翻譯三級(jí)筆譯綜合能力模擬11

翻譯三級(jí)筆譯綜合能力模擬11ⅠVocabularyandGrammarThissectionconsistsof3parts.Readthedirectionsofeachpar（江南博哥）tbeforeansweringthequestions.

Thetimeforthissectionis25minutes.Part1VocabularySelection

Inthispart,thereare20incompletestatements.Beloweachstatement,thereare4choicesrespectivelymarkedbylettersA,B,C,andD．Choosethewordorphrasewhichbestcompleteseachstatement.ThereisonlyONErightanswer.1.

Therehasbeena______increaseintheform'ssales.A.minorB.marginalC.nugatoryD.peripheral正確答案：B

2.

Peoplehadbeenconsciousoftheproblembefore,butthenewbookmadethemawareofits______.A.multitudeB.magnitudeC.altitudeD.latitude正確答案：B

3.

Amirageisanoptical______.A.allusionB.delusionC.elusionD.illusion正確答案：D

4.

Hefeltinsultedatthecommentthathiswritingwasall______.A.junkB.pollutantC.garbageD.waste正確答案：A

5.

TheEmpireStateBuildingwas______onagranderscalethanpreviousskyscrapers.A.executedB.conceivedC.restrainedD.applauded正確答案：B

6.

Iboughtanewsweaterinanewly-openclothes-market.Butwhatapityitwasthatthesweater______whenIwashedit.A.shrankB.contractedC.shortenedD.condensed正確答案：A

7.

Becauseofthestrongsunthenewsitting-roomcurtainshave______fromdarkbluetogrey.A.faintedB.bleachedC.paledD.faded正確答案：D

8.

Corporationsandlaborunionshave______greatbenefitsupontheiremployeesandmembersaswellasuponthegeneralpubliC．A.conferredB.grantedC.flungD.submitted正確答案：A

9.

Amanhastomake______forhisoldagebyputtingasideenoughmoneytolivewhenolD．A.supplyB.assuranceC.provisionD.adjustment正確答案：C

10.

Thereturnsintheshort______maybesmall,butoveranumberofyearstheinvestmentwillbewellrepaiD．A.intervalB.rangeC.spanD.term正確答案：D

11.

Iamnot______withmyroommate,butIhavetosharetheroomwithher,becauseIhavenowheretolive.A.concernedB.compatibleC.considerateD.complied正確答案：B

12.

Thejudgeruledthattheevidencewasinadmissibleonthegroundsthatitwas______totheissueathand．A.irrationalB.unreasonableC.invalidD.irrelevant正確答案：D

13.

______tosomepartsofSouthAmericaisstilldifficult,becausepartsofthecontinentarestillcoveredwiththickforests.A.OrientationB.AccessC.ProcessionD.Voyage正確答案：B

14.

Themovementofthemoonconvenientlyprovidedtheunitofmonth,whichwas______.fromonenewmoontothenext.A.measuredB.reckonedC.judgedD.assessed正確答案：D

15.

Foreigndisinvestmentandthe______ofSouthAfricafromworldcapitalmarketsafter1985furtherweakeneditseconomy.A.displacementB.eliminationC.exclusionD.exception正確答案：C

16.

Therestaurantisfrequently______bytouristsbecauseofitsfamouscooking.A.patronizedB.servicedC.utilizedD.congregated正確答案：A

17.

Althoughtheratesarehighincomparisonwithothermodesoftransport,thesavingsininsuranceandpackingcostshelpto______this.A.compensateforB.wardoffC.interferewithD.ensuefrom正確答案：A

18.

______,IpickedupthephoneandrangmysisterinAustraliA．A.OffimpulseB.OnguardC.OffguardD.Onimpulse正確答案：D

19.

Medicalscientistsare______abreakthroughincancerresearch.A.strivingforB.strugglingagainstC.fightingagainstD.contendingfor正確答案：A

20.

Idon't______buildingtheparknearajet-port,whichmightmakepeoplesufferfromdefectivehearing.A.subscribetoB.ascribetoC.describetoD.contributeto正確答案：A

Part2VocabularyReplacementThispartconsistsof15sentences;ineachsentenceonewordorphraseisunderlineD．Beloweachsentence,thereare4choicesrespectivelymarkedbylettersA,B,C,andD．Choosethewordorphrasethatcanreplacetheunderlinedpartwithoutcausingan3,grammaticalerrororchangingtheprincipalmeaningofthesentence.ThereisonlyONErightanswer.1.

