專(zhuān)題37 八省聯(lián)考閱讀微技能之態(tài)度推斷題（滿(mǎn)分攻略+八省名校模擬）【含答案解析】

專(zhuān)題37八省聯(lián)考閱讀微技能之態(tài)度推斷題（滿(mǎn)分攻略+八省名校模擬）解析版（山西、河南、陜西、內(nèi)蒙古、四川、云南、寧夏、青海）技能專(zhuān)區(qū)：沖刺備考名師提醒，提供高效提分干貨，幫你舉一反三提分態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類(lèi)試題的解題方法：第一：結(jié)合題干人物和內(nèi)容定位原文出現(xiàn)在哪一（些）段；然后仔細(xì)比對(duì)該句言外之意；第二：加入自己的態(tài)度。要注意區(qū)分試題考查的是作者的態(tài)度還是作者引用別人的態(tài)度；第三：態(tài)度沒(méi)有明確提出時(shí)，要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)作者在文章中所運(yùn)用詞匯的褒貶性去判斷作者的態(tài)度，尤其是動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞，如wonderfully,successfully,unfortunately,doubtfully等。樂(lè)觀支持類(lèi)詞匯：optimistic樂(lè)觀的；positive肯定的；favorable支持的，贊同的；supportive支持的；approving贊成的客觀中立類(lèi)詞匯：objective客觀的；neutral中立的；cautious謹(jǐn)慎的消極反對(duì)類(lèi)詞匯：negative否定的；opposite相反的；unfair公正的；doubtful懷疑的；indifferent漠不關(guān)心的；critical批評(píng)的；ironic諷刺的；skeptical質(zhì)疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不贊同的；pessimistic悲觀的；dismissive輕蔑的，不屑一顧的真題專(zhuān)區(qū)：研讀高考真題，洞悉高考命題規(guī)律，探尋滿(mǎn)分技巧和應(yīng)試思維！(2024全國(guó)甲卷第31題)TheSaintLukastraindoesn’tacceptpassengers—itacceptsonlythesick.TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(鄉(xiāng)村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.“Peoplestartedqueuingtomakeanappointmentearlyinthemorning,”saysEmileDucke,aGermanphotographerwhotraveledwiththestaffoftheSaintLukasforatwo-weektripinNovemberthroughthevastregions(區(qū)域)ofKrasnoyarskandKhakassia.Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarrangingdoctor’sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.TheannualarrivaloftheSaintLukasisanotherattempttoimprovethesituation.For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(補(bǔ)給).Thenitstartsalloveragainthenextmonth.Moststationswaitaboutayearbetweenvisits.Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.Thetrain’sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups.“Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”28.HowistheSaintLukasdifferentfromothertrains?A.Itrunsacrosscountries. B.Itreservesseatsfortheseniors.C.Itfunctionsasahospital. D.Ittravelsalongariver.29.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph3aboutKrasnoyarsk?A.Itisheavilypopulated. B.Itofferstrainingfordoctors.C.Itisamoderncity. D.Itneedsmedicalaid.30.HowlongcantheSaintLukasworkwithonesupply?A.Aboutayear. B.Abouttenmonths.C.Abouttwomonths. D.Abouttwoweeks.31.WhatisDucke’sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas’services?A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.【答案】28.C29.D30.D31.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是說(shuō)明文。文章主要講述政府贊助了五輛名為圣盧卡斯的醫(yī)療列車(chē)為俄羅斯中部和東部偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)每年提供為期10個(gè)月的巡回醫(yī)療服務(wù)，為鄉(xiāng)村居民提供基本醫(yī)療檢查和治療，改善當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)療條件。28.細(xì)節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)文章第一段“TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(鄉(xiāng)村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.(圣盧卡斯號(hào)是五列政府資助的醫(yī)療列車(chē)之一，前往俄羅斯中部和東部的偏遠(yuǎn)城鎮(zhèn)。每一站平均停留兩天，在此期間，船上的醫(yī)生和護(hù)士為農(nóng)村人口提供基本醫(yī)療服務(wù)、X光掃描和處方。)”可知，圣盧卡斯號(hào)與其他火車(chē)的不同之處在于它是政府資助的醫(yī)療火車(chē)，充當(dāng)醫(yī)院。因此選C。29.推理判斷題，第三段提到“Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarrangingdoctor'sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.