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第06講利用導(dǎo)數(shù)研究函數(shù)的零點(diǎn)(方程的根)(精講+精練)目錄第一部分:知識(shí)點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)記憶第二部分:課前自我評(píng)估測(cè)試第三部分:典型例題剖析高頻考點(diǎn)一:判斷、證明或討論函數(shù)零點(diǎn)的個(gè)數(shù)高頻考點(diǎn)二:證明唯一零點(diǎn)問題高頻考點(diǎn)三:根據(jù)零點(diǎn)情況求參數(shù)①利用最值(極值)研究函數(shù)零點(diǎn)問題②利用數(shù)形結(jié)合法研究函數(shù)的零點(diǎn)問題③構(gòu)造函數(shù)研究函數(shù)零點(diǎn)問題第四部分:高考真題感悟第五部分:第06講利用導(dǎo)數(shù)研究函數(shù)的零點(diǎn)(方程的根)(精練)第一部分:知識(shí)點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)記憶第一部分:知識(shí)點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)記憶1、函數(shù)的零點(diǎn)(1)函數(shù)零點(diǎn)的定義:對(duì)于函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,把使SKIPIF1<0的實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0叫做函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的零點(diǎn).(2)三個(gè)等價(jià)關(guān)系方程SKIPIF1<0有實(shí)數(shù)根SKIPIF1<0函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象與SKIPIF1<0軸有交點(diǎn)的橫坐標(biāo)SKIPIF1<0函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有零點(diǎn).2、函數(shù)零點(diǎn)的判定如果函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0上的圖象是連續(xù)不斷的一條曲線,并且有SKIPIF1<0,那么函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)有零點(diǎn),即存在SKIPIF1<0,使得SKIPIF1<0,這個(gè)SKIPIF1<0也就是SKIPIF1<0的根.我們把這一結(jié)論稱為函數(shù)零點(diǎn)存在性定理.注意:單調(diào)性+存在零點(diǎn)=唯一零點(diǎn)第二部分:課前自我評(píng)估測(cè)試第二部分:課前自我評(píng)估測(cè)試1.(2022·全國·高二)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,部分對(duì)應(yīng)值如下表:SKIPIF1<0的導(dǎo)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象如圖所示,則下列關(guān)于函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的命題:①函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0是周期函數(shù);②函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0是減函數(shù);③如果當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0的最大值是2,那么SKIPIF1<0的最大值為4;④當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有4個(gè)零點(diǎn).其中真命題的個(gè)數(shù)是A.4個(gè) B.3個(gè) C.2個(gè) D.1個(gè)2.(2022·甘肅·金昌市教育科學(xué)研究所高三階段練習(xí)(文))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)極值點(diǎn),則實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<03.(2022·全國·高二)若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0僅有一個(gè)零點(diǎn),則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<04.(2022·甘肅武威·模擬預(yù)測(cè)(文))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有三個(gè)零點(diǎn),則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是(

)A.(﹣4,4) B.[﹣4,4]C.(﹣∞,﹣4]∪[4,+∞) D.(﹣∞,﹣4)∪(4,+∞)5.(2022·江蘇淮安·高二期末)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0,則它們的圖象交點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù)為(

)A.0 B.1 C.2 D.不確定第三部分:典型例題剖析第三部分:典型例題剖析高頻考點(diǎn)一:判斷、證明或討論函數(shù)零點(diǎn)(根)的個(gè)數(shù)1.(2022·全國·高二)設(shè)函數(shù)f(x)=SKIPIF1<0x-lnx,則函數(shù)y=f(x)(

)A.在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0,(1,e)內(nèi)均有零點(diǎn)B.在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0,(1,e)內(nèi)均無零點(diǎn)C.在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)有零點(diǎn),在區(qū)間(1,e)內(nèi)無零點(diǎn)D.在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)無零點(diǎn),在區(qū)間(1,e)內(nèi)有零點(diǎn)2.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí)(文))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,其中SKIPIF1<0為自然對(duì)數(shù)的底數(shù),SKIPIF1<0……,則SKIPIF1<0的零點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù)為(

)A.0 B.1 C.2 D.33.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí)(理))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的零點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù)為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<04.(2022·全國·高二課時(shí)練習(xí))求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0零點(diǎn)的個(gè)數(shù)為(

)A.1 B.2 C.3 D.45.(2022·江蘇淮安·高二期末)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0,則它們的圖象交點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù)為(

