Unit1ANewStartUsinglanguageGrammar句子成分和基本句型課件高中英語

第一章句子成分與基本句型高考英語語法核心語法詞類動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)非謂語動(dòng)詞定語從句名詞性從句狀語從句邊緣語法虛擬語氣情態(tài)動(dòng)詞倒裝句省略句強(qiáng)調(diào)句八種句子成分簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句簡單句八種基本句型句子成分與基本句型Lesson35句子成分和基本句型

組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分。根據(jù)各部分在句子中所起的作用，可以把句子成分分為主語、謂語、賓語、表語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語等。不同句子成分構(gòu)成不同的句型。

一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)就是一個(gè)句子。通常，主語和謂語是句子必不可少的兩個(gè)組成部分，祈使句可省略主語。1什么叫句子？句子成分

定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主語（subject）和謂語（predicate）次要成分：表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial)、同位語（appositive)補(bǔ)足語（complement）、I

met

mybest

friend

Tom

atthestationyesterday.↓主語↓謂語↓定語↓賓語↓同位語↓狀語名詞代詞數(shù)詞動(dòng)詞不定式1.1主語（subject）動(dòng)名詞Smokingisbadforhealth.主語從句Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.WhatImeanistoworkharder.Applesaremyfavoritefruit.Iloveyou.

Twoplustwoequalsfour.主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體（什么人，什么事），一般位于句首。由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的成分來充當(dāng)。1.Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.2.Shewentoutinahurry.3.Fourplusfouriseight.4.Toseeistobelieve.5.Smokingisbadforhealth.6.Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.7.Whathehassaidistrue.挑出下列句中的主語1.Therearetwoboys.2.Whatcanwedo?3.Herecomesthebus.主語一般位于句首。但therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。1.1

主語（subject）01Predicate(謂語)句子中說明主語的動(dòng)作的部分是謂語。

謂語一般在主語之后，謂語中最重要的是謂語動(dòng)詞

(通常由實(shí)義動(dòng)詞充當(dāng))，它有時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)的變化，并受主語人稱和數(shù)的影響。Heplaysbasketball.1.2謂語（predicate)謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)（做什么，是什么，或者怎么樣），一般放在主語之后.只能由動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語充當(dāng)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。

Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、復(fù)合謂語：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.

一個(gè)簡單句有且只有一個(gè)謂語。Gettingup

early

is

good

for

our

health.

√(1)

實(shí)義動(dòng)詞

(行為動(dòng)詞)：具有明確的動(dòng)作和意義。該類動(dòng)詞又可以分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞，不及物動(dòng)詞不接賓語，及物動(dòng)詞接賓語。Iknow

you.

Hecomes.及物動(dòng)詞&不及物動(dòng)詞

及物動(dòng)詞（vt.）不及物動(dòng)詞（vi.）及物動(dòng)詞后必須跟有動(dòng)作的對(duì)象（即賓語）可直接跟賓語。有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。不及物動(dòng)詞后不能直接跟有動(dòng)作的對(duì)象（即賓語）。若要跟賓語，必須先在其后加上某個(gè)介詞。無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如play,visit,see,like,take,give如look,cry,agree,walk,go,happenHevisitedhisgrandparentsyesterday.Pleaselookatthispicturecarefully.(2)助動(dòng)詞幫助謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成不同的時(shí)態(tài)或語態(tài)，或構(gòu)成疑問句，否定句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句。常見助動(dòng)詞有be(am/is/are/was/were),do(does/did),have(has),will。1.Iamplayinggames.2.Iamkilled.3.Doyouknowme?4.Idonotlikeyou.5.Thepolicemanwillfindyou.(3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有一定詞義，表說話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度和看法，表能力，允許，請(qǐng)求，必要性，可能性等。常見情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can/could/may/might/should/must/would等。Ican

do

it.Italkedaboutmycareerplan.Tomcanplaytheviolin.Thefoodtastesdelicious.Theyaremybestfriend.Hedidn’tfinishhishomework.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形系動(dòng)詞-感官動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞-be動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形判斷謂語動(dòng)詞（V）系動(dòng)詞

系動(dòng)詞分類1.狀態(tài)be動(dòng)詞（am/is/are）2.感官look,taste,feel,smell,sound3.變化grow,go,get,become,turn4.持續(xù)Keep,stay,remain5.證明prove6.好像seem,appear口訣：妝感正持續(xù)變好挑出下列句中的謂語WeareChinese.Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill?HecanspeakEnglishwell.Sheistalkingwithhersister.Ihaveseenthismanbefore.名詞代詞數(shù)詞動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)名詞Wealllikereading賓語從句Iwouldliketohelpyou.Ithinkheisright.Sheisplayingthepianonow.Iloveyou.

