中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論(中英文對照)

(完整word版)中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論(中英文對照)(完整word版)中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論(中英文對照)(完整word版)中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論(中英文對照)中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論（中英文對照)http：///index/TCM/index.htmPartOne:RADITIONAL-CHINESEMEDICINEWITHALONGHISTORY

第一部分:歷史悠久的中國傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)TraditionalChinesemedicine（TCM）hasahistoryofseveralyears。Itsorigincanbetracedbacktoremoteantiquity。Inalongcourseofstrugglingagainstdiseases,TCMevolvedintoauniqueandintegratedtheoreticalsystcmofTCM。ItisanimportantpartofChineseculture.Morethan2,000yearsago,cameoutHuangdi’sClassiconMedicine(HuangDiNeijing)，whichistheearliestmedicalclassicextantinChina。Itconsistsoftwoparts-BasicQuestions（SuWen）andMiraculousPivot（LingShu),eachcomprising)ninevolumes,eachofwhich,inturn,containsninechapters，totalingupto162chapters。Thebookgivesacompleteandsystematicexpositiontothefollowingvarioussubjects:therelationshipbetweenmanandnature,thephysiologyandpathologyofthehumanbody,andthediagnosis，treatmentandpreventionotdiseases。Italsousesthetheoriesofyin—yangandthefiveelementstodealfullywiththeprinciplesoftreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)accordingtotheclimaticandseasonalconditions，geographicallocalitiesandindividualconstitution.Hence(givingexpression)totheholisticconceptoftakingthehumanbodyasanorganicwholeandtakingthehumanbodywiththesurroundingenvironmentastheintegrity.ItlaidapreliminaryfoundationforthetheoreticalformationofTCM.AfterHuangdi'sClassiconMedicineanotherclassicofmedicine,ClassiconMedicalProblems（NanJing），wasgivenbirthtotheworldbeforetheEasternHanDynasty.ThebookdealsmainlywiththebasictheoryofTCM，suchasphysiology,pathology,diagnosisandtreatmentofdiseasesandsoon.ItsupplementedwhatHuangdi'sClassiconMedicinelacked.Fromthenon,manymedicalschoolsandvariousclassicsonmedicinewerebroughtintobeinginsuccession,eachhavingitsownstrongpoints.

中醫(yī)有著幾千年的歷史,起源可追溯至遠古時代.在長期與疾病的斗爭中，中醫(yī)演化并形成了一套獨特且完整的理論體系。2000多年前出現(xiàn)的《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》是中國現(xiàn)存的最早醫(yī)著.它由《素問》和《靈樞》兩部分組成.每部分包含9卷，每卷又有9章，總計162章。該書對人和自然的關(guān)系、人體的生理及病理、疾病的預(yù)防和診治等方面進行了系統(tǒng)全面的說明。同時它運用陰陽和五行理論全面闡述了因時、因地、因人而異辯證論治的原則并且表達了整體觀念的思想即把人體看作一個整體，把人與其周圍的環(huán)境看作一個整體。這為中醫(yī)理論的形成奠定了初步的基礎(chǔ)。繼《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》之后，東漢時期之前出現(xiàn)了《難經(jīng)》。該書涉及了中醫(yī)的基礎(chǔ)理論如生理、病理和疾病的診治等。它補充了《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》的不足。自此許多不同的學(xué)派及經(jīng)典著作相繼出現(xiàn)，各抒己見.

ShenNong’sHerbal（ShenNongBenCaoJing),alsoknownasClassicontheHerbal(BenCaoJing）orTheHerbal(BenCao)，istheearliestbookonmateriamedicainChina，whichappearedinabouttheQin-HanPeriodwithitsauthorshipunknown。Notonlydoesitlist365medicinalitem-amongwhich252areherbs,67areanimals，and46areminerals，butalsodividesthemintothreegradesaccordingtotheirdifferentpropertiesandeffects。Thebookalsogivesabriefaccountofpharmacologicaltheories—principal(jun），adjuvant（chen），assistant（zuo)andguide(shi);harmonyinsevenemotions（qiqinghehe),fourpropertiesofmedicinalherbs(siqi）andfivetastesofmedicinalherbs（wuwei）.

《神農(nóng)本草》（亦稱“本草經(jīng)”或“本草”）是中國最早的藥物學(xué)專著。它出現(xiàn)于秦漢時期，作者不祥.它不僅羅列了365種藥物（其中草藥252種,動物類藥67種，礦物類藥46種)而且依藥物性質(zhì)及功效的不同將其分為三個等級。同時,該書簡述了方劑的基本原則（君、臣、佐、使）和七情與藥物的四氣五味相和的原則。

IntheHanDynasty(3rdcenturyAD)，ZhangZhongjing,anoutstandingphysician，wroteTreatiseonFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases（ShangHanZaBingLun),whichisdividedintotwobooksbylatergenerations,oneisentitled”TreatiseonFebrileDiseases"，(ShangHanLun),theotherSynopsisofPrescriptionsofGoldenCabinet（JinKuiYaoLue）.ThebookestablishedthepnricipleofTDS（TreatmentofDifferentiationSyndromes;TechnicalDataSystem技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)），therebylayingafoundationforthedevelopmentofclinicalmedicine.