(俄羅斯的公共衛(wèi)生保健服務(wù)迫切需要現(xiàn)代化。政府一直在努力提出解決這一問(wèn)題的措施，特別是在伏爾加河以東較貧窮的農(nóng)村地區(qū)，包括通過(guò)視頻聊天安排醫(yī)生預(yù)約，擴(kuò)大財(cái)政援助計(jì)劃，激勵(lì)醫(yī)生到克拉斯諾亞爾斯克等偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)行醫(yī)。)”可以推斷，Krasnoyarsk需要醫(yī)療援助，故選D。30.細(xì)節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第四段“For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(補(bǔ)給).”(每年有10個(gè)月，火車(chē)在兩周內(nèi)停靠大約八個(gè)車(chē)站，然后返回地區(qū)首府進(jìn)行補(bǔ)給和重新裝貨。)”可知，圣盧卡斯號(hào)一份補(bǔ)給可以工作大約兩周，故選D。31.推斷判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的““Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”(“醫(yī)生和他們的助手在這么小的空間里工作和生活，但仍然保持專(zhuān)注和非常關(guān)注，這給我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke說(shuō)。這是許多農(nóng)村人獲得他們想要的治療的最好機(jī)會(huì)?！?”可知，Ducke對(duì)SaintLukas的服務(wù)持贊賞的態(tài)度，故選A。模擬專(zhuān)區(qū)：做好題才有好成績(jī)！練技能，補(bǔ)漏洞，提分?jǐn)?shù)，強(qiáng)信心！【01】（24-25高三上·廣東·期中）Sandingontheshoreofalake,Ican’thelpbutmarvelatthetensorhundredsofthousandsofsmallrocksthatsurroundmyboots.Theywereallcreatedfromhardsurfaces,theiredgessofteningovertime.AndIwonder,canwelearnfromapileofrocks?Eventhetallestmountainshaveworndown;noneareastallastheywere1,000yearsago.Andmuchlikearock.I’vefoundmyattitudehassoftenedandmydesiretobetterunderstandothershasexpandedwitheachtriparoundthesun.OnceItoowasasharprockcoveredinpointyedges.Today,afterdecadesofthewatersoflifecoursingoverme,myedgesaresofterandmoreunderstanding.I’mlesslikelytojudgeandmoreinterestedinlearninghowwecanexisttogether.ButI’mnotarock.I’mahuman-beingfilledwithallthedramabuiltintomyDNA.Twoyearsago,whiletravelinginthePacificNorthwest,Iwatchedarestaurantowneraskaguytoleavefornotfallinginlinewiththerules.Notforcefulandnetrude.Onthedoorreadasign:“Pleasewearamaskbeforeenteringourrestaurant.Wedon’tlikeiteither,butlet’salldowhatwecan.”Buttheguytriedtoargueaboutthenote.Isatwatching.understandingbothsides.I’vebeenthisguybefore,usingmyyouthfuledgestochipawayattheworld.WhatIlost,however,wastheabilitytogrowbylookingthroughothers’eyes,andthusthepossibilityoffindingcontentandsuccess.Youcanfitmoreroundedrocksinajarthanthosewithsharpedges.Theformerlookforwaystoadjustandmakeroomforothers;thelatternevergiveaninchtoaccommodateothers.Time,likethewatersrollingagainstoncesharpstones,changesusbywashingawayourresistancetoseeingtheworldfromanother’spointofview.Iplacedaroundedstoneintomypocket.MotherNatureisholdingclassagain.1.Whatdoestheauthorcomparetherocksto?A.Peoplewithvariedpersonalities.B.DNAuniquetoeachperson.C.Challengesthatwecomeacross.D.Ourabilitiesthatgrowswithtime.2.Whatcausedtheargumentintherestaurant?A.Lackofclarityinthesign.B.Theowner’sinappropriateattitude.C.Demandingrestaurantrequests.D.Theguy’sfailingtoobeytherules.3.Whichbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetowardtheworldwhenhewasyoung?A.Respectful. B.Aggressive. C.Ambiguous. D.Tolerant.4.Whatdoestheauthortrytoconveythroughthistext?A.Weshouldadjustourselvestonewconditions.B.Bebravewheninthefaceofdifficultiesinlife.C.It’snecessarytoobeytherulesinpublicspaces.D.Beingopenandunderstandingbringssatisfaction.【答案】1.A2.D3.B4.D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇夾敘夾議的文章，主要敘述并議論了人如同巖石一般不斷磨平棱角，學(xué)會(huì)理解體諒他人的過(guò)程。