePromising D.BiggerThreats:AIWillBeUncontrollable【答案】1.B2.C3.B4.A【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了大型語言模型（LLM）等人工智能技術雖對科學有益，但也帶來了學術不端、模型崩潰、輸出結(jié)果難以解釋等問題，對科學方法構成了威脅，需要謹慎對待。1.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“LLMsareoftenprogrammedwithguardrailstostopthemgivingharmfulreplies:instructionsonmakingbombsinabathtub,forinstance.Theaimofthetaskwastobreakthoseguardrails.Someresultsweremerelystupid.Oneparticipantgotthechatbottoclaimduckscouldbeusedasindicatorsofairquality.(大型語言模型（LLM）通常被設置了“護欄”以防止它們給出有害的回復：例如，禁止提供在浴缸里制造炸彈的指令。這項任務的目標是打破這些“護欄”。一些結(jié)果只是愚蠢的嘗試。有一名參與者讓聊天機器人聲稱鴨子可以用來作為空氣質(zhì)量的指示器)”可知，倫敦進行的任務結(jié)果表明，原本旨在防止大型語言模型（LLM）給出有害回復的“網(wǎng)絡護欄”實際上并不有效。故選B。2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“In2023lliaShumailov,acomputerscientist,co-authoredapaperinwhichamodelwasfedhandwrittendigitsandaskedtogeneratedigitsofitsown,whichwerefedbacktoitinturn.Afterafewcycles,thecomputer’snumbersbecamemoreorlessincomprehensible.(2023年，計算機科學家lliaShumailov與人合著了一篇論文，在論文中，一個模型被輸入手寫數(shù)字，并被要求生成自己的數(shù)字，這些數(shù)字依次被反饋給它。經(jīng)過幾個周期后，計算機的數(shù)字多少變得難以理解了)”可知，modelcollapse指的是在模型被訓練在再生數(shù)據(jù)上時，模型會吸收自己的輸出，導致模型崩潰，無法正常工作。故選C。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“Inexplainablemodelsarenotuseless,saysDavidLeslieatanAl-researchoutfitinLondon,buttheiroutputswillneedrigoroustestingintherealworld.(倫敦一家人工智能研究機構的DavidLeslie說，無法解釋的模型并非毫無用處，但它們的結(jié)果需要在現(xiàn)實世界中進行嚴格的測試)”可知，DavidLeslie認為這些模型并非無用，但它們的輸出需要在現(xiàn)實世界中經(jīng)過嚴格的測試。這表明他既看到了這些模型的潛力，也認識到了它們的局限性，因此他的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選B。4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Thethreatsthatmachinesposetothescientificmethodare,attheendoftheday,thesameonesposedbyhumans.AIcouldacceleratetheproductionofnonsensejustasmuchasitacceleratesgoodscience.(說到底，機器對科學方法構成的威脅與人類構成的威脅是一樣的。人工智能可以加速廢話的產(chǎn)生，就像它可以加速好的科學一樣)”以及通讀全文可知，文章主要討論了大型語言模型（LLM）等人工智能技術的潛在好處和缺點，特別是它們可能對科學方法構成的威脅。雖然AI可以加速好的科學的產(chǎn)生，但同樣也可能加速無意義的廢話的產(chǎn)生。因此，文章強調(diào)AI也可能出錯。選項A“FasterNonsense:AICouldAlsoGoWrong(更快的廢話：AI也可能出錯)”準確地概括了文章的主旨，適合作本文最佳標題。故選A?！?3】（24-25高三上·福建龍巖·期中）Adrenaline(腎上腺素),alsoknownasepinephrine,isatypeofhormonethatisreleasedwheneverapersonexperiencesfear,anxiety,orstress.Infact,assoonasyourbrainsensesdanger,ittellsyourbodytostartmakingadrenaline.Thehormonemovesthroughyourbloodstreamquicklyandjumpsintoactionbybindingitselftomoleculescalledadrenoceptors,whichcanbefoundincellsinalmosteveryorgan.Whenalargeamountofthechemicalisproducedallatonce—morethan10timeshigherthanwhenyou’recalm—it’scalledanadrenalinerush.Thatfloodhaslotsofnoticeableeffects,andeachoneisintendedtoprotectyouinadangeroussituation.Yourpupils(瞳孔)willwidentoletmorelightintoyoureyessothatyoucanseemoreofyoursurroundings.Yourbrainbeginstoworkfastertodrawupaplan.Yourheartbeatsmorerapidlyandpumpsextrabloodtoyourmuscles,alsodeliveringanincreaseofoxygenfromyourlungs.Alloftheseeffectsaccumulateintonervous,anxiousfeelings.That’swhyitmightseemasifyourheadisspinning,yourthoughtsareracing,oryourheartisbeatingoutofyourchest.Despitewhatsuperherostoriesmighttellyou,there’snotmuchevidencethatthehormonegivesyouextrastrength.Instead,expertsthinkthatgreatachievements-likeaparentliftingacaroffatrappedkid-happenwhensomekindofpsychologicalswitchgetsflipped(按動).Thatis,unlessyou’reunderseriouspressure,youmightunderestimatewhatyourbodyisreallycapableof.Ingeneral,adrenalinerusheshavepreparedanimalsforstressfulsituationsformillionsofyears.Theglands(腺)thatproducethestimulatingchemicalarefoundinanyspecieswithabackbone.Evendinosaurslikelyhadthestimulatingstuffpumpingthroughtheirveins(靜脈).EarlypeoplelikeHomoerectusandHomohabilisprobablyfeltfearandnervousnessastheywanderedthroughtheprehistoricjungles.Whenapopquizmakesyousweatytoday,youfeelthesametensionthathelpedyourancestors10,000generationsagodefeatfiercelions.1.Whatcanbelearnedconcerningan“adrenalinerush”?A.Itcontrolsthelevelofthehormone.B.Itmakespassivefeelingsdisappear.C.Itleadshumanstofeelenergetic.D.Itresultsfromastressfulsituation.2.Howisparagraph3mainlydeveloped?A.Byexplainingconcepts. B.Byprovidingexactdata.C.Bydescribingdetails. D.Bymakingcomparisons.3.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph4?A.Adrenalinegivesextrastrengthlikeinsuperherotales.B.Greatachievementsareduetopsychologicalswitch,notadrenaline.C.Aparentliftingacaroffatrappedchildisimpossiblewithoutadrenaline.D.Adrenalinerusheshaveonlybeenimportantforanimalsrecently.4.What’stheauthor’sattitudetotheroleof“adrenalinerushes”?A.Positive. B.Doubtful. C.Cautious. D.Ambiguous.【答案】1.D2.C3.B4.A【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了腎上腺素在人體內(nèi)的作用機制及其在應對危險和壓力時引發(fā)的生理反應。1.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Adrenaline(腎上腺素),alsoknownasepinephrine,isatypeofhormonethatisreleasedwheneverapersonexperiencesfear,anxiety,orstress(腎上腺素，也稱為腎上腺素，是一種激素，每當一個人經(jīng)歷恐懼、焦慮或壓力時就會釋放出來)”以及第二段“Infact,assoonasyourbrainsensesdanger,ittellsyourbodytostartmakingadrenaline.Thehormonemovesthroughyourbloodstreamquicklyandjumpsintoactionbybindingitselftomoleculescalledadrenoceptors,whichcanbefoundincellsinalmosteveryorgan.Whenalargeamountofthechemicalisproducedallatonce—morethan10timeshigherthanwhenyou’recalm-it’scalledanadrenalinerush.(事實上，一旦你的大腦感知到危險，就會告訴身體開始產(chǎn)生腎上腺素。這種激素迅速通過血液流動，并通過與幾乎每個器官細胞中的分子（稱為腎上腺素受體）結(jié)合而發(fā)揮作用。當這種化學物質(zhì)在短時間內(nèi)大量產(chǎn)生——比你平靜時高出10倍以上時——這被稱為腎上腺素激增)”可知，腎上腺素激增是因為大腦感知到危險，從而產(chǎn)生大量腎上腺素。因此，腎上腺素激增是由壓力情況引起的。故選D。2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“Yourpupils(瞳孔)willwidentoletmorelightintoyoureyessothatyoucanseemoreofyoursurroundings.Yourbrainbeginstoworkfastertodrawupaplan.Yourheartbeatsmorerapidlyandpumpsextrabloodtoyourmuscles,alsodeliveringanincreaseofoxygenfromyourlungs.