漢朝（公元前3世紀(jì))的張仲景是一位著名的醫(yī)家，著有《傷寒雜病論》.該書被后人分為兩部分，名為《傷寒論》和《金匱要略》。該書建立了辯證論治的原則及技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)，因此,為臨床醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ).

IntheWesternJinDynasty.HuangFumi，afamousphysician，compiledA-BClassicofAcupunctureandMoxibustion（ZhenJiuJiaYiJing）Thebookconsistsof12volumeswith128chapters，including349acupoints.Itistheearliestextantworkdealingexclusivelywithacupunctureandmoxibustionandoneofthemostinfluentialworksinthehistoryofacupunctureandmoxibustion。

西金時期的著名醫(yī)家皇浦謐編輯的《針灸甲乙經(jīng)》由12卷128章組成，包括349個穴位。它是現(xiàn)存最早的針灸學(xué)專著，也是針灸史上最具影響力的著作之一。

TheSuiandTangDynastiescameintotheirowninfeudaleconomyandculture.In610AD，ChaoYuanfanetal。compiledGeneralTreatiseontheEtiologyandSymptomology.Thebookgaveanextensiveandminutedescriptionoftheetiologyandsymptomsofvariousdiseases。ItistheearliestextantclassiconetiologyandsymptomsinChina。In657AD，SuJingtogetherwith20otherscholars,compiledNewly-RevisedMateriaMedica(XinXiuBenCao)，whichisthefirstpharmacopoeiasponsoredofficiallyinancientChina，andtheearliestpharmacopoeiaintheworldaswell.SunSimiao（581—682AD)devotedallhislifetowritingoutthetwobooks:ValuablePrescriptionsforEmergencies(BeiJiQianJinYaoFang）andSupplementtoValuablePrescriptions（QianJinYiFang).Thehooksdealwithgeneralmedicaltheory,materiamedica，gynecologyandobstetrics,pediatrics，acupunctureandmoxibustion,diet,healthpreservationandprescriptionsforvariousbranchesofmedicine.BothbooksarerecognizedasrepresentativeworksofmedicineintheTangDynasty。SunSimiaowashonoredbylatergenerationsas”thekingofherbalmedicine"。

隋唐時期形成了自己封建的經(jīng)濟文化制度.公元前610年，巢元方編輯的《諸病源候論》對各種不同疾病的病因及癥狀進行了廣泛而詳細(xì)的描述.它是現(xiàn)存最早的病因及癥狀學(xué)著作。公元前657年，蘇敬和其他20名醫(yī)家學(xué)者編輯了《新修本草》。它是中國古代官方正式發(fā)起編輯的藥典,也是世界上最早的藥學(xué)著作。孫思邈（公元前581-682年)傾其一生精力撰寫了兩部著作，分別是《備急千金藥方》和《千金翼方》.書中涉及了醫(yī)理總論、中藥、婦產(chǎn)科、兒科、針灸、方藥飲食及養(yǎng)生等醫(yī)學(xué)的不同分支.兩本著作都是唐代醫(yī)學(xué)的代表作。孫思邈因此被后世譽為“方藥之祖”。

IntheSongDynasty，moreattentionwaspaidtotheeducationofTCM.Thegovermentsetup”theImperialMedicalBureau”fortrainingandbringingupqualifiedTCMworkers。In1057AD,aspecialorgannamed"BureauforRevisingMeidicalBooks”wassetupinordertoproofreadandcorrectthemedicalbooksfromprecedingages,andtopublishthemoneafteranother.ThebooksrevisedhavebeenhandeddowntillnowandarestilltheimportantclassicsforChinaandothercountriestostudyTCM。

宋朝更注重的是中醫(yī)教育。政府興辦了太醫(yī)局訓(xùn)練和培養(yǎng)合格的中醫(yī)師。公元前1057年,一個特殊的組織-校正醫(yī)書局成立了，其目的是為了對從前的醫(yī)書進行校正并一一印刷出版。被修改過的醫(yī)書流傳至今并仍是現(xiàn)今中國和全世界學(xué)習(xí)中醫(yī)的重要經(jīng)典著作。

