2024-2025學(xué)年高中英語Unit2CloningSectionⅢGrammar-復(fù)習(xí)同位語詞短語從句學(xué)案含解析新人教版選修8

PAGEUnit2CloningSectionⅢGrammar——復(fù)習(xí)同位語(詞、短語、從句)[思維導(dǎo)圖][語法精講]一、同位語1．定義同位語是句子成分的一種。它位于名詞、代詞后面，說明它們的性質(zhì)和狀況。它可以由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動名詞、不定式及從句等來充當(dāng)。2．表現(xiàn)形式(1)名詞、代詞或數(shù)詞充當(dāng)同位語IhavethehonortointroduceJohn'ssister,Janetoyou.我很榮幸地向你介紹簡，約翰的妹妹。(名詞Jane作同位語)Isympathizewithyou;Imyselfhavehadasimilarunhappyexperience.我很憐憫你，我自己也有過類似的不幸遭受。(反身代詞myself作同位語)Sheistheoldestamongthemsix.她是她們六人中年齡最大的。(數(shù)詞six作同位語)(2)動名詞(短語)和不定式(短語)充當(dāng)同位語Heenjoystheexercise,swimminginwinter.他寵愛冬泳這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動。(動名詞短語swimminginwinter作同位語)Isthisyourpurpose,toavoidbeingpunished?躲避懲處，這就是你的目的？(不定式短語toavoidbeingpunished作同位語)(3)由suchas,thatis,of,or等引導(dǎo)的同位語Somesubjects,suchasmathsandphysics,areverydifficulttolearn.某些學(xué)科，例如數(shù)學(xué)和物理，是很難學(xué)的。二、同位語從句1．定義在復(fù)合句中用作同位語的從句稱為同位語從句。同位語從句是名詞性從句的一種。它一般放在fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,belief,thought,doubt,promise,question等抽象名詞的后面，對前面的名詞作進(jìn)一步的說明，說明前面名詞的詳細(xì)含義。2．同位語從句的連接詞主要有that,whether,why,who,where,how,when等。其中that,whether不作成分，that無實(shí)際意義，whether意為“是否”；其他連接詞具有實(shí)義，同時(shí)在同位語從句中作肯定成分。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接詞一般都不能省略。3．同位語從句連接詞的選用(1)若同位語從句意義完整，應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。ThenewsthathewaspunishedsoonspreadontheInternet.他被懲處的消息很快在因特網(wǎng)上傳開了。(2)若同位語從句意義不完整，需增加“是否”的含義，應(yīng)用whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句。We'lldiscusstheproblemwhetherthesportsmeetingwillbeheldontime.我們將探討運(yùn)動會是否會如期實(shí)行的問題。(3)需增加“什么時(shí)候”“什么地點(diǎn)”“什么方式”“什么”含義，應(yīng)用when,where,how,what引導(dǎo)同位語從句。Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.誰應(yīng)當(dāng)做這項(xiàng)工作的問題正在會議上被探討。TheyhavenoideawhenIwillgoback.他們不知道我什么時(shí)候回去。[名師點(diǎn)津](1)名詞suggestion,order,demand,command,request等后的同位語從句要運(yùn)用虛擬語氣，即從句謂語用“(should＋)do”。Ourteachergaveussomeadvicehowwe(should)usethecomputer.老師給了我們一些如何運(yùn)用電腦的建議。(2)名詞doubt(懷疑)后的同位語從句用whether引導(dǎo)；nodoubt(毫無疑問)后的同位語從句用that引導(dǎo)。Wehavesomedoubtwhethertheycancompletethetaskontime.我們懷疑他們能否按時(shí)完成任務(wù)。ThereisnodoubtthatmyfriendTomwillkeephispromise.毫無疑問我的摯友湯姆會守信的。三、同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)分同位語從句定語從句功能不同說明名詞表示的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容說明名詞的性質(zhì)、特征、來源等that不作成分，起連接作用，不行省略作主語、賓語或表語，起連接作用；并且作從句的賓語時(shí)可省略，指物時(shí)可用which代替whether/how不作成分，起連接作用，“是否”“如何”不引導(dǎo)定語從句wh-類連接詞作成分，起連接作用，有自己的含義，但與先行詞之間無關(guān)作成分，起連接作用，沒有自己的含義，但是代替先行詞在從句中作成分試比較下面兩句話：Jimgottoknowthenewsthatthewholevillagewasingreatdanger.吉姆得知整個(gè)村子都處在極度危急中的消息。(that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，說明說明thenews的內(nèi)容。)Doyouknowthenews(that/which)Jimtoldme?你知道吉姆告知我的那個(gè)消息嗎？(that/which引導(dǎo)定語從句，且在從句中作賓語)[名師點(diǎn)津]推斷方法我們可以在名詞與從句之間加一個(gè)系動詞be，使之構(gòu)成一個(gè)新句子，假如句子通順且符合邏輯，則為同位語從句，反之，則為定語從句。ThenewsthatshetoldmeisthatTomwillgoabroadnextyear.