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章第三段“Eventhetallestmountainshaveworndown;noneareastallastheywere1,000yearsago.Andmuchlikearock.I’vefoundmyattitudehassoftenedandmydesiretobetterunderstandothershasexpandedwitheachtriparoundthesun.(即使是最高的山也已磨損；沒(méi)有一座像一千年前那么高。和這些巖石很像，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的態(tài)度軟化了，而隨著每一次的旅行，我也更渴望能去更好地了解他人)”可知，作者把巖石比成有著各自性格的人。故選A項(xiàng)。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章第六段講到“Twoyearsago,whiletravelinginthePacificNorthwest,Iwatchedarestaurantowneraskaguytoleavefornotfallinginlinewiththerules.Notforcefulandnetrude.Onthedoorreadasign:“Pleasewearamaskbeforeenteringourrestaurant.Wedon’tlikeiteither,butlet’salldowhatwecan.”Buttheguytriedtoargueaboutthenote.(兩年前，在太平洋西北地區(qū)旅行時(shí)，我看到一個(gè)餐館老板要求一個(gè)不遵守規(guī)定的人離開(kāi)。他的態(tài)度既不強(qiáng)硬，也不粗魯。門(mén)上寫(xiě)著：“請(qǐng)戴上口罩進(jìn)入我們的餐廳。我們也不喜歡這樣，但讓我們一起盡己所能。”但那家伙試圖就這條規(guī)定進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)吵。)”，從中可知，這次餐館的爭(zhēng)吵原因是這個(gè)人未能遵守規(guī)則。故選D項(xiàng)。3.推理判斷題。從文章第四段“OnceItoowasasharprockcoveredinpointyedges.(我也曾是一塊邊緣銳利的尖石）”可知，作者年輕時(shí)是有棱有角的性格，態(tài)度比較激進(jìn)好斗。故選B項(xiàng)。4.推理判斷題。從文章倒數(shù)第二段“Youcanfitmoreroundedrocksinajarthanthosewithsharpedges.Theformerlookforwaystoadjustandmakeroomforothers;thelatternevergiveaninchtoaccommodateothers.Time,likethewatersrollingagainstoncesharpstones,changesusbywashingawayourresistancetoseeingtheworldfromanother’spointofview.(圓的石頭比棱角分明的石頭更容易裝進(jìn)罐子里。前者想辦法調(diào)整自己，為他人騰出空間；后者從不讓步遷就別人。時(shí)間就像水流沖刷著尖銳的石頭，沖走我們對(duì)從別人的角度看世界的抗拒，從而改變了我們）”可知，作者通過(guò)本文傳達(dá)的應(yīng)是“開(kāi)放和理解的態(tài)度將使我們獲得滿(mǎn)意”。故選D項(xiàng)?！?2】（24-25高三上·福建廈門(mén)·期中）SomegraduatestudentsinLondonwererecentlytaskedwithoutwittingalargelanguagemodel(LLM),atypeofAIdesignedtoholdusefulconversations.LLMsareoftenprogrammedwithguardrailstostopthemgivingharmfulreplies:instructionsonmakingbombsinabathtub,forinstance.Theaimofthetaskwastobreakthoseguardrails.Someresultsweremerelystupid.Oneparticipantgotthechatbottoclaimduckscouldbeusedasindicatorsofairquality.Butthemostsuccessfuleffortswerethosethatmadethemachineproducethetitlesandpublicationdatesofnon-existentacademicarticles.AIbasthepotentialtobeabigbenefittoscience.Butitcomeswithdownsides,too.Startwiththesimplestproblem:academicmisconduct.SomeresearchersuseLLMstohelpwritepapers.GuillaumeCabanac,acomputerscientist,hasuncovereddozensofpapersthatcontainphrasessuchas“regenerateresponse”-thetextofabuttoninChatGPTthatcommandstheprogramtorewriteitsmostrecentanswer,probablycopiedintothemanuscript(原稿)bymistake.AnotherproblemariseswhenAlmodelsaretrainedonAI-generateddata.LLMsaretrainedontextfromtheInternet.Astheyproducemoresuchtext,theriskofLLMstakingintheirownoutputs-grows.Thatcancause“modelcollapse’.In2023lliaShumailov,acomputerscientist,co-authoredapaperinwhichamodelwasfedhandwrittendigitsandaskedtogeneratedigitsofitsown,whichwerefedbacktoitinturn.Afterafewcycles,thecomputer’snumbersbecamemoreorlessincomprehensible.Someworrythatcomputer-generatedinsightsmightcomefrommodelswhoseinnerworkingsarenotunderstood.Inexplainablemodelsarenotuseless,saysDavidLeslieatanAl-researchoutfitinLondon,buttheiroutputswillneedrigoroustestingintherealworld.Thatisperhapslessunnervingthanitsounds.Checkingmodelsagainstrealityiswhatscienceissupposedtobeabout,afterall.Fornow,atleast,questionsoutnumberanswers.Thethreatsthatmachinesposetothescientificmethodare,attheendoftheday,thesameonesposedbyhumans.AIcouldacceleratetheproductionofnonsensejustasmuchasitacceleratesgoodscience.AstheRoyalSocietyhasit,nulliusinverba:takenobody’swordforit.Nothing’s,either.1.TheresultofthetaskconductedinLondonshowsthat.A.LLMsgiveawayusefulinformation