IntheJinandYuanDynasties，thereappearedfourmedicalschoolsrepresentedbyLiuWansu（1120-1200AD)，ZhangCongzheng(1156-1228AD）,LiGao（l180-1251AD）andZhuZhenheng（1281—1358AD).Amongthem，LiuWansubelievedthat"fireandheat”werethemaincausesofavarietyofdiseases，andthatthediseasesshouldbetreatedwithdrugscoldandcoolinnature。Sohewasknownas"theschoolofcoldandcool"bylatergenerations,ZhangCongzhengbelievedthatalldiseaseswerecausedbyexogenouspathogenicfactorsinvadingthebody，andadvocatedthatpathogenicfactorsshouldbedrivenoutbymethodsofdiaphoresis，emesisandpurgation。Sohewasknownasthe”schoolofpurgation”.ThethirdschoolrepresentedbyLiGaoheldthat”Internalinjuriesofthespleenandstomachwillbringaboutvariousdiseases".Therefore,heemphasizeedthatthemostimportantthing，clinically,shouldbetowarmandinvigoratethespleenandstomachbecausethespleenisattributedtotheearthinthefiveelements。Sohewasregardedasthefounderofthe"schoolofreinforcingtheearth"。Andthefourthschoolwasknownasthe"schoolofnourishingyin"byfoundedZhuZhenheng。Hebelieved:"Yangisusuallyredundant，whileyiniseverdeficient”。Thatiswhythebody"oftenhasenoughyangbutnotenoughyin".Soheusuallyusedthemethodtonourishyinandpurgefireinclinicalpractice。

金元時期出現(xiàn)了四個醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)派代表人物分別為：劉完素(公元前1120—1200）、張從正（公元前1156-1228）、李杲（公元前1180—1251)、朱震亨（公元前1281-1358）.他們中，劉完素認(rèn)為火熱是導(dǎo)致各種疾病的病因，治療疾病應(yīng)選擇性質(zhì)寒涼的藥,因此被后世稱為“寒涼派”。張從正認(rèn)為外邪侵犯人體是疾病的原因，提倡用“汗、吐、下”等法驅(qū)邪外出，所以被稱為“攻邪派”.第三個學(xué)派以李杲為代表主張“脾胃內(nèi)傷,百病由生"。因此強調(diào)臨床中最重要的應(yīng)為溫養(yǎng)脾胃。因為脾在五行中屬土，故其被稱為“補土派”的奠基人.第四個學(xué)派為朱震亨發(fā)起的“滋陰派”。他認(rèn)為“陽常有余，陰常不足?！币虼嗽谂R床上常用“滋陰瀉火”的方法。

LiShizhen(1518-1593AD),afamousphysicianandpharmacologistintheMingDynasty，wroteTheCompendiumofMateriaMedica（BenCaoGangMu)。Thebookconsistsof52volumeswith1,892medicinalherbs，includingover10，000prescriptionsand1，000illustrationsofmedicinalitems。Inaddition,hisbookalsodealswithbotany，zoology，mineralogy,physics,astronomy,meteorology,etc.ItisreallyamonumentalworkinMateriaMedica。ItisagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofpharmacologybothinChinaandallovertheworld。Duringthesameperiod,acupunctureandmoxibustionreachedtheirclimax。Manyliteratureconcerningacupunctureandmoxibustionfortheagesweresummarizedanddeveloped.

李時珍(公元前1518-1593年)是漢朝著名的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生及藥師,撰寫了《本草綱目》。該書共有52卷，記載了1892種藥，10000首方劑和1000條醫(yī)理注釋。另外該書還涉及了植物學(xué)、動物學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、藥理學(xué)、天文學(xué)、氣象學(xué)等學(xué)科，是一部真正的藥物學(xué)不朽著作.它對中國乃至全世界藥學(xué)的發(fā)展作出了巨大的貢獻.在同一時期，針灸也達到了發(fā)展的高潮,許多歷代的涉及針灸的文化得到了總結(jié)和發(fā)展.

SincethefoundingofNewChina，ourgovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontoinheritinganddevelopingtheheritageofTCMandMateriaMedica.AseriesofpoliciesandmeasureshavebeentakenfordevelopingTCM。In1986，theStateAdministrativeBureauofTCMandMateriaMedicawasestablished.ThisleadingbodyistheguaranteeofdevelopingTCMandMateriaMedicasmoothly。NeverbeforehasTCMbeenasprosperousasitistoday.TCMhasexperiencedmanyvicissitudesoftimesbutalwaysremainsevergreen。ThereisnodoubtthatTCMwilltakeitsplaceinmedicalcirclesoftheworldasacompletelynewmedicine。

自從新中國成立以后，我國政府對繼承和發(fā)揚中醫(yī)藥遺產(chǎn)予以了高度的重視，制定了一系列利于中醫(yī)藥發(fā)展的方針政策和措施.1986年，國家中醫(yī)藥管理局成立了,它成為保證中醫(yī)藥順利發(fā)展的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)主體。中醫(yī)藥從來沒有象今天這樣繁榮過。在歷經(jīng)了時代的變遷和滄桑之后，中醫(yī)藥仍然保持著其鮮活的生命力。毫無疑問，中醫(yī)藥將以嶄新的面貌聳立于世界之林。PartTwo：SPECIFICANDPROFOUNDTCM