Thedestitutefamilyisgivenanallowance.A.impoverishedB.anomalousC.scandalousD.perpetual正確答案：A

2.

Frostbittenfingersandtoesshouldbetreatedwithlukewarmwater.A.frigidB.tepidC.boilingD.steamy正確答案：B

3.

In1937EleanorRoosevelt,whowasadiscemingstateswomaninherownright,becamethefirstwifeofaUnitedStatesPresidenttoholdapressconference.A.perceptiveB.controversialC.generousD.respected正確答案：A

4.

Somephysicistshaveproposedthatsunspotsandsolarwindhavenegligibleeffectsontheearth'sweather.A.undeterminedB.insignificantC.unusualD.indisputable正確答案：B

5.

GianthorneddinosaursliketriceratopswereprobablyamongthefavoritepreyoftheferociousTyrannosaurusrex.A.fierceB.giganticC.prehistoricD.piyeous正確答案：A

6.

OneoutoffivebridgesintheUnitedStatesisoutmoded.A.incessantB.intimateC.obsoleteD.concrete正確答案：C

7.

Atfirst,thedeliveryofcolorpicturesoveralongdistanceseemedimpossible,but,withpainstakingeffortsandatgreatexpenses,itbecameareality.A.transactionB.transmissionC.transitionD.transformation正確答案：B

8.

Iwasunawareofthecriticalpointsinvolved,somychoicewasquiteassumptive.A.rationalB.arbitraryC.plausibleD.excessive正確答案：B

9.

Hestoodaside,registeringthevivacityoftheschoollife.A.magnificenceB.confrontationC.animationD.panorama正確答案：C

10.

Thereremains,ofcourse,theriskofcapitaldepreciation.A.depressionB.devaluationC.deprivationD.devastation正確答案：B

11.

ThePolynesians,whocolonizedHawaiisometimebetweenA．D．500andA．D．1000,foundusesformanyindigenousplants.A.tropicalB.simpleC.nativeD.strange正確答案：C

12.

Alaskaboastsofseveralclimatesduetoitsloftymountains,warmoceancurrentsandfrozenseA．A.toweringB.countlessC.ruggedD.ageless正確答案：A

13.

Youmustbetired,buttrytohangontillallthework'sfinished．A.stopworkingB.keepworkingC.waitD.rest正確答案：B

14.

Sheallbutfaintedwhensheheardthenews.A.alloverB.seeminglyC.almostD.obviously正確答案：C

15.

Thoughsheisn'tBritishbybirth,she'sBritishcitizenbyvirtueofhermarriagetoanEnglishman.A.onaccountofB.dependingonC.bymeansofD.judgingfrom正確答案：C

Part3ErrorsCorrectionThispartconsistsof15sentences;ineachsentencethereisanunderlinedpartthatindicatesanerror.Beloweachsentence,thereare4choicesrespectivelymarkedbylettersA,B,C,andD．ChoosethewordorphrasethatcanreplacetheunderlinedpartsothattheerroriscorrecteD．ThereisonlyONErightanswer.1.

Tobeequaltootherthings,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.A.WereotherthingsequalB.OtherthingstobeequalC.OtherthingsbeingequalD.Beingequaltootherthings正確答案：C

2.

Wehavebeentoldthatundernocircumstanceswemayusethetelephoneintheofficeforpersonalaffairs.A.mayweuseB.weshoulduseC.didweuseD.wecoulduse正確答案：A

3.

Eventhoughtheyhadbeenlivingsidebysidefortwentyyears,thetwoneighborsarenotveryfriendlytoeachother.A.hadlivedB.havebeenlivingC.havingbeenlivedD.havingbeenliving正確答案：B

4.

ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeansmakingtrouble.A.tomakeB.tohavemadeC.tohavingmadeD.havingmade正確答案：A

5.

Inspiteofrelativelycostly,thedieselengineishighlyefficientandneedsservicinginfrequently.A.DespiteB.ItisC.ThereisD.Eventhough正確答案：D

6.