B.theguardrailsturnouttobeineffectiveC.AI’sinfluencewillpotentiallybedecreased D.theeffortputintothestudyofAIhardlypaysoff2.Whatdoes“modelcollapse"indicate?A.Thereadabilityofthemodels’outputisunderestimated.B.Thediversesourcesofinformationconfusethemodels.C.Trainingonregenerateddatastopsmodelsworkingwell.D.Thedatabecomesreliableafterfeedingonitsowndigits.3.WhatisDavidLeslie’sattitudetowardsinexplainablemodels?A.Dismissive. B.Objective. C.Favorable. D.Ambiguous.4.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.FasterNonsense:AICouldAlsoGoWrong B.ImperfectModels:HowWillAIMakeAdvances?C.TheRiseofLLMs:AICouldStillBePromising D.BiggerThreats:AIWillBeUncontrollable【答案】1.B2.C3.B4.A【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了大型語(yǔ)言模型（LLM）等人工智能技術(shù)雖對(duì)科學(xué)有益，但也帶來(lái)了學(xué)術(shù)不端、模型崩潰、輸出結(jié)果難以解釋等問(wèn)題，對(duì)科學(xué)方法構(gòu)成了威脅，需要謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“LLMsareoftenprogrammedwithguardrailstostopthemgivingharmfulreplies:instructionsonmakingbombsinabathtub,forinstance.Theaimofthetaskwastobreakthoseguardrails.Someresultsweremerelystupid.Oneparticipantgotthechatbottoclaimduckscouldbeusedasindicatorsofairquality.(大型語(yǔ)言模型（LLM）通常被設(shè)置了“護(hù)欄”以防止它們給出有害的回復(fù)：例如，禁止提供在浴缸里制造炸彈的指令。這項(xiàng)任務(wù)的目標(biāo)是打破這些“護(hù)欄”。一些結(jié)果只是愚蠢的嘗試。有一名參與者讓聊天機(jī)器人聲稱(chēng)鴨子可以用來(lái)作為空氣質(zhì)量的指示器)”可知，倫敦進(jìn)行的任務(wù)結(jié)果表明，原本旨在防止大型語(yǔ)言模型（LLM）給出有害回復(fù)的“網(wǎng)絡(luò)護(hù)欄”實(shí)際上并不有效。故選B。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“In2023lliaShumailov,acomputerscientist,co-authoredapaperinwhichamodelwasfedhandwrittendigitsandaskedtogeneratedigitsofitsown,whichwerefedbacktoitinturn.Afterafewcycles,thecomputer’snumbersbecamemoreorlessincomprehensible.(2023年，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家lliaShumailov與人合著了一篇論文，在論文中，一個(gè)模型被輸入手寫(xiě)數(shù)字，并被要求生成自己的數(shù)字，這些數(shù)字依次被反饋給它。經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)周期后，計(jì)算機(jī)的數(shù)字多少變得難以理解了)”可知，modelcollapse指的是在模型被訓(xùn)練在再生數(shù)據(jù)上時(shí)，模型會(huì)吸收自己的輸出，導(dǎo)致模型崩潰，無(wú)法正常工作。故選C。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“Inexplainablemodelsarenotuseless,saysDavidLeslieatanAl-researchoutfitinLondon,buttheiroutputswillneedrigoroustestingintherealworld.(倫敦一家人工智能研究機(jī)構(gòu)的DavidLeslie說(shuō)，無(wú)法解釋的模型并非毫無(wú)用處，但它們的結(jié)果需要在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的測(cè)試)”可知，DavidLeslie認(rèn)為這些模型并非無(wú)用，但它們的輸出需要在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的測(cè)試。這表明他既看到了這些模型的潛力，也認(rèn)識(shí)到了它們的局限性，因此他的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選B。4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Thethreatsthatmachinesposetothescientificmethodare,attheendoftheday,thesameonesposedbyhumans.AIcouldacceleratetheproductionofnonsensejustasmuchasitacceleratesgoodscience.(說(shuō)到底，機(jī)器對(duì)科學(xué)方法構(gòu)成的威脅與人類(lèi)構(gòu)成的威脅是一樣的。人工智能可以加速?gòu)U話(huà)的產(chǎn)生，就像它可以加速好的科學(xué)一樣)”以及通讀全文可知，文章主要討論了大型語(yǔ)言模型（LLM）等人工智能技術(shù)的潛在好處和缺點(diǎn)，特別是它們可能對(duì)科學(xué)方法構(gòu)成的威脅。雖然AI可以加速好的科學(xué)的產(chǎn)生，但同樣也可能加速無(wú)意義的廢話(huà)的產(chǎn)生。因此，文章強(qiáng)調(diào)AI也可能出錯(cuò)。