第二部分：中醫(yī)的獨特性與深刻意義TCM，oneofChina’ssplendidculturalheritages,isthesciencedealingwithhumanphysiology,pathology,diagnosis,treatmentandpreventionofdiseases.TCMsummeduptheexperienceoftheChinesepeopleintheirlongstruggleagainstdiseasesand，undertheinfluenceofancientnaivematerialismanddialectics，evolvedintoaunique，integralsystemofmedicaltheorythroughlongclinicalpractice.Duringseveralthousandyearsithasmadegreatcontributionstothepromotionofhealth，theproliferationandprosperityoftheChinesenation,andtheenrichmentanddevelopmentofworldmedicineaswell.TheformationofthetheoreticalsystemofTCMwasgreatlyinfluencedbyancientChinesematerialismanddialectics.Thetheoreticalsystemtakesthephysiologyandpathologyofzang-fuorgansandmeridiansasitsbasis,andTDSasitsdiagnosticandtherapeuticfeatures.

中醫(yī)是中國輝煌的傳統(tǒng)文化之一，它是一門涉及人體生理、病理、診斷、治療和疾病預(yù)防的科學(xué).它是在古代樸素的唯物主義和辨證法的影響下對中國人民長期與疾病斗爭經(jīng)驗的總結(jié),并在長期的臨床實踐中演化成了一套獨特完整的醫(yī)學(xué)理論.在過去的幾千年里，中醫(yī)為中華人民健康水平的提高、民族的繁榮昌盛及世界醫(yī)學(xué)的豐富及發(fā)展做出了巨大的貢獻。中醫(yī)理論系統(tǒng)的形成受到古代中國的唯物主義和辯證法的極大影響。這套理論系統(tǒng)以臟腑經(jīng)絡(luò)的生理病理為基礎(chǔ)，以辨證論治為其診斷特色。

TCMhasitsownspecificunderstandingbothinthephysiologicalfunctionsandpathologicalchangesofthehumanbodyandinthediagnosisandtreatmentofdisease.TCMregardsthehumanbodyitselfasanorganicwholeinterconnectedbyzang-fuorgans，meridiansandcollaterals。AndTCMalsoholdsthatthehumanbodyiscloselyrelatedtotheoutsideworld.Inregardtotheonsetanddevelopmentofadisease,TCMattachesgreatimportancetotheendogenouspathogenicfactors，namelythesevenemotion,butitbynomeansexcludestheexogenouspathogenicfactors,namelythesixpathogens。Indiagnosis，TCMtakesthefourdiagnosticmethods（inspection，auscultationantolfaction,inquiry,pulse-takingandpalpationasitsprincipaltcchniques，eightprincipalsyndromesasitsgeneralguideline,anddifferentiationofsyndromeaccordingtothezang-futheory，differentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothesix-meridiantheory，anddifferentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothetheoryofwei，qi,yingandxueasitsbasictheoriesofthedifferentiationofsyndromes.Italsostressesthepreventionandpreventivetreatmentofdisease，andputsforwardsuchtherapeuticprinciplesas”treatmentaidingattherootcauseofdisease”.”strengtheningvitalqianddispellingpathogens,regulatingyinandyangandtreatingdiseasesinaccordancewiththreeconditions”(i。e.theclimaticandseasonalconditiont，geographiclocalitiesandthepatient'sconstitution）.

中醫(yī)在對人體的生理功能、病理改變和診治疾病方面有其獨特的見解。它把人體看作一個以臟腑和經(jīng)絡(luò)相互聯(lián)系的有機整體并認(rèn)為人體與其外界環(huán)境也是息息相關(guān)的。中醫(yī)高度重視內(nèi)因即所謂的“七情”在疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過程中所起的作用，但也決不排除外因的作用即所謂的“六淫”。在診斷方面，中醫(yī)以四診(望、聞、問、切）為技術(shù)原則、八綱辨證為指導(dǎo)總綱并把臟腑辨證、六經(jīng)辨證、衛(wèi)氣營血辨證作為其辨證論治的基礎(chǔ).它強調(diào)“未病先防"、“治病求本”、“扶正祛邪"、“調(diào)整陰陽”和“三因制宜"(因時、因地、因人制宜)的重要性。

Thesecharacteristicts,however，canbegeneralizedastheholisticconceptandtreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)

然而,對以上的中醫(yī)特點可以用“整體觀念”和“辨證論治”加以概括。

l。TheHolisticConcept1。整體觀念

By"theholisticconcept”ismeantageneralideaof，ontheonehand，theunity)andintegritywithinthehumanbodyand,ontheother，itscloserelationshipwiththeouterworld。Thehumanbodyiscomposedofvariousorgansandtissues，eachhavingitsowndistinctfunction，whichisacomponentpartofthelifeactivitiesofthewholebody。AndinTCMthehumanbodyisregardedasanorganicwholeinwhichitsconstituentpartsareinseparableinstructure，interrelatedandinterdependentinphysiology,andmutuallyinfluentialinpathology.Meanwhile，manlivesinnature,andnatureprovidestheconditionsindispensibletoman'ssurvival.Soitfollowsthatthehumanbodyisboundtobeaffecteddirectlyorindirectlybythechangesofnature,towhichthehumanbody,inturn,makescorrespondingresponses.TCMsays:"Physicianshavetoknowthelawofnatureandgeographicalconditionswhendiagnosingandtreatingdiseases."That'swhyTCMnotonlystressestheunityofthehumanbodyitselfbutalsoattachesgreatimportancetotheinterrelationshipbetweenthebodyandnatureindiagnosingandtreatingdiseases。