)A.0 B.1 C.2 D.不確定6.(2022·江蘇蘇州·模擬預(yù)測(cè))方程SKIPIF1<0的實(shí)根個(gè)數(shù)是______.7.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的零點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù)是__________.8.(2022·廣東佛山·高二階段練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,其中SKIPIF1<0.(1)若SKIPIF1<0存在唯一極值點(diǎn),且極值為0,求SKIPIF1<0的值;(2)若SKIPIF1<0,討論SKIPIF1<0在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0上的零點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù).9.(2022·新疆·烏蘇市第一中學(xué)高二階段練習(xí)(文))給定函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.(1)判斷函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的單調(diào)性,并求出SKIPIF1<0的極值;(2)求出方程SKIPIF1<0的解的個(gè)數(shù).高頻考點(diǎn)二:證明唯一零點(diǎn)(根)問題1.(2022·山西省長治市第二中學(xué)校高二階段練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.(1)若SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的單調(diào)區(qū)間及相應(yīng)區(qū)間上的單調(diào)性;(2)證明:SKIPIF1<0只有一個(gè)零點(diǎn).2.(2022·陜西渭南·高二期末(文))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.(1)若SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的最大值;(2)若SKIPIF1<0,求證:SKIPIF1<0有且只有一個(gè)零點(diǎn).3.(2022·廣西玉林·模擬預(yù)測(cè)(文))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.(1)求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的最小值;(2)證明:函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0僅有一個(gè)零點(diǎn).高頻考點(diǎn)三:根據(jù)零點(diǎn)(根)情況求參數(shù)①利用最值(極值)研究函數(shù)零點(diǎn)(根)問題1.(2022·重慶市萬州第二高級(jí)中學(xué)高二階段練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0時(shí)有極值0.(1)求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的解析式;(2)記SKIPIF1<0,若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有三個(gè)零點(diǎn),求實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍.2.(2022·山東師范大學(xué)附中高二階段練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.(1)求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的單調(diào)區(qū)間;(2)若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(a為常數(shù))有3個(gè)不同的零點(diǎn),求實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍.3.(2022·寧夏六盤山高級(jí)中學(xué)高二階段練習(xí)(理))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.(1)若SKIPIF1<0,求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的極值;(2)若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0恰有三個(gè)零點(diǎn),求實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍.4.(2022·北京豐臺(tái)·一模)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.(1)當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),求曲線SKIPIF1<0的斜率為1的切線方程;(2)若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0恰有兩個(gè)不同的零點(diǎn),求SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍.5.(2022·廣西桂林·二模(理))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(1)討論SKIPIF1<0的單調(diào)性;(2)若SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)零點(diǎn),求實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍.②利用數(shù)形結(jié)合法研究函數(shù)的零點(diǎn)(根)問題1.(2022·寧夏·銀川二中高二期末(理))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(1)填寫函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的相關(guān)性質(zhì);SKIPIF1<0定義域值域零點(diǎn)極值點(diǎn)單調(diào)性性質(zhì)(2)通過(1)繪制出函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖像,并討論SKIPIF1<0方程解的個(gè)數(shù).2.(2022·四川·閬中中學(xué)高二階段練習(xí)(文))設(shè)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.(1)求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的單調(diào)區(qū)間;(2)若關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0的方程SKIPIF1<0有三個(gè)不等實(shí)根,求實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍.3.(2022·全國·信陽高中高三階段練習(xí)(理))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0,e為自然對(duì)數(shù)的底數(shù)).(1)若SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)不相等的實(shí)數(shù)根,求SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍;4.(2022·四川·雅安中學(xué)高二階段練習(xí)(文))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0時(shí)取得極值,且在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處的切線的斜率為SKIPIF1<0.(1)求SKIPIF1<0的解析式;(2)若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有三個(gè)零點(diǎn),求實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍.5.(2022·全國·模擬預(yù)測(cè)(理))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(1)討論SKIPIF1<0的單調(diào)性;(2)設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,若方程SKIPIF1<0有三個(gè)不同的解,求a的取值范圍.6.(2022·四川綿陽·二模(文))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(1)當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的單調(diào)區(qū)間;(2)若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有且只有一個(gè)零點(diǎn),求實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍.③構(gòu)造函數(shù)研究函數(shù)零點(diǎn)(根)問題1.(2022·江蘇宿遷·高二期末)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(e為自然對(duì)數(shù)的底數(shù)),SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0),SKIPIF1<0.(1)若直線SKIPIF1<0與函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的圖象都相切,求a的值;(2)若方程SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)不同的實(shí)數(shù)解,求a的取值范圍.2.(2022·重慶南開中學(xué)高二期末)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.(1)若SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0處有相同的切線,求實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值;(2)若SKIPIF1<0時(shí),方程SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上有兩個(gè)不同的根,求實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍.3.(2022·四川·成都七中高三階段練習(xí)(理))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.(1)當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)零點(diǎn),求SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍;(2)當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),不等式SKIPIF1<0有且僅有兩個(gè)整數(shù)解,求SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍.4.(2022·全國·高三階段練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.(1)試討論函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的單調(diào)性;(2)若當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),關(guān)于x的方程SKIPIF1<0有且只有一個(gè)實(shí)數(shù)解,求實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍.5.(2022·河南·三模(理))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.(1)判斷函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的零點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù);6.(2022·江蘇南京·高三開學(xué)考試)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0(1)求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的最值;(2)令SKIPIF1<0,求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0上的零點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù),并說明理由.第四部分:高考真題感悟第四部分:高考真題感悟1.(2021·全國·高考真題(理))已知SKIPIF1<0且SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.(1)當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),求SKIPIF1<0的單調(diào)區(qū)間;(2)若曲線SKIPIF1<0與直線SKIPIF1<0有且僅有兩個(gè)交點(diǎn),求a的取值范圍.2.(2021·全國·高考真題)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.(1)討論SKIPIF1<0的單調(diào)性;(2)從下面兩個(gè)條件中選一個(gè),證明:SKIPIF1<0只有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)①SKIPIF1<0;②SKIPIF1<0.3.(2021·浙江·高考真題)設(shè)a,b為實(shí)數(shù),且SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(1)求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的單調(diào)區(qū)間;(2)若對(duì)任意SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)不同的零點(diǎn),求a的取值范圍;(3)當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),證明:對(duì)任意SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)不同的零點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,滿足SKIPIF1<0.(注:SKIPIF1<0是自然對(duì)數(shù)的底數(shù))第五部分:第06講利用導(dǎo)數(shù)研究函數(shù)的零點(diǎn)(方程的根)(精練)第五部分:第06講利用導(dǎo)數(shù)研究函數(shù)的零點(diǎn)(方程的根)(精練)一、單選題1.(2022·江蘇·南京師大附中高三開學(xué)考試)已知a∈R,則函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0零點(diǎn)的個(gè)數(shù)為(