選項(xiàng)A“FasterNonsense:AICouldAlsoGoWrong(更快的廢話(huà)：AI也可能出錯(cuò))”準(zhǔn)確地概括了文章的主旨，適合作本文最佳標(biāo)題。故選A?！?3】（24-25高三上·福建龍巖·期中）Adrenaline(腎上腺素),alsoknownasepinephrine,isatypeofhormonethatisreleasedwheneverapersonexperiencesfear,anxiety,orstress.Infact,assoonasyourbrainsensesdanger,ittellsyourbodytostartmakingadrenaline.Thehormonemovesthroughyourbloodstreamquicklyandjumpsintoactionbybindingitselftomoleculescalledadrenoceptors,whichcanbefoundincellsinalmosteveryorgan.Whenalargeamountofthechemicalisproducedallatonce—morethan10timeshigherthanwhenyou’recalm—it’scalledanadrenalinerush.Thatfloodhaslotsofnoticeableeffects,andeachoneisintendedtoprotectyouinadangeroussituation.Yourpupils(瞳孔)willwidentoletmorelightintoyoureyessothatyoucanseemoreofyoursurroundings.Yourbrainbeginstoworkfastertodrawupaplan.Yourheartbeatsmorerapidlyandpumpsextrabloodtoyourmuscles,alsodeliveringanincreaseofoxygenfromyourlungs.Alloftheseeffectsaccumulateintonervous,anxiousfeelings.That’swhyitmightseemasifyourheadisspinning,yourthoughtsareracing,oryourheartisbeatingoutofyourchest.Despitewhatsuperherostoriesmighttellyou,there’snotmuchevidencethatthehormonegivesyouextrastrength.Instead,expertsthinkthatgreatachievements-likeaparentliftingacaroffatrappedkid-happenwhensomekindofpsychologicalswitchgetsflipped(按動(dòng)).Thatis,unlessyou’reunderseriouspressure,youmightunderestimatewhatyourbodyisreallycapableof.Ingeneral,adrenalinerusheshavepreparedanimalsforstressfulsituationsformillionsofyears.Theglands(腺)thatproducethestimulatingchemicalarefoundinanyspecieswithabackbone.Evendinosaurslikelyhadthestimulatingstuffpumpingthroughtheirveins(靜脈).EarlypeoplelikeHomoerectusandHomohabilisprobablyfeltfearandnervousnessastheywanderedthroughtheprehistoricjungles.Whenapopquizmakesyousweatytoday,youfeelthesametensionthathelpedyourancestors10,000generationsagodefeatfiercelions.1.Whatcanbelearnedconcerningan“adrenalinerush”?A.Itcontrolsthelevelofthehormone.B.Itmakespassivefeelingsdisappear.C.Itleadshumanstofeelenergetic.D.Itresultsfromastressfulsituation.2.Howisparagraph3mainlydeveloped?A.Byexplainingconcepts. B.Byprovidingexactdata.C.Bydescribingdetails. D.Bymakingcomparisons.3.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph4?A.Adrenalinegivesextrastrengthlikeinsuperherotales.B.Greatachievementsareduetopsychologicalswitch,notadrenaline.C.Aparentliftingacaroffatrappedchildisimpossiblewithoutadrenaline.D.Adrenalinerusheshaveonlybeenimportantforanimalsrecently.4.What’stheauthor’sattitudetotheroleof“adrenalinerushes”?A.Positive. B.Doubtful. C.Cautious. D.Ambiguous.【答案】1.D2.C3.B4.A【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了腎上腺素在人體內(nèi)的作用機(jī)制及其在應(yīng)對(duì)危險(xiǎn)和壓力時(shí)引發(fā)的生理反應(yīng)。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Adrenaline(腎上腺素),alsoknownasepinephrine,isatypeofhormonethatisreleasedwheneverapersonexperiencesfear,anxiety,orstress(腎上腺素，也稱(chēng)為腎上腺素，是一種激素，每當(dāng)一個(gè)人經(jīng)歷恐懼、焦慮或壓力時(shí)就會(huì)釋放出來(lái))”以及第二段“Infact,assoonasyourbrainsensesdanger,ittellsyourbodytostartmakingadrenaline.Thehormonemovesthroughyourbloodstreamquicklyandjumpsintoactionbybindingitselftomoleculescalledadrenoceptors,whichcanbefoundincellsinalmosteveryorgan.Whenalargeamountofthechemicalisproducedallatonce—morethan10timeshigherthanwhenyou’recalm-it’scalledanadrenalinerush.