整體觀念的總思想是一方面認(rèn)為人體是一個統(tǒng)一的整體，另一方面認(rèn)為人體與其外界環(huán)境密切相關(guān)。人體由不同的臟腑組織組成，每個臟腑組織都有其獨特的功能并都是整個人體進行生命活動的組成部分。中醫(yī)把人體看作一個有機人體認(rèn)為人體的各部分在生理上相互聯(lián)系和相互獨立，在病理上相互影響。同時，因為人類生活在自然中，自然提供給人類賴以生存的環(huán)境，所以人體就會直接或間接的受到自然環(huán)境變化的影響并產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的反應(yīng)。中醫(yī)認(rèn)為醫(yī)生在診治疾病時應(yīng)該熟悉自然規(guī)律和地理環(huán)境。這便是中醫(yī)為何在診治疾病時既強調(diào)人體為一整體也重視人體與自然環(huán)境相互作用的關(guān)系.

2.TreatmentbyDifferentiationofSyndromes2。辨證論治

TCM，ontheotherhand,ischaracterizedbyTDS.Differentiationmeanscomprehensiveanalysis,whilesyndromereferetosymptomsandsigns。Sodifferentiationofsyndromesimpliesthatthepatient’ssymptomsandsignscollectedbythefourdiagnosticmethodsareanalyzedandsummarizedsoastoidentifytheetiology，natureandlocationofadisease,andtherelationbetweenvitalqiandpathogens,therebydeterminingwhatsyndromethediseasebelongsto。Bytreatmentismeantselectingthecorrespondingtherapyaccordingtotheoutcomeofdifferentiatingsyndromes。Takenasawhole,TDSmeansdiagnosisandtreatmentbasedonoverallanalysisofsymptomsandsigns。

中醫(yī)的另一特色是辨證論治?！氨孀C”即綜合分析相關(guān)的癥狀,因此辨證意味著將四診收集到的癥狀加以分析和總結(jié)確定疾病的病理、病性、病位和邪正關(guān)系，從而確定疾病的證型?！罢撝?指的是根據(jù)辨證的結(jié)果選擇相應(yīng)的治療?？偟膩碚f，辨證論治即在對癥狀的全面分析基礎(chǔ)上進行診治.

Asconcernstherelationshipbetween”disease”and”treatment”，TCMtakestwodifferentclinicalwaysonthebasisofTDS.Oneis"treatingthesamediseasewithdifferenttherapies",bywhichismeantthatthesamediseasemaymanifestitselfindifferentsyndromesatdifferentstagesorunderdifferentconditions.Therefore，thetherapiesofthesamedieaseshouldbeadoptedtowardsdifferenttherapiesaccordingtothepatient’sconstitution,thegeographicalenvironment，theclimaticandseasonalchanges。Takefluforexample，itmaybecausedbywind—cold，wind—heat，summer—heatanddampnessorotherpathogens。Soisadvisabletoadoptdispersingwind—cold，eliminatingwind-heat，clearingawaysummer-heatanddampnessrespectively.Theotheriscalled”treatingdifferentdiseaseswiththesametherapy"，bywhichismeantthatdifferentdiseasesmanifestingthemselvesinthesamesyndromemaybetreatedwiththesametherapy。Forexampleprolapseoftherectumduetoprotracteddiarrheaandhysteroptosisaretwodifferentdiseases。However，iftheyarebothmarkedbythemselvesinthesamesyndromeofqiofsinkingofthemiddleenergizer，theycanbetreatedinthesametherapybyliftingqiofthemiddieenergizer.FromtheaboveitbecomesobviousthatTCMdoesnotfocusitsattentiononsimilaritiesordissimilaritiesbetweendiseasesbutonthedifferencesbetweenthesyndromes.Generallyspeaking,thesamesyndromesaretreatedwithbasicallysametherapies,whiledifferentsyndromeswithdifferentones。