(thatshetoldme是定語從句)她告知我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。(不行以說：Thenewswasthatshetoldme...)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadwastoldbyher.(thatTomwouldgoabroad是同位語從句)湯姆將出國的消息是她說的。(可以說：ThenewswasthatTomwouldgoabroad.)Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．TheGreatWallleavesvisitorsapuzzlehowancientChinesepeoplemanagedtobuildit.2．Themanagerputforwardasuggestionthatweshouldhaveanassistant.Thereistoomuchworktodo.3．We'llreachthesalestargetsinamonththat/whichwesetatthebeginningoftheyear.4．—Isthereanypossibilitythatyoucouldpickmeupattheairport?—Noproblem.5．Thereisstilldoubtwhethertheexperimentwillbeasuccess.6．Doyouhaveanyideawhatweshall/willlearninthenextclass.7．Ihavenoideawheremyglassesare.Ican'tfindthemanywhere.8．Thequestionwhetherweneedmoretimetodotheworkhasnotbeendiscussed.9．Weacceptedhissuggestionthatthewholeclass(should)be_divided(divide)intothreegroups.10．Informationhasbeenputforwardthatmoremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)1．Shehadsomedoubtthatshecouldpassthecollegeentranceexamination.that→whether2．Theideayoucandothisworkwellwithoutthinkingisquitewrong.idea后加that3．Hispromisewhichhewouldgiveawayhalfoftheyear'sincometothedisabledturnedoutalie.which→that4．Thereisnodoubtwhetherteachersplayanimportantroleinchildren'sgrowth.whether→that5．Shedidn'tacceptmysuggestionthatshewillmeethersonthenextweek.will→should或去掉will6．Thequestionifitisrightorwrongdependsontheresult.if→whether7．Thethoughtcametohimwhenmaybetheenemyhadfledthecity.when→that8．Theordersooncameallcitizensshouldleavethevillage.came后加thatⅢ.把下面的句子改為含有同位語從句的復(fù)合句1．WeareabitworriedbecausegreatAuksandQuaggashavebeenextinct.The_fact_worries_us_a_bit_that_great_Auks_and_Quaggas_have_been_extinct.2．Doyouknowwhatwecandowiththesewastematerials?Do_you_have_any_idea_what_we_can_do_with_these_waste_materials?3．Theyarearguingaboutwhetherwecanclonehumanbeings.They_are_having_an_argument_whether_we_can_clone_human_beings.4．Everyoneshouldbelievethatnatureshouldneverbedestroyed.Everyone_should_have_the_belief_that_nature_should_never_be_destroyed.5．Shehaspromisedtomakeexperimentsoncloningbison.She_has_made_a_promise_that_she_will_make_experiments_on_cloning_bison.Ⅳ.補(bǔ)全句子1．Ican'tbelieveit.Ican'tacceptthetruththat_they_have_left_me.我不敢信任，我不能接受他們已經(jīng)離開我的事實(shí)。2．Itshowsacommonphenomenonnowadaysthat_children_are_the_focus_of_families,_shoulderingthehopeoftheirparents.它展示了當(dāng)今一個(gè)普遍現(xiàn)象：孩子是家庭的中心，肩負(fù)著父母的希望。3．Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaydrawtheconclusionthat_you_must_have_self-confidenceifyouwanttoachieveyourgoal.通過上面的探討，我們可以得出結(jié)論：假如你想實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，你肯定要自信。4．Whenthenewscamethat_the_war_broke_out,_hedecidedtoserveinthearmy.當(dāng)斗爭爆發(fā)的消息傳來時(shí)，他確定去參軍。5．Helpingothersisahabit,one_you_can_learn_even_at_an_early_age.幫助他人是一種習(xí)慣，一種你可以從小學(xué)習(xí)的習(xí)慣。6．Theorderthatall_the_soldiers_should_set_off_at_oncewasgivenbythegeneral.全部士