2022年考研英語一真題及答案速查

2022年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語(一)試題(以下信息考生必須認真填寫)考生編號考生姓名SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,Theideathatplantshavesomedegreeofconsciousnessfirsttookrootintheearly2000s.Theterm“plantneurobiology”was1aroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplantbehaviorcouldbe2tointelligenceinanimals.3plantslackbrains,thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthat4consciousness,researcherspreviouslyreported.6ofplants'intelligenceisinconclusive,theauthorswrote.thatinteractwithhormonesandneurotransmitters,8“aplantnervoussystem,thatplantshave‘brain-likecommandcenters'attheirroottips.”This11makessenseifyousimplifytheworittoanarrayofelectricalpulscomplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan“amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity,”Taizsaid.“Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold15ofcomplexityandthattheyhaveconsciousnessareeffectivelyzero.”Andwhat'ssogreataboutconsciousness,anyway?Plantscan'trunawayfromwouldbeavery20evolutionarystrategy,accordingtothearticle.英語(一)試題.1.(共14頁)2.[A]attributed4.[A]copedwith20.[A]humble[B]consistedofReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,C英語(一)試題.2.(共14頁)Peopleoftencomplainthatplasticsaretoodurableandothertrashlittertheplaplasticsareeverywhereanddon'tbreakdowneasily.Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.Theycrackandfrizzle.They“weep”outadditives.TheymeltintosludgeAllofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.Thevarearlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloialwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten,apolymercwho,untilretiringafewyearsago,workedfordecadesattheCulturalHeritageAgencyoftheNetherlands.“It'slikebakingacake:Ifyoudon'thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrong,”shesays.“Theobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb.”Andsometimes,it'snottheartist'sfault.Inthebegantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces.Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsofrosesandotheritemsaswellasafewdozen“naturecarpets”—largerectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.Hewantedviewerstowalkaroundonthecarpets—whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable.Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherevulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi'spumpkins,roses,andotherinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.VanOostencallsthosechemicals“sunscreens”becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageanddisplayagain,albeitsometimesbeneathprotectivecases.DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten's,preservatioharder.Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplastics,designedtodisintegrate,areincreasinglycommon.professorofconservationandrestorationattheNOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology,notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthehistory—StoneAge,IronAge,annowliveinanageofpldecidetopreserve...willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe'llbeseen.”英語(一)試題.3.(共14頁)21.AccordingtoParagraph22.VanOostenbelievesthatcertainplasticobjectsare23.Museumsstoppedexhibitin24.Theauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis25.InFerreira'sopinion,preservationofplasticartifacts英語(一)試題.4.(共14頁)uptheiroptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofaoftheireducationaljourney.Millennialsweretoldthatiuniversal,theybecamedevalued.Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.Today,28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroThankfully,therearesignsthatthisisalreadyhappening,withGenerationZseekingtolearnfromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtoschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyalemployeesfirstofmany.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.Postgraduatesnowearn40percentmorethangrneedtobeconstantlyup-skillingthroughouttheircareertostayemployable.Ithasbeenestimatedthatthisgeneration,duetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishforpersonaloftheirworkinglifeandhavefivedifferentcareers.Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacorepartofGenerationZ'scareertrajectory.Oldergenerationsoftentalkabouttheirdegreeinthepresentandpersonaltense:‘I英語(一)試題.5.