關(guān)于疾病和治療的關(guān)系，中醫(yī)在辨證論治的基礎(chǔ)上存在兩種治療途徑.一種是“同病異治”，即同一疾病在不同環(huán)境、不同階段下會顯示出不同的證候，因此，對同一疾病應(yīng)根據(jù)患者的體質(zhì)、地理環(huán)境的不同和天氣季節(jié)的變化采取不同的治療措施。例如流感可以由風(fēng)寒、風(fēng)熱、暑濕之邪造成，所以治療應(yīng)相應(yīng)的采取祛風(fēng)散寒、疏散風(fēng)熱和清暑化濕的方法。另一種是“異病同治”，即不同的疾病出現(xiàn)相同的證候可以采取相同的治療。例如瀉泄引起的脫肛和子宮下垂是兩種不同的疾病，然而,如果它們都是以中焦之氣下陷引起相同的證候為特征的話就可以采取相同的治療--升提中焦之氣.從以上，顯而易見，中醫(yī)并不是注重疾病之間的相似和不相似,而是重視證候的相同與否?？偠灾嗤淖C候采取相同的治療方法，不同的證候采取不同的治療方法。

Tosumup，theprinciplethatdifferentcontradictionsinessencearehandledbydifferentmethodsinthecourseofdevelopmentofadiseaseisthecoreofTDS。

總之，原則是在疾病的發(fā)展過程中不同的本質(zhì)矛盾應(yīng)采取不同的方法，這就是辨證論治的核心。PartFour：THEAPPLICATIONOFTHEYIN—YANGTHEORY

第四部分:陰陽學(xué)說的應(yīng)用Theyin—yangtheorypermeatesallaspectsofthetheoreticalsystemofTCM。Thetheoryisusedtoexplaintheorganicstructure，physiologicalfunctionandpathologicalchangesofthehumanbody.Italsoservesasaprincipletoguideclinicaldiagnosis

陰陽理論滲透于中醫(yī)理論系統(tǒng)的各個方面。該理論可用于解釋人體的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、生理功能和病理改變，也是指導(dǎo)臨床診斷的原則之一。

l.ExplainingtheTissuesandStructureoftheHumanBody1。解釋人體組織結(jié)構(gòu)

Thehumanbodyisanintegratedwhole。Allitstissuesandstructuresareorganicallyconnectedandmaybeclassifiedastwooppositeaspects-yinandyang。ThatiswhySuwenstates，”Man,havingaform,cannotdeviatefromyinandyang?！盜ntermsoftheanatomicallocations,theupperpartofthebodyisyangandthelowerpartisyin;theexteriorisyangandtheinterior,yin；thebackisyangandtheabdomen，yin;thelateralaspectsoftheextremitiesareyangandthemedicalaspects，yin.Concerningthezang—fuorgans,thezang—organsstorebutnotdischargeessence-qiand,therefore,theyareyin;whilethefu—organstransmitandtransformfoodintoessence—qibutnotstoreit,and,forthisreason,theyareyang。Furthermore，eachofthezang-orfu-organscanberedividedintoyinandyang.Forexample,heart—yinandheart—yang，kidney-yinandkidney-yang，stomach-yinandstomach-yang，etc.Asconcernsyinandyangofthemeridian-collateralsystem,therearetwocategories：yinmeridiansandyangmeridians;yincollateralsandyangcollaterals.Allofthemareoppositepairs.Thus,inlinewiththeyin-yangtheory，theunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyangexistintheupperandlower，internalandexternal，frontandbackpartsofthehumanbody,andwithinalltheinternalorgansaswell。

人體是一個完整的整體。所有的組織結(jié)構(gòu)都存在著有機聯(lián)系，并可被分為陰陽相反的兩類.這就是為什么《素問》說：人生有形，不離陰陽.就解剖位置而言，人體上部為陽,下部為陰;外為陽，內(nèi)為陰;背為陽，腹為陰；四肢末端為陽，軀干為陰。就臟腑組織而言，臟藏而不泄,故為陰；而腑泄而不藏，故為陽。再者,臟腑的每一部分又可分陰陽。例如，心陰和心陽，腎陰和腎陽,胃陰和胃陽等等.就經(jīng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)之陰陽而言,可分為兩類:陰經(jīng)和陽經(jīng)，陰絡(luò)和陽絡(luò)。以上都屬于陰陽的對立兩面.以此而知，陰陽理論貫穿存在于人體的上下、內(nèi)外、前后部分和內(nèi)部組織之間。

2。ExplainingthePhysiologicalFunctionsoftheHumanBody2.解釋人體的生理功能

Theyin-yangtheorybelievesthatthenormallifeactivitiesofthehumanbodyresultfromtheharmoniousrelationoftheunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyang.Taketherelationshipbetweenfunctionandmatterforexample,functionpertainstoyangwhilematter,toyin.Physiologicalactivitiesofthebodyarebasedonmatter。Withoutmatter,therewouldbenosustentationforfunctionactivities。Andfunctionalactivitiesarethemotivepowerforproducingmatter.Inotherwords，withoutfunctionalactivities，themetabolismofmatterwouldnotbeperformed.Inthisway,yinandyangwithinthehumanbodydependoneachotherforexistence.Ifyinandyangcan’tcomplementeachotherandbecomeseparatedfromeachother,lifewillcometoanend.SoSuWensays：”Theequilibriumofyinandyangmakesthevitalitywell—conserved;thedivorceofyinandyangessence—qiexhausted.”