(事實(shí)上，一旦你的大腦感知到危險(xiǎn)，就會(huì)告訴身體開(kāi)始產(chǎn)生腎上腺素。這種激素迅速通過(guò)血液流動(dòng)，并通過(guò)與幾乎每個(gè)器官細(xì)胞中的分子（稱(chēng)為腎上腺素受體）結(jié)合而發(fā)揮作用。當(dāng)這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)在短時(shí)間內(nèi)大量產(chǎn)生——比你平靜時(shí)高出10倍以上時(shí)——這被稱(chēng)為腎上腺素激增)”可知，腎上腺素激增是因?yàn)榇竽X感知到危險(xiǎn)，從而產(chǎn)生大量腎上腺素。因此，腎上腺素激增是由壓力情況引起的。故選D。2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“Yourpupils(瞳孔)willwidentoletmorelightintoyoureyessothatyoucanseemoreofyoursurroundings.Yourbrainbeginstoworkfastertodrawupaplan.Yourheartbeatsmorerapidlyandpumpsextrabloodtoyourmuscles,alsodeliveringanincreaseofoxygenfromyourlungs.(你的瞳孔會(huì)變寬，讓更多的光線(xiàn)進(jìn)入你的眼睛，這樣你就可以看到更多的周?chē)h(huán)境。你的大腦開(kāi)始更快地制定計(jì)劃。你的心臟跳動(dòng)得更快，向肌肉泵送額外的血液，同時(shí)也從肺部輸送更多的氧氣)”可知，第三段詳細(xì)描述了腎上腺素激增時(shí)身體的各種反應(yīng)，如瞳孔放大、大腦加速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、心跳加快等。這些都是具體的生理反應(yīng)細(xì)節(jié)。因此，第三段主要是通過(guò)描述細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)展開(kāi)的。故選C。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Instead,expertsthinkthatgreatachievements-likeaparentliftingacaroffatrappedkid-happenwhensomekindofpsychologicalswitchgetsflipped(按動(dòng)).Thatis,unlessyou’reunderseriouspressure,youmightunderestimatewhatyourbodyisreallycapableof.(相反，專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為，當(dāng)某種心理開(kāi)關(guān)被觸發(fā)時(shí)，就會(huì)發(fā)生像父母從被困孩子身上抬車(chē)這樣的偉大成就。也就是說(shuō)，除非你處于嚴(yán)重的壓力之下，否則你可能會(huì)低估你的身體真正的能力)”可知，專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為偉大的成就可能是由于某種心理開(kāi)關(guān)被激活，而不是腎上腺素直接賦予額外力量。由此可推知，偉大成就歸因于心理開(kāi)關(guān)，而不是腎上腺素。故選B。4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Ingeneral,adrenalinerusheshavepreparedanimalsforstressfulsituationsformillionsofyears.Theglands(腺)thatproducethestimulatingchemicalarefoundinanyspecieswithabackbone.Evendinosaurslikelyhadthestimulatingstuffpumpingthroughtheirveins(靜脈).(總的來(lái)說(shuō)，腎上腺素激增已經(jīng)在數(shù)百萬(wàn)年間為動(dòng)物應(yīng)對(duì)壓力情況做好了準(zhǔn)備。能夠產(chǎn)生這種刺激性化學(xué)物質(zhì)的腺體存在于所有有脊椎的物種中。即使是恐龍，很可能也有這種刺激性物質(zhì)在其血管中流動(dòng))”可知，作者雖然對(duì)腎上腺素直接賦予額外力量的說(shuō)法持懷疑態(tài)度，但是文章整體描述了腎上腺素在危險(xiǎn)情況下的保護(hù)作用。由此可推知，作者對(duì)其作用持積極態(tài)度。故選A?！?4】（24-25高三上·甘肅·期中）Duringherworkwithgreysquirrels,LuciaJacobswroteanarticletothejournalNaturalHistory,describinghowsquirrelscache(貯藏):Thesquirrelsperformedperfectlyfromthefirstday.IwasabsorbedasIobservedoneofthesetinysquirrelspickupahazelnutforthefirsttime,searchintentlyforasuitableburyingsite,andthen,withgreatinterest,digahole,bothpawsflying,thenutfirmlyclenchedbetweentinyteeth,withalltheapparentconfidenceandsuccessofaparksquirrelburyingitsmillionthpeanut.Cachingisaveryimportantaspectofsquirrellife.Cachesfallbroadlyintotwocategories:youcanputallyoureggsinonebasket,sotospeak,whichwecalllardercaching;oryoucanscatteryourvaluablesallovertheplace,whichisscattercaching.Lardercachingislesseffortbecauseeverythingisinoneplaceandyoucaneasilyseehowmuchyouhaveleft.Theproblem,however,isthatifyourcacheisdiscoveredbysomeoneelse,theycantakeeverythingandleaveyouwithnothing.Scattercachingmakesitlesslikelythatyou’dloseeverything,butrequiresmoreefforttofindsuitablespots,digallthoseholesand,moreimportantly,rememberwhereyou’veputeverything.HaveyoueverbeendoingthespringcleaningandfoundaChristmaspresentyou’dhiddenforoneofthekids?Redandgreysquirrelsscattercachesand,giventhatagreysquirrelmaycachesome3,000nutsduringaseason,rememberingwheretheyallarewhenthey’respreadthroughoutthewoodlandisnomeanfeat.Someearlyworksuggestedthatsquirrelsmaynotbetoobotheredaboutwheretheycachedbecausetheirneighbourswerefamilymembersandtheythereforesharedeachother’scaches.Thisistheso-called“CommualCacheTheory”.Morerecently,however,LuciaJacobsinvestigatedthisandfoundthatneighboursweren’tnecessarilyrelativesandthatsquirrelsmovednutstowardthecenteroftheirterritories,groupedtheircaches,buriednutsfurtherfromtheirsourcewhencompetitorswerearoundandaggressivelydefendedcachesfromwould-bethieves.Inotherwords,itwaseverysquirrelforitself.2.WhatimpressedJacobsmostwhileobservingtinysquirrels?A.Theirnaturalabilitytocache. B.Theirstrangeeatingbehavior.C.Theirhugeamountsofcaches. D.Theirwayofselectingcaches.3.Whichisconsideredadisadvantageof“scattercaching”?A.Thecacheswon’tlastlongenough. B.Ittakesmuchefforttodigabiggerspot.C.Someofthespotsarenowheretobefound. D.Thecachesareeasilyfoundbycompetitors.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“nomeanfeat”inparagraph4mean?A.Arareoccurence. B.Agreatachievement. C.Aseriousproblem. D.Acommonphenomenon.5.WhatisJacobs’sattitudetothe“CommunalCacheTheory“?A.Favorable. B.Unclear. C.Uninterested. D.Disapproving.【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。美國(guó)加州大學(xué)教授LuciaJacobs多年來(lái)致力于對(duì)北美松鼠種群的行為研究，有了很多有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)。1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Thesquirrelsperformedperfectlyfromthefirstday.IwasabsorbedasIobservedoneofthesetinysquirrelspickupahazelnutforthefirsttime,searchintentlyforasuitableburyingsite,andthen,withgreatinterest,digahole,bothpawsflying,thenutfirmlyclenchedbetweentinyteeth,withalltheapparentconfidenceandsuccessofaparksquirrelburyingitsmillionthpeanut.(松鼠們從第一天起就表現(xiàn)得很好。我全神貫注地看著其中一只小松鼠第一次撿起一顆榛子，專(zhuān)心地尋找合適的埋葬地點(diǎn)，然后饒有興趣地挖了一個(gè)洞，兩只爪子飛舞著，小牙齒緊緊地咬著榛子，看起來(lái)就像公園里的松鼠成功地埋葬了第一百萬(wàn)顆花生一樣自信。)”可知，Jacobs注意到，小松鼠從一開(kāi)始就對(duì)儲(chǔ)藏食物的過(guò)程和動(dòng)作非常熟練，其信心和成功率完全可以與公園里經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的老松鼠相媲美，這一點(diǎn)（與生俱來(lái)的貯藏食物的本領(lǐng)）讓Jacobs印象深刻。故選A。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Scattercachingmakesitlesslikelythatyou’dloseeverything,butrequiresmoreefforttofindsuitablespots,digallthoseholesand,moreimportantly,rememberwhereyou’veputeverything.(分散貯藏減少了丟失所有東西的可能性，但需要花費(fèi)更多的精力來(lái)尋找合適的位置，挖掘所有的洞，更重要的是，記住您將所有東西放在哪里。)”可知，分散貯藏這種做法最大的缺點(diǎn)就是：一段時(shí)間后松鼠很可能會(huì)忘記了它們部分的貯藏地點(diǎn)。故選C。3.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段中“Redandgreysquirrelsscattercachesand,giventhatagreysquirrelmaycachesome3,000nutsduringaseason,rememberingwheretheyallarewhenthey’respreadthroughoutthewoodlandis(紅松鼠和灰松鼠會(huì)分散貯藏物，考慮到灰松鼠在一個(gè)季節(jié)可能會(huì)貯藏大約3000顆堅(jiān)果，當(dāng)它們散布在整個(gè)林地時(shí)，記住它們的位置)”可知，灰松鼠在一個(gè)季節(jié)可能會(huì)貯藏大約3000顆堅(jiān)果，當(dāng)它們散布在整個(gè)林地時(shí)，記住它們的位置是絕非易事，是了不起的成就，nomeanfeat意為“了不起的成就”。A.Arareoccurence罕見(jiàn)的事情；B.Agreatachievement偉大的成就；C.Aseriousproblem一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題；D.Acommonphenomenon一個(gè)普遍現(xiàn)象。故選B。4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Morerecently,however,LuciaJacobsinvestigatedthisandfoundthatneighboursweren’tnecessarilyrelativesandthatsquirrelsmovednutstowardthecenteroftheirterritories,groupedtheircaches,buriednutsfurtherfromtheirsourcewhencompetitorswerearoundandaggressivelydefendedcachesfromwould-bethieves.Inotherwords,itwaseverysquirrelforitself.