Uniformaccelerationoccursaccordingtotherateofchangeremainsthesameoversuccessiveandequalintervalsoftime.A.ifB.underC.becauseofD.nomatter正確答案：A

7.

Onewhodesiresandimpulsesarenothisownhasnocharacter.A.hisB.whoseC.whomD.ofwhom正確答案：B

8.

Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgohavingbeenunrecordedbythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimshavereportedthem.A.unrecordedB.tobeunrecordedC.havebeenunrecordedD.tohavebeenunrecorded正確答案：A

9.

Hedoesn'toftenagreewithme.Hethinksdifferentfromme.A.differenttoB.differentwithC.differentlyfromD.differentlyto正確答案：C

10.

JapanisintheeastofChina．A.atB.toC.onD.by正確答案：B

11.

ProfessorLee'sbookwillshowyouhowyouhaveobservedthatcanbeusedinothercontexts.A.thatyouhaveobservedB.thathowyouhaveobservedC.howthatyouhaveobservedD.howwhatyouhaveobserved正確答案：D

12.

Supposingyoucan'twrite,whatwouldyoudo?A.maynotB.couldn'tC.areunableD.wouldn't正確答案：B

13.

Butforhishelp,Iwouldn'tsucceedeD．A.wouldn'thaveB.hadn'tC.didn'tD.haven't正確答案：A

14.

IhavekeptthatportraitwhenIcanseeiteveryday,asitalwaysremindsmeofmyuniversitydaysinCambridge.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.whether正確答案：B

15.

Passmethebutter,don'tyou？A.willB.won'tC.doD.wouldn't正確答案：A

ⅡReadingComprehensionInthissectionyouwillfindaftereachofthepassagesanumberofquestionsorunfinishedstatementsaboutthepassage,eachwith4(A,B,CandD)choicestocompletethestatement.Youmustchoosetheonewhichyouthinkfitsbest.Thetimeforthissectionis75minutes.

Sen.JohnF.Kerry's11-daymini-campaignonthethemeofnationalsecurityappearsunlikelytoproducesensationalheadlinesorseizethecountry'sattention—whichis,onbalance,tohiscredit.AtamomentwhenthecrisisinIraqdominatesthenationaldiscussion,Mr.KerryisresistingthetemptationtodistinguishhimselffromPresidentBushwithboldbutirresponsibleproposalstoabandonthemission,eventhoughthatcourseisfavoredbymanyinhisparty.Norhasheadoptedthenear-hystericalrhetoricofformervicepresidentA1Gore,whohastakentodescribingIraqasthegreateststrategiccatastropheinAmericanhistoryandcallingUShandlingofforeigndetaineesan"Americangulag."

Instead,Mr.KerryisintheprocessofsettingoutwhatlookslikeasoberandsubstantialaltemativetoMr.Bush'sforeignpolicy,onethatcorrectlyidentifiestheincumbent'sgreatestfailingswhileacceptingthebasicimperativesofthewarthatwasforcedonthecountryonSept.11,2001.InhisopeningspeechonthesubjectThursday,Mr.KerryreiteratedoneofthecentraltenetsofMr.Bush'spolicy:Lawlessstatesandterroristsarmedwithweaponsofmassdestructionpresent"thesinglegreatestthreattooursecurity."HesaidthatifanattackontheUnitedStateswithunconventionalweapons"appearsimminentIwilldowhateverisnecessarytostopit"and"nevercedeoursecuritytoanyone"—formulationsthattakehimclosetoMr.Bush'spreemptiondoctrine.

YetMr.Kerryfocusedmuchattentiononthepresident'sforemostweakness,hismismanagementofUSalliances.TheBushadministration,hecharged,"bulliedwhentheyshouldhavepersuadeD．Theyhavegoneitalonewhentheyshouldhaveassembledateam."NotonlyisthetruthofthatcritiqueglaringlyevidentinIraqandelsewhere,butMr.Kerryisalsorighttosuggestthatrepairingandreversingthedamageprobedwillrequireanewpresident.ThoughMr.BushhasbelatedlychangedcourseinresponsetohisserialfailuresinIraq,thereisnoevidencethathewouldpursueamoremultilateralforeignpolicyifreelected．