(你的瞳孔會變寬，讓更多的光線進入你的眼睛，這樣你就可以看到更多的周圍環(huán)境。你的大腦開始更快地制定計劃。你的心臟跳動得更快，向肌肉泵送額外的血液，同時也從肺部輸送更多的氧氣)”可知，第三段詳細描述了腎上腺素激增時身體的各種反應，如瞳孔放大、大腦加速運轉(zhuǎn)、心跳加快等。這些都是具體的生理反應細節(jié)。因此，第三段主要是通過描述細節(jié)來展開的。故選C。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Instead,expertsthinkthatgreatachievements-likeaparentliftingacaroffatrappedkid-happenwhensomekindofpsychologicalswitchgetsflipped(按動).Thatis,unlessyou’reunderseriouspressure,youmightunderestimatewhatyourbodyisreallycapableof.(相反，專家認為，當某種心理開關被觸發(fā)時，就會發(fā)生像父母從被困孩子身上抬車這樣的偉大成就。也就是說，除非你處于嚴重的壓力之下，否則你可能會低估你的身體真正的能力)”可知，專家認為偉大的成就可能是由于某種心理開關被激活，而不是腎上腺素直接賦予額外力量。由此可推知，偉大成就歸因于心理開關，而不是腎上腺素。故選B。4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Ingeneral,adrenalinerusheshavepreparedanimalsforstressfulsituationsformillionsofyears.Theglands(腺)thatproducethestimulatingchemicalarefoundinanyspecieswithabackbone.Evendinosaurslikelyhadthestimulatingstuffpumpingthroughtheirveins(靜脈).(總的來說，腎上腺素激增已經(jīng)在數(shù)百萬年間為動物應對壓力情況做好了準備。能夠產(chǎn)生這種刺激性化學物質(zhì)的腺體存在于所有有脊椎的物種中。即使是恐龍，很可能也有這種刺激性物質(zhì)在其血管中流動)”可知，作者雖然對腎上腺素直接賦予額外力量的說法持懷疑態(tài)度，但是文章整體描述了腎上腺素在危險情況下的保護作用。由此可推知，作者對其作用持積極態(tài)度。故選A?！?4】（24-25高三上·甘肅·期中）Duringherworkwithgreysquirrels,LuciaJacobswroteanarticletothejournalNaturalHistory,describinghowsquirrelscache(貯藏):Thesquirrelsperformedperfectlyfromthefirstday.IwasabsorbedasIobservedoneofthesetinysquirrelspickupahazelnutforthefirsttime,searchintentlyforasuitableburyingsite,andthen,withgreatinterest,digahole,bothpawsflying,thenutfirmlyclenchedbetweentinyteeth,withalltheapparentconfidenceandsuccessofaparksquirrelburyingitsmillionthpeanut.Cachingisaveryimportantaspectofsquirrellife.Cachesfallbroadlyintotwocategories:youcanputallyoureggsinonebasket,sotospeak,whichwecalllardercaching;oryoucanscatteryourvaluablesallovertheplace,whichisscattercaching.Lardercachingislesseffortbecauseeverythingisinoneplaceandyoucaneasilyseehowmuchyouhaveleft.Theproblem,however,isthatifyourcacheisdiscoveredbysomeoneelse,theycantakeeverythingandleaveyouwithnothing.Scattercachingmakesitlesslikelythatyou’dloseeverything,butrequiresmoreefforttofindsuitablespots,digallthoseholesand,moreimportantly,rememberwhereyou’veputeverything.HaveyoueverbeendoingthespringcleaningandfoundaChristmaspresentyou’dhiddenforoneofthekids?Redandgreysquirrelsscattercachesand,giventhatagreysquirrelmaycachesome3,000nutsduringaseason,rememberingwheretheyallarewhenthey’respreadthroughoutthewoodlandisnomeanfeat.Someearlyworksuggestedthatsquirrelsmaynotbetoobotheredaboutwheretheycachedbecausetheirneighbourswerefamilymembersandtheythereforesharedeachother’scaches.Thisistheso-called“CommualCacheTheory”.Morerecently,however,LuciaJacobsinvestigatedthisandfoundthatneighboursweren’tnecessarilyrelativesandthatsquirrelsmovednutstowardthecenteroftheirterritories,groupedtheircaches,buriednutsfurtherfromtheirsourcewhencompetitorswerearoundandaggressivelydefendedcachesfromwould-bethieves.Inotherwords,itwaseverysquirrelforitself.2.WhatimpressedJacobsmostwhileobservingtinysquirrels?A.Theirnaturalabilitytocache. B.Theirstrangeeatingbehavior.C.Theirhugeamountsofcaches. D.Theirwayofselectingcaches.3.Whichisconsideredadisadvantageof“scattercaching”?A.Thecacheswon’tlastlongenough. B.Ittakesmuchefforttodigabiggerspot.C.Someofthespotsarenowheretobefound. D.Thecachesareeasilyfoundbycompetitors.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“nomeanfeat”inparagraph4mean?A.Arareoccurence. B.Agreatachievement. C.Aseriousproblem. D.Acommonphenomenon.5.WhatisJacobs’sattitudetothe“CommunalCacheTheory“?A.Favorable. B.Unclear. C.Uninterested. D.Disapproving.【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.D【導語】本文是一篇說明文。美國加州大學教授LuciaJacobs多年來致力于對北美松鼠種群的行為研究，有了很多有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)。1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Thesquirrelsperformedperfectlyfromthefirstday.IwasabsorbedasIobservedoneofthesetinysquirrelspickupahazelnutforthefirsttime,searchintentlyforasuitableburyingsite,andthen,withgreatinterest,digahole,bothpawsflying,thenutfirmlyclenchedbetweentinyteeth,withalltheapparentconfidenceandsuccessofaparksquirrelburyingitsmillionthpeanut.(松鼠們從第一天起就表現(xiàn)得很好。我全神貫注地看著其中一只小松鼠第一次撿起一顆榛子，專心地尋找合適的埋葬地點，然后饒有興趣地挖了一個洞，兩只爪子飛舞著，小牙齒緊緊地咬著榛子，看起來就像公園里的松鼠成功地埋葬了第一百萬顆花生一樣自信。)”可知，Jacobs注意到，小松鼠從一開始就對儲藏食物的過程和動作非常熟練，其信心和成功率完全可以與公園里經(jīng)驗豐富的老松鼠相媲美，這一點（與生俱來的貯藏食物的本領）讓Jacobs印象深刻。故選A。2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Scattercachingmakesitlesslikelythatyou’dloseeverything,butrequiresmoreefforttofindsuitablespots,digallthoseholesand,moreimportantly,rememberwhereyou’veputeverything.(分散貯藏減少了丟失所有東西的可能性，但需要花費更多的精力來尋找合適的位置，挖掘所有的洞，更重要的是，記住您將所有東西放在哪里。)”可知，分散貯藏這種做法最大的缺點就是：一段時間后松鼠很可能會忘記了它們部分的貯藏地點。故選C。3.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第四段中“Redandgreysquirrelsscattercachesand,giventhatagreysquirrelmaycachesome3,000nutsduringaseason,rememberingwheretheyallarewhenthey’respreadthroughoutthewoodlandis(紅松鼠和灰松鼠會分散貯藏物，考慮到灰松鼠在一個季節(jié)可能會貯藏大約3000顆堅果，當它們散布在整個林地時，記住它們的位置)”可知，灰松鼠在一個季節(jié)可能會貯藏大約3000顆堅果，當它們散布在整個林地時，記住它們的位置是絕非易事，是了不起的成就，nomeanfeat意為“了不起的成就”。A.Arareoccurence罕見的事情；B.Agreatachievement偉大的成就；C.Aseriousproblem一個嚴重的問題；D.Acommonphenomenon一個普遍現(xiàn)象。故選B。4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Morerecently,however,LuciaJacobsinvestigatedthisandfoundthatneighboursweren’tnecessarilyrelativesandthatsquirrelsmovednutstowardthecenteroftheirterritories,groupedtheircaches,buriednutsfurtherfromtheirsourcewhencompetitorswerearoundandaggressivelydefendedcachesfromwould-bethieves.Inotherwords,itwaseverysquirrelforitself.(然而，最近，LuciaJacobs對此進行了調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)鄰居不一定是親戚，松鼠把堅果搬到它們領地的中心，把它們的儲藏物分組，當競爭者在附近時，把堅果埋在離它們的來源更遠的地方，并積極地保護儲藏物不被潛在的小偷偷走。