陰陽理論認(rèn)為人體的正常生命活動來自于陰陽對立統(tǒng)一關(guān)系的協(xié)調(diào)。以功能和物質(zhì)的關(guān)系為例，功能屬陽,物質(zhì)屬陰。人體的生理活動以物質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ)。沒有物質(zhì),功能活動就無法維持.功能活動是物質(zhì)形成的動力。換言之，沒有功能活動，物質(zhì)形態(tài)就無法形成.因此，人體陰陽是相互依存的。如果陰陽不能相互補充而是相互分離，生命就將告終。故《素問》曰:陰平陽秘，精神乃治；陰陽離決，精氣乃絕。

3.ExplainingthePathologicalChanges3.解釋病理改變

TCMconsidersthattheimbalancebetweenyinandyangisoneofthebasicpathogenesisofadisease.Theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofadiseasearerelatedtoboththevital-qiandpathogenicfactors.Althoughthepathologlicalchangeswhichoccurindiseasesarecomplicatedandchangeable,theycanstillbesummarizedasexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang.Tobemoreconcrete，”yangexcessleadstoheatsyndromewhileyinexcesscausescoldsyndrome";”yangdeficiencyresultsincoldsyndromewhileyindeficiencycausesheatsyndromes”;"yangdeficiencyaffectsyinwhileyindeficiencyaffectsyang."

中醫(yī)認(rèn)為陰陽不調(diào)是疾病的基本病理改變之一。疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展與正邪兩方面因素有關(guān).盡管疾病的病理改變變幻復(fù)雜，但始終能歸結(jié)為陰陽的虛實。更具體的說就是“陽盛則熱,陰盛則寒；陽虛則寒，陰虛則熱；陽損及陰，陰損及陽”。

4。ServingastheGuidetoDiagnosisandTreatment4.指導(dǎo)診斷與治療

Astheimbalancebetweenyinandyangistherootcausefortheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofadisease，allclinicalmanifestations，nomatterhowcomplicatedandchangeabletheyare,canbeexplainedwiththeaidofyin—yangtheory。SoTCMholds，"Askilleddiagnostician，firstofall，differentiatesbetweenyinandyangwhenobservingthecomplexionandfeelingthepulse."Indifferentiatingsyndromes，althoughtherearetheeightprincipalsyndromes，namely，yin,yang,interior,exterior，cold，heat,deficiencyandexcess.Yinandyangareregardedasthegeneralprinciplesamongtheeightones.Accordingtotheyin-yangtheory，exterior,heatandexcesspertaintoyang；whileinterior,coldanddeficiencypertaintoyin.Whentreatingadisease，TCMfirstdeterminesthetherapeuticprinciples,andthenpreponderanceofyangbelongstoexcess-heatsyndrome。Itshouldbetreatedwithcold-natureddrugsinordertoinhibitexcessiveyang,i。e,tocooltheheat.Coldsyndromecausedbypreponderanceofyinbelongstocold-excesssyndrome。Itshouldbetreatedwithhot—natureddrugssoastorestrainexcessiveyin，i.e.,toheatthecold.Asbothsyndromesaboveareexcesssyndromes，thistherapeuticprincipleiscalled”treatingexcesssyndromeswiththepurgation"。Deficiency—coldsyndromecausedbyyangdeficiency,shouldbetreatedwiththedrugswarmandtonicinnaturetorelieveexcessiveyin。ThisissaidinTCM，”restrainingpredominantyinbyreinforcingyang，”alsoknownas”treatingyangforyindiseases。"TheinteriorheatsyndromeresultingfromyindeficiencybelongstoDeficiency-heatsyndrome,whichshouldbetreatedwiththedrugsofnourishingyinandreplenishingfluidssoastorestrictexcessiveyang,thisiswhatisknowninTCM,”restrainingpredominantyangbystrengthening(renal腎）yin，”alsocalled"treatingyinforyangdiseases."

由于陰陽不調(diào)是疾病發(fā)生和發(fā)展的根源，所有的臨床癥狀,無論其有多么變幻復(fù)雜,都能用陰陽理論加以解釋。所以中醫(yī)認(rèn)為“善醫(yī)者，必先察色按脈，以別陰陽”.在辨證中，雖然有八綱即陰陽、表里、寒熱、虛實，但總以陰陽為總綱。根據(jù)陰陽理論，表、熱、實屬于陽，里、寒、虛屬于陰。中醫(yī)治療疾病時首先確定治療原則.陽盛則產(chǎn)生實熱證,應(yīng)投以寒性藥以抑亢陽，如熱者寒之。陰盛導(dǎo)致的寒證屬于實寒證，應(yīng)投以熱性藥,以化實陰，如寒者熱之。以上的證候?qū)儆趯嵶C，治療原則為“實者泄之”.陽虛導(dǎo)致的虛寒證應(yīng)投以溫補之藥以化實陰。這在中醫(yī)稱為“益火之源，以消陰翳"，亦為“陰病治陽”。陰虛引起的內(nèi)熱證屬于虛熱證,應(yīng)投以滋補陰液之藥以抑亢陽，這就是中醫(yī)所說的“壯水之主，以制陽光"，亦稱為“陽病治陰”。