Mr.Kerry'spromiseto"launchandleadaneweraofalliancesforthepost9/11world"neverthelessdoesnotadduptoastrategybyitself.TensionsbetweentheUnitedStatesandcountriessuchasFrance,GermanyandSouthKoreapredateGeorgeW.Bushandwillnotdisappearifheleavesoffice;leadersinthosenationshavetheirownambitionstochallengeorcontainAmericanpower.Strongalliancesrequireacommonstrategicvision—andthevisionofferedsofarbyMr.Kerryisrelativelynarrow.HisThursdayspeechfocusedoncombatingthreatsandonreducingdependenceonMiddleEastoil;thisweekhewillsetoutpoliciestoblockthespreadofnuclearweapons.ButhehashadlittletosayaboutthegoodthattheUnitedStatesshouldseektoaccomplishintheworlD．InaninterviewFriday,thecandidatestressedthathehassetoutthe"architecture"ofhisforeignpolicyandwilltalkmoreaboutgoalsandvaluesincomingweeks.ThusfarhehasspokenmoreaboutprotectingAmericancompaniesandworkersfromforeigncompetition—somethingthathardlypromotesalliances—thanaboutfosteringdemocracyintheMiddleEastorhelpingpoornationsdevelop.

TheemergingKerryplatformsuggeststhatultimatelyhewouldadoptmanyofthesamegoalsasMr.Bush.InhislatestspeechherightlywarnedoftheterribleconsequencesoffailureinIraqand,likeMr.Bush,embracedelectionsandthetrainingofIraqisecurityforcesasthebestwayforwarD．HisproposalforaU.N.highcommissionerrepresentsaslightupgradeonthedeferencealreadygivenbytheWhiteHousetoU.N.representativeLakhdarBrahimi;hiscallforaNATO-ledmilitarymissionalreadyhasbeenaggressivelypursuedbytheBushadministration,withpoorresults.Thereare,infact,fewresponsiblealternativestotheadministration'scourse.Mr.Kerry'sargumentisthathehasabetterchanceofmakingitwork.It'snotaboldoffertovoters—butit'sprobablythefightone.1.

ThefactthatMr.KerrydidnotproposetoabandontheIraqmissionmight______.A.leavehiminadisadvantagedpositioninthecampaignB.resultinadrawagainstPresidentBushinthecampaignC.dohimgoodinsteadofharminthecampaignD.bringaboutageneraldisappointmentamongthepublic正確答案：C

2.

Thesecondparagraphsuggeststhat______.A.Mr.KerryandMr.BushbothsupportthewaronterrorismB.Mr.KerryandMr.BushhaveverydifferentviewsonnationalsecurityissuesC.Mr.KerryprefersamoresoberandsubstantialforeignpolicythanMr.BushD.Mr.Kerryhasnothingnewtoofferinhisopeningspeech正確答案：A

3.

Mr.Kerry'sattackagainstthepresidentfocusedon______.A.thelatter'suseofforceagainstIraqB.thedifficultyinreassemblingUSalliancesC.theneedofanewpresidentindirectingtheIraqmissionD.thelatter'spracticeofunilateralism正確答案：D

4.

Intheauthor'sview,the"goodthattheUSshouldseektoaccomplishintheworld"mightbe______.A.creatingastrongalliancewithFrance,GermanyandSouthKoreaB.combatingthreatsandreducingdependenceonMiddleEastoilC.fosteringdemocracyintheMiddleEastorhelpingpoornationsdevelopD.protectingAmericancompaniesandworkersfromforeigncompetition正確答案：C

5.

Theauthorseemstosuggestthat______.A.onlywhenMr.KerryisinpowercanwejudgewhetherheisrightinhispoliciesB.Mr.KerryhasnotmadepowerfulproposalsinfavorofhiselectioncampaignagainstMr.BushC.Mr.KerryalwaysfollowsMr.BushinhisforeignpolicyguidelinesD.Mr.Bushisstillleadinginthecampaign正確答案：B

Thetermcontrolishighly—andunjustifiably—unpopular.Someofitsunpopularitycanbetracedtoeducationalandphilosophicalwritingsthathaveaddressedissuesoffreedom,self-determination,self-worth,individuality,andotherhumanisticconcerns—concernsoftenequatedwithliberalandpermissivechild-rearingandeducationalmethods.Theyaretheconcernsthatdefinethespiritofthesetimes.Noteacherwantstobenonliberalandrestrictive.Andthereislittledoubtthatthedeliberateexerciseofcontrolisrestrictive.Iscontrolthereforeunethical?