換句話說，它是一只自顧自的松鼠。)”可推斷，LuciaJacobs經(jīng)過自己的細心研究，否定了松鼠貯藏食物的“CommunalCacheTheory(家族共享)”理論。故選D?！?5】（24-25高三上·河南安陽·階段練習）Thesportoftennishasaproblemwithwastethatmanyplayersdonotevenrecognizeeachtimetheyopenanewcontainerofgameballs.Majorprofessionaltenniscompetitionsgothroughnearly100,000ballsduringtwoweeksofplay.Almostallofthe330millionballsproducedeachyearendupinwasteasgarbageinlandfills.Oncethere,itcantakeaslongas400yearsfortheballstobreakdown.Tennisisincrediblyenvironmentally-destructivebecausetheballsarenotrecyclable.Theballs’outersoftlayer,calledthefelt(毛氈),isstronglyattachedtoasoftcenter.Thefeltisacombinationofwoolandnylonwhichcannotberecycled.Inaddition,thecenteroftop-levelballsismadewithrubberfromrubbertrees.Rubberharvestingmenacesforestsandbiodiversity.Oncetheballsareproduced,theyarepackagedinthickplasticoraluminumcontainerswithametallidandaplasticcap.Companieswillintentionallyusenon-recyclableplasticbecausetherecyclablekindwillleakpressure.Aftertheballshavebeenproducedandpackaged,theywillgetshippedallaroundtheworld.Thisseriesofeventswillrelease1.2poundsofcarbonemissionsperball.TheInternationalTennisFederation(ITF)isagoverningbodyofprofessionaltennis.LastyeartheITFbroughttogetherproducers,tennisofficialsandrecyclerstobeginworkingonthetennisballissue,lookingforsolutions.Andsomestepshavebeentakentoreduceandreuseballs.Currently,professionalplayerschangetoanewsetofballsafterthefirstsevengamesandthenaftereveryninegames.Individualusedballssometimesbecomeplaythingsfordogsorarereusedinothersmallways.Hugenumbersofusedballscanalsobecrushed(碾壓)topiecesforuseasbuildingmaterial,likeflooring.However,itisalongwaytogotoenjoyanenvironment-friendlytennismatch.1.Whyarethefiguresofballslistedinparagraph1?A.Tostresstheirharmtotheenvironment.B.Tostatedisapprovalofthesportrules.C.Toindicatehowpopulartennisis.D.Tosuggestavoidingplayingtennis.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“menaces”inparagraph2mean?A.Threatens. B.Enriches. C.Benefits. D.Removes.3.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Plansmadeforthefuture.B.Effortstakentosolvetheproblem.C.Organizationsfoundedtoworkontheissue.D.Resolutionsadoptedtoimprovethequality.4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureuseofeco-friendlytennisballs?A.Doubtful. B.Dismissive. C.Objective. D.Unclear.【答案】1.A2.A3.B4.C【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了網(wǎng)球造成的環(huán)境污染問題以及目前所做的努力。1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段提到“Majorprofessionaltenniscompetitionsgothroughnearly100,000ballsduringtwoweeksofplay.Almostallofthe330millionballsproducedeachyearendupinwasteasgarbageinlandfills.Oncethere,itcantakeaslongas400yearsfortheballstobreakdown.(在為期兩周的重大職業(yè)網(wǎng)球比賽中，會使用近10萬個球。每年生產(chǎn)的3.3億個球中，幾乎所有的球最終都會被當作垃圾填埋場的廢物。一旦到了那里，這些球要分解可能需要長達400年的時間。)”可知，作者在第一段列出球的