Twoplustwoequalsfour.賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的成分來充當(dāng)。1.3賓語（object）1.3賓語（object）賓語種類：單賓語Iloveyou.雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語)Lendmeyourdictionary,please.復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.1.Showyourpassport,please.2.Shedidn'tsayanything.3.Howmanydoyouwant?-Iwanttwo.4.Theysenttheinjuredtohospital.5.Theyaskedtoseemypassport.6.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.7.Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（名詞）

(

代詞）(數(shù)詞)(名詞化的形容詞)

（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（句子）挑出下列句中的賓語1.4表語（predicative)表語用來說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)、品性、特征和狀態(tài)，放在連系動(dòng)詞之后。常由名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、從句等充當(dāng)。狀態(tài)系

動(dòng)詞：be動(dòng)詞：am,is,are…表象系動(dòng)詞：seem,appear,prove感官系動(dòng)詞：smell,feel,taste,sound,look…變化系動(dòng)詞：become,get,turn,go,come,grow…持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞：remain,stay,keep…終止系動(dòng)詞：prove,turnout…名詞形容詞數(shù)詞動(dòng)詞不定式1.4表語（predicative)動(dòng)名詞Myhobbyisreading.表語從句HisjobistoteachEnglish.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.HeisaCanadian.Ifeelgoodtoday.

Twoplustwoisfour.表語常由名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、從句等充當(dāng)。副詞Isanybodyin?(二)挑出下列句中的表語--Theoldmanfeltverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.形容詞數(shù)詞、名詞動(dòng)詞不定式1.5定語(attribute)副詞Theboythereismylittlebrother.介詞短語Heisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.Guilinisabeautifulcity.Chinaisadevelopingcountry.

Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.定語是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾作用的詞、短語或句子，名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞、從句等都可以作定語。定語從句Thegirlwhoissmilingismysister.V-ing形式(三)挑出下列句中的定語1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.1.6狀語(adverbial)狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，是說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分。常見的狀語種類：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?時(shí)間狀語2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.原因狀語3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.條件狀語4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.地點(diǎn)狀語5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.方式狀語6.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.伴隨狀語7.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.目的狀語8.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.結(jié)果狀語9.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.

讓步狀語10.Iamtallerthanheis.比較狀語副詞動(dòng)詞不定式V-ing形式Hesatthere,readingabook.介詞短語Heisproudtohavepassedtheexam.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.Lighttravelsmostquickly.狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞、從句等充當(dāng)。狀語從句Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.1.6狀語(adverbial)(五)挑出下列句中的狀語①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.名詞形容詞副詞介詞短語動(dòng)名詞Wesawherenteringtheroom.不定式Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.Mymotherdoesn’tallowustogoouttonight.Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.

Letthefreshairin.補(bǔ)語最常見的是賓語補(bǔ)足語，通常緊跟在賓語之后，對(duì)賓語進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。賓補(bǔ)由形容詞、名詞、副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞、從句等充當(dāng)。1.7補(bǔ)語

(complement)含有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，賓語補(bǔ)足語便成了主語補(bǔ)足語。(四)挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.名詞副詞同位語從句Wejustgot

thenewsthattheyhadwon.MyfriendSueisawriter.