Thereis,ofcourse,nosimpleanswer,fftherewere,therewouldbelittlecontroversy,andbehavioristsandhumanistswouldhavemuchlesstodisagreeabout.

Consider,first,thatcontrolisnotonlyinevitablebutalsonecessary.Thereisnodoubtthatteachers,byvirtueoftheirpositionandbyvirtueoftheirduties,havecontrol.Indeed,itisnotatallunreasonabletoinsistthattheexerciseofcontrolisoneoftheteacher'smostimportantduties.Wearenotspeakinghereofafear-enforcedcontrolthatmighthavebeencharacteristicofsomeofyesterday'sschools.Controlcanbeachieved,oratleastfacilitated,inavarietyofgentleways,someofwhichcanbelearned．

Parentstoocontroltheirchildren(oratleasttry),oftenbysettinglimitsfortheirbehavior.Partofthesuccessfulsocializationprocessrequiresthatchildrenbepreventedfromengaginginbehaviorsthatmightbeinjurioustothemselvesortoothers.Thus,parentsdonotpermittheirchildrentoplaywiththedinnerasitiscookingonthestove,toinsertknivesintoelectricaloutlets,tojumpoffladders,ortoswimindangerouswaters.Lessextremeinstancesofcontrolinvolvetheteachingofsociallyappropriatebehavior,ofvaluesandmorals—of"shoulds"and"shouldnots".Itislessbyaccidentthanbyvirtueofparentalcontrolthatchildrenlearnnottodefacewall,stealotherpeople'sproperty,orkilltheneighbor'sgod．Inshort,certainstandardsofbehaviorarelearnedatleastpartlyasafunctionofparentalcontrol.Whetherthatcontrolinvolvesreinforcement,punishment,models,reasoning,oracombinationoftheseandotherstrategies,wecannotavoidthefactthatcontrolisbeingexercised．

Theclassroomsituationisnotreallyverydifferent.Teachershaveoftenbeendescribedasacting[inlocoparentis]—intheplaceofparents.Moreprecisely,teachershavebeenurgedtoactinallwaysasmightawise,judicious,andlovingparent.Andthereis,infact,nogreatincompatibilitybetweenvaluesheldinhighestesteembythosewhodescribethemselvesashumanisticallyorientedandthetechniquesofbehaviorcontrolthathavebeendescribedbyscience.Love,empathy,warmth,genuineness,andhonestycangoalongwaytowardensuringaclassroomclimatecorducivetoandlearninganddevelopment.Inspiteofthesehighlydesirablequalities,however,disciplineproblemsarenotuncommoninclassrooms.Thatteachersshouldjudiciouslyadministerrewardsandpunishmentinanefforttomaintainaneffectiveeducationalenvironmentdoesnotmeanthattheycarelessfortheirstudents;indeed,inmightwellindicatethattheycaremore.6.

Thepassageindicatesthatthecurrenteducationalspiritischaracterizedby______.A.unjustifiedcontrolB.unpopularityC.liberalandpermissiveeducationalmethodsD.deliberateexerciseofrestrictions正確答案：C

7.

Whichofthefollowingmightbehavioristsagreewith?A.Studentsshouldnotbegrantedtoomuchfreedom.B.Educationalenvironmentsshouldensurethatstudents'individualityisfullypromoteD．C.Teachersarenottocontrol,buttopracticetheirduties.D.Parentsarenothumanisticenoughtowardstheirchildren'seducation.正確答案：A

8.

Instancesofparentalcontrolprovidedinthepassageareaimedat______.A.justifyingtheeducationaluseofcontrolB.informingeducationalistsofwhatisthefightthingtodointheeducationofchildrenC.persuadingthepublicoftheimportanceofethicseducationD.assessingwhetherparentsorteachersaremoreimportantintheeducationofchildren正確答案：A

9.