(然而，最近，LuciaJacobs對(duì)此進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)鄰居不一定是親戚，松鼠把堅(jiān)果搬到它們領(lǐng)地的中心，把它們的儲(chǔ)藏物分組，當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者在附近時(shí)，把堅(jiān)果埋在離它們的來(lái)源更遠(yuǎn)的地方，并積極地保護(hù)儲(chǔ)藏物不被潛在的小偷偷走。換句話(huà)說(shuō)，它是一只自顧自的松鼠。)”可推斷，LuciaJacobs經(jīng)過(guò)自己的細(xì)心研究，否定了松鼠貯藏食物的“CommunalCacheTheory(家族共享)”理論。故選D?！?5】（24-25高三上·河南安陽(yáng)·階段練習(xí)）Thesportoftennishasaproblemwithwastethatmanyplayersdonotevenrecognizeeachtimetheyopenanewcontainerofgameballs.Majorprofessionaltenniscompetitionsgothroughnearly100,000ballsduringtwoweeksofplay.Almostallofthe330millionballsproducedeachyearendupinwasteasgarbageinlandfills.Oncethere,itcantakeaslongas400yearsfortheballstobreakdown.Tennisisincrediblyenvironmentally-destructivebecausetheballsarenotrecyclable.Theballs’outersoftlayer,calledthefelt(毛氈),isstronglyattachedtoasoftcenter.Thefeltisacombinationofwoolandnylonwhichcannotberecycled.Inaddition,thecenteroftop-levelballsismadewithrubberfromrubbertrees.Rubberharvestingmenacesforestsandbiodiversity.Oncetheballsareproduced,theyarepackagedinthickplasticoraluminumcontainerswithametallidandaplasticcap.Companieswillintentionallyusenon-recyclableplasticbecausetherecyclablekindwillleakpressure.Aftertheballshavebeenproducedandpackaged,theywillgetshippedallaroundtheworld.Thisseriesofeventswillrelease1.2poundsofcarbonemissionsperball.TheInternationalTennisFederation(ITF)isagoverningbodyofprofessionaltennis.LastyeartheITFbroughttogetherproducers,tennisofficialsandrecyclerstobeginworkingonthetennisballissue,lookingforsolutions.Andsomestepshavebeentakentoreduceandreuseballs.Currently,professionalplayerschangetoanewsetofballsafterthefirstsevengamesandthenaftereveryninegames.Individualusedballssometimesbecomeplaythingsfordogsorarereusedinothersmallways.Hugenumbersofusedballscanalsobecrushed(碾壓)topiecesforuseasbuildingmaterial,likeflooring.However,itisalongwaytogotoenjoyanenvironment-friendlytennismatch.1.Whyarethefiguresofballslistedinparagraph1?A.Tostresstheirharmtotheenvironment.B.Tostatedisapprovalofthesportrules.C.Toindicatehowpopulartennisis.D.Tosuggestavoidingplayingtennis.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“menaces”inparagraph2mean?A.Threatens. B.Enriches. C.Benefits. D.Removes.3.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Plansmadeforthefuture.B.Effortstakentosolvetheproblem.C.Organizationsfoundedtoworkontheissue.D.Resolutionsadoptedtoimprovethequality.4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureuseofeco-friendlytennisballs?A.Doubtful. B.Dismissive. C.Objective. D.Unclear.【答案】1.A2.A3.B4.C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了網(wǎng)球造成的環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題以及目前所做的努力。1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段提到“Majorprofessionaltenniscompetitionsgothroughnearly100,000ballsduringtwoweeksofplay.Almostallofthe330millionballsproducedeachyearendupinwasteasgarbageinlandfills.Oncethere,itcantakeaslongas400yearsfortheballstobreakdown.(在為期兩周的重大職業(yè)網(wǎng)球比賽中，會(huì)使用近10萬(wàn)個(gè)球。每年生產(chǎn)的3.3億個(gè)球中，幾乎所有的球最終都會(huì)被當(dāng)作垃圾填埋場(chǎng)的廢物。一旦到了那里，這些球要分解可能需要長(zhǎng)達(dá)400年的時(shí)間。)”可知，作者在第一段列出球的