ZhangJingyuethoughtthat,intreatingdeficiencyofyinoryang,drugstonifyingbothyinandyangshouldbeused，becauseyinandyangareinterdependent。Therefore,reducingtheexcessiveandreplenishthedeficientcanadjustexcessordeficiencybetweenyinoryangandrestorethebalancebetweenthem。

張景岳認(rèn)為,治療陰虛或陽虛應(yīng)該同時應(yīng)用滋陰和扶陽的藥物,因為陰陽是相互依存的.因此,補虛瀉實適用于陰虛或陽虛之證，從而使陰陽重新建立平衡.

Theyin-yangtheoryisusedinnotonlydeterminingdiagnosticprinciplesbutsummarizingthenature，flavorandactionofmedicinalherbs。Thusprovidingatheoreticalbasisfortheclinicalapplicationofherbs。

陰陽理論不僅可用于診斷原則的確立,并可用于對藥物的性質(zhì)、氣味和功效進行總結(jié),從而為臨床用藥提供理論基礎(chǔ)。

Intermsofthemedicinalnature，herbswithcoldnaturebelongtoyinandthosewithwarmandhotnaturepertaintoyang。Asconcernstheflavors,herbsthataresour，bitterandsaltybelongtoyinandthosethatareacrid,sweetandblandpertaintoyang。Intermsofactions，herbswithastringent,descendingandsinkingactionsbelongtoyin，whilethosewithdispersing,ascendingandfloatingactionspertaintoyang。

就藥物的性質(zhì)而言，寒性藥屬于陰，溫?zé)崴帉儆陉?。就氣味而言，酸、苦、咸味藥屬于陰，辛辣、甜、淡味藥屬于陽。就藥物的功效而?具有收斂、沉降功效的藥物屬陰，具有發(fā)散、升浮功效的藥物屬陽。

Tosumup，theprincipleoftreatmentshouldbeestablishedinthelightoftheexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang，andthenrelevant(相關(guān)的)herbsshouldbeselectedaccordingtotheattribution（歸因）ofyinoryangandtheirfunctions.Soandsoonlycanimbalanceofyinandyangbeputright,andeventually,theaimofcuringdiseasesisattained。

總而言之，治療原則的確立必須以陰陽虛實為根據(jù),相應(yīng)藥物的選擇也必須依其陰陽歸屬及功效而定.所以，只有明確陰陽不調(diào)，才能最終達到治愈疾病的目的。

Specialphrases特殊詞組

treating。。。with...“治法+證名”＝“……者……之"

treatingexcesssyndromewithpurgationpurgingexcess實者泄之

treatingdeficiencysyndromewithinvigoration，(orinvigoratingdeficiency)虛者補之

treatingcoldsyndromewithhot—natureddrugs，（orheatingthecold）寒者熱之

treatingheatsyndromewithcold-natureddrugs,(orcoolingtheheat）熱者寒之PartFive：THEFIVE－ELEMENTTHEORY—NATURALPHILOSOPHYINANCIENTCHINA

第五部分：五行學(xué)說-中國古代自然哲學(xué)觀Thefiveelementsrefertowood,fire，earth,metal,andwaterandtheirmotions.ThefiveelementtheoryresultedfromtheobservationsandstudiesofthenaturalworldbytheancientChinesepeopleinthecourseoftheirlivesandproductivelabor.Sinceancienttime，wood，fire,earth,metalandwaterhavebeenconsideredasbasicsubstancestoconstitutetheuniverseandtheyarealsoindispensableforlife。Zuo'sInterpretationoftheSpringandAutumnAnnals（ZuoZhuan)says：”Thefivekindsofmaterialsinnatureareallusedbypeople。Noneofthemcannotbedispensedwith".AnotherclassicalworkShangshustates:”waterandfireareusedforcooking,metalandwoodareusedforcultivatingandearthgivesbirthtoallthings,whichareusedbypeople?！盩hesefivekindsofsubstancesareoftherelationshipsofgenerationandrestrictionandareinconstantmotionandchange.InTCMthefive-elementtheory,asatheoreticaltool，isusedtoexplainandexpounddifferentkindsofmedicalproblemsbyanalogizinganddeducingtheirpropertiesandinterrelations。Italsousedtoguideclinicaldiagnosisandtreatment.Thetheory，likethetheoryofyin—yang,hasbecomeanimportantcomponentofthetheoreticalsystemofTCM.五行指的是木、火、土、金、水和它們的運動。五行理論來自于古代中國人民在生活和生產(chǎn)