Itisindicatedinthepassagethat______.A.teachershavenotbeenactinginthesamewaysaslovingparentsB.scientificuseofcontrolisofnobigcontradictiontohumanisticallyorientedapproachesinchildren'seducationC.disciplineproblemscannotbesolvedinhumanisticwaysD.punishmentadministeredbytheteacherisindicativeofcareforthechildren正確答案：B

10.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeanappropriatetitleforthepassage?A.ControlorLiberty?B.Teacher'sControlorParent'sRestriction?C.TheEthicsofControlD.HowtoUseControlScientifically?正確答案：C

Davis,California,likemanyotherAmericancities,hasbeenthreatenedbyuncheckedgrowth,swarmingautomobiles,andsteeplyrisingenergycosts.Butunliketownsandcitieswhichleaveenergypolicytothefederalgovernmentorenergycorporations,thecitizensofDavishaveactedontheirown.

Afterlengthydebate,Davis'CityCouncilmovedtocurbgrowth.Itturnedagainsttheautomobileandembracedthebicycleasameansoftransport.Itsponsoredaninquiryintoenergyusesandendorsedaseriesofmeasuresaimedatreducingenergyconsumptionbyasmuchasonehalf.Itcutbacktheuseofpetroleum-derivedpesticidesonthethousandsoftreesandshrubsthatshadethecity'sstreets,adoptinginsteadapolicyofbiologicalcontrolforinsects.Thecity'sowncarsandtruckshavebeentransformedintoafleetofcompactvehicles.WhenaDavisemployeehastogetaroundtown,heborrowsabikefromthecityrack.Davisevenpassedalawformallyandsolemnlysanctioningtheclothesline.

ThecitizensofDavishavebeeninvolvedinprogressivecityplanningandenergyconservationsince1968,whentheypersuadedtheCityCounciltofacilitatebicycletransportationbydevelopingasystemofbikeways.TheCity'sgeneralplanfordevelopment,drawnupin1972,wasbasedonquestionnairesdistributedtoresidents.

Whenasurveyofresidentsshowedthatautomobilesrepresented50percentofenergyconsumptionandspaceheatingandcoolingaccountedfor25percent,transportationandbuildingconstructionbecameimportantfocalpointsintheDavisplan.

Armedwithsurveyinformationrevealingthatabuilding'seast-westorientationonthelot,aswellasitsinsulation,windowarea,roofandwallcolors,overhangshading,andotherfactorsgreatlyinfluencedspaceheatingandcoolingneeds,theCityCouncildrewupabuildingconstructioncodewhichgreatlyreducedthecostofwinterheatingandeliminatestheneedforairconditioningevenonDavis'hottest(114°)day.Todemonstratetolocalbuildersanddevelopersmethodsforcomplyingwiththenewcode,Davisbuilttwomodelsolarhomes,asingle-familydwellingwhichtakesadvantageofnaturalsouthernexposuresunlightandaduplexadaptabletodifficultsitingsituationswheredirectsunlightisblocked．ManyofDavis'measuressimplyfacilitatenaturalsolarheatingorsun-shading.Wheremostcommunitiesrequirethatfencesbebuiltclosetohouses,Davisrealizedthatpracticemeantblockingwintersunlight.NewfencesinDavismustbeplacedclosertothestreet,givingresidentsthebenefitofnaturalsolarheatinwinter.Reducingrequiredstreetwidthsprovidesmoreshadeandsavesasphalttoboot.

Davis'otherenergyconservingmovesrunthegamut—fromacityordinanceencouragingcottageindustry(tocutdownoncommutingandtheneedfornewofficebuildingconstruction)toplantingevergreensoncitystreetstoreduceleafpickupinthefall,fromabanonnon-solarswimmingpoolheaterstoarecyclingcenterthatsupportsitselfbyselling$3,000worthofrecyclablesamonth.11.

ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatDavis'CityCouncilfeltthat______.A.bicyclesarehealthfulbecausetheypromotephysicalfitnessB.controlofautomobiletrafficisanessentialpartofenergymanagementC.Daviscitizensarealwaysreadytodothemostmodem,up-to-datethingD.surveyresultsshouldalwaysdeterminelegislativeactions正確答案：B

12.