(共14頁)[C]reassessthenecessityofcolle[D]postponetheirunder27.ThepercentageofUKgraduatesinnon-graduaterolesreflects[A]Millennials'opinionsaboutwork.[D]thedesiredrouteofsocialmobility.[C]employersaretakingarealisticattitudetod[D]parentsarechangingtheirmindsabouteducation.[B]attendon-the-jobtrainingprograms.[C]teamupwithhigh-paidpostg30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutGenerationZfromthelasttwoparagraphs?[D]Theywillhavealimitedchoiceofj英語(一)試題.6.(共14頁)Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNaturereadersusedtodescribetheirexofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.Nearly40%oftheroughly350peoplewhorespondedtoanaccompanyingpollvisualartiststohelpthemcommunicatethescientistsreachabroaderaudienceandmakeemotionalconnectionsthataheadofNovember'sUnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgow,UK.respondedtotheNaturepoll;however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonoteachother'swork.SuchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresultinMorethanhalfacenturyago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyopeneditsstudies'inthename.Lightwasasomethingthatbothartistsandscieninterestin,andthereforecouldformthebtechnologyprogressed,anddividedintomoresub-disciplines,thecentrsimultaneouslylookingtoatimewhenleadingresearcherscouldalsobeartists,writersandpoets,andviceversa.Thereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedstogobeyondthenecessarypurposeofresearchcommunication,andparticipantsmustnotfallintothetrap英語(一)試題.7.(共14頁)31.AccordingtoParagraph1,art-sciencecollaborations[A]caughttheattent[D]sparkedheatedpublicdisputes.32.ThereworkedversionofTheFourSeasonsismentionedtoshowthat[B]sciencecanhelpwiththeexpressionofemotions.33.Someartistsseemtoworrythatintheart-sciencepartnership[A]Itwasheadedalternatelybyartistsandscientists.[D]Itsfounderssoughttoraisethestat35.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthata[A]arelikelytogobeyondpublicexpectations.[D]arebecomingmorepopularthanbefore.英語(一)試題.8.(共14頁)ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewZealand'sEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.Employersmustbothshowcauseandactinaprocedurallyfairway.Personalgrievanceproceduresweredesignedtofrom“unjustifieddismissals”.Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawofcontractlackedsufficientsafeguardsforworkersagainstarbitraryconductbymanagement.Longgonearethedayswhenabosscouldsimplygiveanemployeecontractualnotice.Buttheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constrainingfirmsfromfiringpoorlyperforming,high-earningmanagersisahandbrakeonboostingproductivityandoverallperformance.ThedifferencebetweenC-gradeandA-grademanagersmayverywellbethedifferencebetweenbusinesssuccessorfailureBetweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersorlosingthem.Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifyadismissal.Consequently—andparadoxically—lawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsofordinaryworkersmaybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusinessownersfromdismissingunderperformingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirmproductivityandthereforeonworkers'wages.Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand'sProductivityParadox”(2014),theProductivityCommissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry'spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA'sunjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofireanemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.Thismakesitharderforthemarginalmanagertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenoftheemploymentarrangementgoingwrong.regulationsadverselyaffecwell-being.AcrosstheTasmanSea,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified“high-incomethreshold”fromtheprotectionofitsunfairdismissallaws.InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers'Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-incomeemployeestocontractoutoftheunjustifieddismissalregime.However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.英語(一)試題.9.(共14頁)36.ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto[B]improvetraditionalhiringprocedures.[D]protecttherightsofordinaryworkers.37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thattheprovisionsmay[A]hinderbusinessdev[B]underminemanagers'autho[C]affectthepublicimageoft[D]worsenlabor-managementrelations.38.WhichofthefollowingmeasureswouldtheProductivityCommissionsupport?