)A.1 B.2 C.3 D.與a有關(guān)2.(2022·浙江省浦江中學(xué)高二階段練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上有零點(diǎn),則m的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<03.(2022·全國·高二)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的零點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù)及分布情況為(

)A.一個(gè)零點(diǎn),在SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)B.二個(gè)零點(diǎn),分別在SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)C.三個(gè)零點(diǎn),分別在SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)D.三個(gè)零點(diǎn),分別在SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)4.(2022·全國·高二)直線SKIPIF1<0與函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象有三個(gè)不同的交點(diǎn),則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<05.(2022·全國·高二)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有兩個(gè)零點(diǎn),則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0等于(SKIPIF1<0為自然對(duì)數(shù)的底數(shù))(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.2 D.SKIPIF1<06.(2022·河南·襄城高中高二階段練習(xí)(理))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,其中SKIPIF1<0為自然對(duì)數(shù)的底數(shù),若方程SKIPIF1<0存在兩個(gè)不同的實(shí)根,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<07.(2022·江西·高三階段練習(xí)(理))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有三個(gè)不同的零點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的值為(

)A.3 B.6 C.9 D.368.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))已知方程SKIPIF1<0在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0上恰有3個(gè)不等實(shí)數(shù)根,則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0二、填空題9.(2022·河南焦作·二模(理))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上有兩個(gè)零點(diǎn),則實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍是_______.10.(2022·貴州遵義·高三開學(xué)考試(文))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0恰有3個(gè)零點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是________.11.(2022·浙江·鎮(zhèn)海中學(xué)高二期末)已知不等式SKIPIF1<0有且只有兩個(gè)整數(shù)解,則實(shí)數(shù)a的范圍為___________.12.(2022·全國·高二)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在區(qū)

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