Theytwowantedtogowithus.對(duì)句中某一成分作進(jìn)一步說明或解釋的句子成分叫做同位語。同位語由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞和從句等充當(dāng)。1.8同位語

(Apposition)2.1句子種類兩種分類法1.按句子的用途可分四種：陳述句：Heissixyearsold.（肯定句）Shedoesn’tknowFrench.(否定句）疑問句：Dotheylikeskating?（一般疑問句）Howoldishe?（特殊疑問句）Ishesixorsevenyearsold?（選擇疑問句）Marycanswim,can’tshe?（反意疑問句）祈使句：Becareful,boys.Don’ttalkinclass.感嘆句：Howclevertheboyis!五種簡單句基本句型掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。一：ＳＶ（主＋謂）Myheadaches二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）Thesongsoundsnice三：ＳＶＯ（主＋謂＋賓）ShespeaksFrench.四：ＳＶＯＯ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）Heshowedmeaphoto.五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）Theywon’tletmego.6.主語+謂語+狀語(S+V+A)

Thechildrenstayedintheroom.7.主語+謂語+賓語+狀語(S+V+O+A)

Youshouldforgethimquickly.

存現(xiàn)句TherewasaconcertattheNationalTheatrelastnight.基本句型一：Ｓ│Ｖ（不及物動(dòng)詞）1.Thesun│rose.2.Who│cares?3.Whathesaid│doesnotmatter.4.They│talkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepen│writessmoothly此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等?；揪湫投海萤Γ蜘Γ校ㄖ鳎担恚┐司湫偷木渥佑幸粋€(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。1.This│is

│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinner│smells│good.3.He│fell│inlove.4.Everything│looks│different.5.He│isgrowing

│tallandstrong.6.Ourwell│hasgone

│dry.7.Hisface│turned

│red.*Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)：Therebe表示‘存在有’。這里的there沒有實(shí)際意義，不可與副詞‘there那里’混淆。此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞，表示‘（存在）有某事物’

試比較：Thereisaboyoverthere.（那兒有一個(gè)男孩。）前一個(gè)there無實(shí)意，后一個(gè)there為副詞‘那里’?；揪湫腿?Ｓ│Ｖ(及物動(dòng)詞)│Ｏ（主＋謂＋賓）此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。1.Who│knows│theanswer?2.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.3.He│enjoys│reading.4.He│said│"Goodmorning."5.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.基本句型四:Ｓ│Ｖ│Ｏ│Ｏ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，eg：buy,find,bring,give,teach,tell,lend,offer,promise,give/pass/bring/show。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)指人(間接賓語)；一個(gè)指物(直接賓語)。--Givemeacupofteaplease.--ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.--Bringittome,please.Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ｏ（多指人）│Ｏ（多指物）She│ordered│herself│anewdress.2.He│brought│you│adictionary.3.I│showed│him│mypictures.4.I│told│him│thatthebuswaslate.5.He│showed│me│howtorunthemachine.注意：有些動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的間接賓語可改為to引導(dǎo)的短語，這類動(dòng)詞有g(shù)ive,hand,show,send,bring,pass,lend,teach,tell,write,throw,sell,email等，表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰做的。如：Canyoulendusyourcar?=Canyoulendyourcar

tous?有些動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的間接賓語可改為for引導(dǎo)的短語，這類動(dòng)詞有buy,play,get,make,order,choose,sing,pay等，表示動(dòng)作是為誰做的。如：Myunclebought

meawatch.=Myuncleboughtawatchforme.基本句型五:ＳＶＯＣ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語：位于賓語之后對(duì)賓語作出說明的成分?？梢杂米髻e語補(bǔ)足語的有名詞，形容詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，分詞，介詞短語等,它與賓語構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。Thewarmadehimasoldier.Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.Ioftenfindhimatwork.Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows.Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.名詞/代詞賓格+n./adj./介詞短語/動(dòng)詞不定式/分詞Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│Ｏ（賓語）│Ｃ（賓補(bǔ)）1.They│painted│thedoor│green.2.This│set│them│thinking.3.They│found│thehouse│deserted.4.He│asked│me│tocomebacksoon.5.I│saw│them│gettingonthebus.Exercises判斷下列句子屬于哪種句型?1.Theyworkhard.2.Theflowerisdead.3.Plantsneedwater.4.Hegivesmesomeseeds.5.Thecaketastesdelicious.

主謂主系表主謂賓主+謂+間賓+直賓主系表6.Classesbeginateighteveryday.7.Theyhaven’tdecidedwheretogonext.8.Jimcannotdresshimself.9.Mr.JohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.10.Ms.Tangasksustobecomeabetterone.主謂主謂賓主謂賓主+謂+間賓+直賓主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)2.1句子種類兩種分類法2.按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：簡單句:只有一個(gè)主語(或并列主語)和