[A]Imposingreasonablewagerestrain[B]Enforcingemploym[C]Limitingthepowersofbusinessowners.[D]Dismissingpoorlyperformingmanagers.39.WhatmightbeaneffectofERA'sunjustifieddismissalprocedures?[A]Highlypaidmanagerslosetheirjobs.[D]Employersneedtohirenewstaff.40.Itcanbeinferredthatthe“high-incomethreshold”inAustralia[A]hassecuredmanager[B]hasproducedundesiredresults.Readthefollowingcommentsonanarticletitled“TheCaseAgainstZoos”byEmmaMarrisandalistofstatementssummarizingthecomments.ChoosethebeststatementfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedname(41-45).Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)(41)TeriByrd:Iwasazooandwildlifeparkemployeeforyears.BoththewildlifeparkandzooclaimedtobeoperatingforthebenefitoftheanimalsandforconservationpurposesThisclaimwasfalse.Neitheroneofthemactuallyparticipatedinanycontributionstoanimalresearchorconservation.Theyareprofitableinstitutionswhosebottomlineismuchmoreimportantthantheconditionoftheanimals.Animalsdespisebeingcaptivesinzoos.Nomatterhowyou“enhance”enclosures,theydonotallowforfreedom,anaturaldietoradequateexercise.Animalsendupstressedandunhealthyordead.It'spasttimefortransparencywiththeseinstitutions,andit'spasttimetoeliminatezoosfromourculture.(42)KarenR.Sime:Asazoologyprofessor,IagreewithEmmaMarristhatzo0displayscanbesadandcruel.Butsheunderestimatestheeducationalvalueofzoos.Thezoologyprogramatmyuniversityattractsstudentsforwhomzoovisitswerethecrucialformativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.Thesearemostlystudentswhohadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,wildliferefugesornationalparks.AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren'sinterestinconservation,theycannotreplacetheexcitementofazoovisitasanintense,immersiveandinteractiveexperience.Surelytheremustbesomemiddlegroundthatbalanceszoos'treatmentofanimalswiththeireducationalpotential(43)GregNewberry:EmmaMarris'sarticleisaninsultandadisservicetothethousandsofpassionate,dedicatedpeoplewhoworktirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandprotectourplanet.Sheusesoutdatedresearchanddecades-oldexamplestounderminethenoble Zoosareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprovehowtheycareforanimalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.Aretheretragedies?Ofcourse.Buttheyaretheexception,notthenormthatMs.Marrisimplies.Adistressedanimalinazoowillgetasgoodorbettertreatmentthanmostofusatourlocalhospital.Asafellowenvironmentalist,animal-protectionadvocateandlongtimevegetarian,IcouldproperlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMarrisontheissueofzoos.ButIbelievethatwell-runzoos,andtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivity,doserveahigpurpose.Wereitnotforopportunitiestoobservethesebeautiful,wildcreaturesclosetohome,manymorepeoplewouldbedrivenbytheirfascinationtotraveltowildareastoZoosare,inthatsense,similartonaturalhistoryandarchaeologymuseums,servingtosatisfyourneedforcontactwiththeselivingcreatundisturbedintheirnaturalenyironments.EmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofourresearch.Ourstudiesfocusedontheimpactofzo0experiencesonhowpeoplethinkabothemselvesandnature,andthedatapointseway,discountwhatisleaZoosaretoolsforthinking.Ourresearchprovidesstrongsupportforthevalueofzoosinconnectingpeoplewithanimalsandwithnature.Zoosprovideacriticalvoiceforconservationandenvironmentalprotection.Theyaffordanopportunityforpeoplefromallbackgroundstoencounterarangeofanimals,fromdronebeestospringbokorsalmon,tobetterunderstandthenaturalworldwelivein.[A]Zoos,whichsparenoefforttotakecareofanimals,shouldnotbesubjectedtoforthepreciouscreaturesintheircare.[C]Whileanimalsincaptistartingyoungpeopledownthepathofrelatedsciences.[E]Forwildanimalsthatcannotbereturnedtotheirnaturalhabitats,zoosofferthe[F]Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritiwell-being.indispensablelinkbetweenmanandnature.英語(一)試題.12.(共14頁)ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Writeyouransthesceneofatitanicandmercilessstruggle.Ittookplaceonmanydifferentplanes:betweenNapoleon'sFrenchArmyandtheangryinhabitants;betweentheBritish,everkeepthemincheck;betweennewforcesofscienceandmeritocracyandoldonesofconservatismandbirthreadabouttheperiod,abattlebetweenthosewhomadecode IfirstdiscoveredtheNapoleoniccode-breakingbattleafewyearsagowhenIwasreadingSirCharlesOman'sepicHistoryofthePeninsularWar.InvolumthathadbeencapturedfromtheFre