WhydidDavisbuildmodelsolarhomesinsteadofjustone?A.Toshowwhattheycoulddowhentheyputtheirmindstoit.B.Toshowthateventhehottestdayscouldbemasteredwithoutairconditioning.C.Todemonstratethatevenmultipledwellingindifficultlocationscouldbesolarpowered．D.Toindicatethatothercitieswereinadequatetothejob．正確答案：C

13.

Thepurposeofthisarticleisprobablyto______.A.congratulateDavisontheirfineworkB.helpDavisspreadtheirmessageC.chidethefederalgovernmentfornotdoingenoughtohelpcitieslikeDavisD.holdupDavisasanexampletoothercities正確答案：D

14.

ItappearsthatDavisis______.A.a"goodoldAmericantown"B.committedtosocialjusticeC.amedium-to-small-sizecityD.blessedbyastrongradicalelementinthepopulation正確答案：C

Theincome-taxdeadlineapproachesandsometaxpayers'thoughtsturntoit.Testtimeapproachesandsomestudents'thoughtsturntoit.Temptationappearsandsomespousesconsiderit.Nowadays,cheatingisontherise."Youwantsomethingyoucan'tgetbybehavingwithintherules,andyouwantitbadlyenough,you'lldoitregardlessofanyguiltorregret,andyou'rewillingtoruntheriskofbeingcaught."That'showLaddWheeler,psychologyprofessorattheUniversityofRochesterinNewYork,definescheating.

Cheatingrepresentsthetriumphofthe"BrazenRule"overthe"GoldenRule",saysTerryPinkard,philosophyprofessoratGeorgetownUniversityinWashingtonD．C．"TheGoldenRulesays,Dountoothersasyouwouldhavethemdountoyou.'TheBrazenRulesays,Dountoothersastheywoulddountoyouiftheywereinyourplace.'"Manyexpertsbelievecheatingisontherise."We'reseeingmoreofthekindofpersonwhoregardstheworldasaseriesofthingstobemanipulated．Whethertocheatdependsonwhetherit'sintheperson'sinterest."Hedoes,however,seelesscheatingamongtheyoungeststudents.

RichardDienslbier,psychologyprofessorattheUniversityofNebraskainLincoln,believesthatsociety'sattitudesaccountformuchoftheriseincheating."Twentyyearsago,ifapersoncheatedincollege,societysaid:'Thatisextremelyserious;youwillbedroppedforasemesterifnotkickedoutpermanently,'"hesays."Nowadays,attheUniversityofNebraska,forexample,itisthestatedpolicyoftheCollegeofArtsandSciencesthatifastudentcheatsonanexam,thestudentmustreceivean'F'onwhathecheatedon.That'snothing.Ifyou'regoingtofailanyway,whynotcheat?"

Cheatingisunethical,Pinkardsays,whetherit'smassivefraudorfailuretotellastorecashieryouwereundercharged．"You'retreatingotherpeoplemerelyasameansforyourownends.You'reusingpeopleinwaystheywouldnotconsentto.Thecheatersays,'Leteverybodyelsebeartheburden,andI'llreapthebenefits.'"

Cheatersusuallytrytojustifytheiractions,saysRohertHogan,chairmanofthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofTulsainOklahoma．"Theyneverthinkit'stheirfault."Cheatersmakejustificationsbecausetheywanttofeelgoodaboutthemselves,addsWheeler."Theydon'twanttolabelthemselvesasacheater.Also,theymaybeanticipatingthepossibilityofgettingcaught,sotheyworkontheirexcuseaheadoftime."Themostcommonjustifications,psychologistssay,include:

"Ihadtodoit."

"Thetestwasunfair."

"Everybodydoesit,andIhavetocheattogetwhat'srightfullymine."

"Thegovernmentwastesthemoneyanyway."

"Mywife(orhusband)doesn'tunderstandme,andwe'vegrownapart."

Cheatingismostlikelyinsituationwherethestakesarehighandthechancesofgettingcaughtarelow,sayssocialpsychologistLynnKahleoftheUniversityofOregoninEugene.Inhisstudy,agroupoffreshmenwereallowedtogradetheirowntests,whilesecret,pressuresensitivepaperindicatedwhochangedanswers.Toraisethepressure,studentsweregivenanextremelyhighscoresasthe"average"forthetestandtoldthatthosewhofailedwouldgobeforeaninquiringboardofp