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新概念第四冊(cè)Lesson37Theprocessofageing單詞精講likelihoodn.可能性【釋義】名詞,可能性,指某事發(fā)生的概率或趨勢(shì)。例如:Thereisahighlikelihoodofraintomorrow.(明天很有可能下雨。)【詞源】由likely(可能的)加上-hood(表示狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)的名詞后綴)組成?!径陶Z(yǔ)】inalllikelihood(十有八九、極有可能);likelihoodofsuccess(成功的可能性)?!纠洹縏helikelihoodofwinningthelotteryisverylow.(中彩票的可能性非常低。)infant【釋義】名詞,嬰兒,指幼兒階段的孩子。例如:Theinfantissleepingsoundly.(嬰兒正在熟睡。)【詞源】源自拉丁語(yǔ)“infans”,其中“in-”表示“不”,“fans”表示“說(shuō)話”,字面意思為“不會(huì)說(shuō)話的(人)”,即嬰兒。【短語(yǔ)】infantmortality(嬰兒死亡率);infantformula(嬰兒配方奶粉)?!纠洹縄nfantcarerequiresagreatdealofpatience.(嬰兒護(hù)理需要很大的耐心。)vulnerable【釋義】形容詞,脆弱的、易受傷害的,強(qiáng)調(diào)容易受到攻擊、損害或影響。例如:Theoldandthesickaremorevulnerabletothecold.(老人和病人更容易受寒。)【詞源】源自拉丁語(yǔ)“vulnerabilis”,來(lái)自“vulnus”(傷口)?!径陶Z(yǔ)】vulnerablegroups(弱勢(shì)群體);bevulnerableto(易受……的傷害)?!纠洹縏heseplantsarevulnerabletofrost.(這些植物容易受到霜凍的影響。)imperceptible【釋義】形容詞,感覺(jué)不到的、難以察覺(jué)的,指某物非常微小或細(xì)微,以至于無(wú)法被感知到。例如:Thechangeintemperaturewasalmostimperceptible.(溫度的變化幾乎難以察覺(jué)。)【詞源】由否定前綴“im-”(表示“不”)和“perceptible”(可察覺(jué)的)組成,“perceptible”源自拉丁語(yǔ)“perceptibilis”?!径陶Z(yǔ)】imperceptiblemovement(難以察覺(jué)的移動(dòng));imperceptiblechange(細(xì)微的變化)?!纠洹縏herewasanimperceptiblepauseinhisspeech.(他的講話中有一個(gè)不易察覺(jué)的停頓。)steep【釋義】形容詞,除了表示“急轉(zhuǎn)直下”,還有“陡峭的、急劇的(上升或下降)、過(guò)高的(價(jià)格等)”等含義。例如:Themountainhasasteepslope.(這座山有一個(gè)陡峭的山坡。);Therehasbeenasteepriseinprices.(價(jià)格急劇上漲。)【詞源】源自古英語(yǔ)“stēp”,可能與古諾爾斯語(yǔ)“steypa”(推翻、傾倒)有關(guān)?!径陶Z(yǔ)】asteephill(陡峭的山);steepdecline(急劇下降);steepprice(過(guò)高的價(jià)格)?!纠洹縏hepathbecamesteeperasweclimbedhigher.(我們爬得越高,小路變得越陡峭。)ageing【釋義】名詞,老化、變老的過(guò)程,也可作形容詞表示“變老的、老化的”。例如:Ageingisanaturalprocess.(老化是一個(gè)自然的過(guò)程。);Theageingpopulationisabigissue.(老齡化人口是一個(gè)大問(wèn)題。)【詞源】由age(年齡、變老)加上-ing(表示過(guò)程或狀態(tài)的后綴)組成?!径陶Z(yǔ)】ageingprocess(老化過(guò)程);ageingpopulation(老齡化人口)?!纠洹縎cientistsarestudyingwaystoslowdowntheageingprocess.(科學(xué)家們正在研究減緩老化過(guò)程的方法。)odds【釋義】名詞,可能性、概率,常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),還可表示“差異、不平等”等含義。例如:Theoddsareinourfavor.(形勢(shì)對(duì)我們有利。);Therearegreatoddsbetweentherichandthepoor.(富人和窮人之間有很大的差距。)【詞源】源自古諾爾斯語(yǔ)“oddi”,原意為“尖端、三角形”,后引申為表示機(jī)會(huì)、可能性等概念?!径陶Z(yǔ)】againstallodds(盡管困難重重);oddsandends(零碎東西);atodds(不一致、有分歧)?!纠洹縏heoddsoffindingajobinthiseconomicclimatearenotveryhigh.(在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境下找到工作的可能性不是很高。)virtual【釋義】形容詞,實(shí)際上的、實(shí)質(zhì)上的、虛擬的。例如:Heisthevirtualleaderofthegroup.(他是這個(gè)團(tuán)體實(shí)際上的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。);Virtualrealityisbecomingmoreandmorepopular.(虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)變得越來(lái)越流行。)【詞源】源自拉丁語(yǔ)“virtus”(力量、優(yōu)點(diǎn)),最初表示具有某種力量或性質(zhì)的,后引申出實(shí)際的、虛擬的等含義?!径陶Z(yǔ)】virtualworld(虛擬世界);virtualreality(虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí));virtualmemory(虛擬內(nèi)存)?!纠洹縏hevirtualabsenceofrainthismonthhascauseddrought.(這個(gè)月幾乎沒(méi)有降雨,導(dǎo)致了干旱。)robust【釋義】形容詞,強(qiáng)健的、強(qiáng)壯的、穩(wěn)健的,可用于形容人、動(dòng)物或事物。例如:Arobustmancancarryheavyloadseasily.(一個(gè)強(qiáng)壯的男人能輕松扛起重物。);Theeconomyneedsarobustrecovery.(經(jīng)濟(jì)需要強(qiáng)勁復(fù)蘇。)【詞源】源自拉丁語(yǔ)“robustus”,表示“像橡木一樣堅(jiān)硬的”,橡木在古代被認(rèn)為是堅(jiān)固的象征?!径陶Z(yǔ)】robusthealth(強(qiáng)健的體魄);robustsystem(穩(wěn)健的系統(tǒng));robusteconomy(強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)濟(jì))?!纠洹縏heseplantsarerobustenoughtosurviveinharshconditions.(這些植物足夠強(qiáng)健,可以在惡劣的條件下生存。)organism【釋義】名詞,有機(jī)體、生物,指有生命的個(gè)體或整體。例如:Ahumanbeingisacomplexorganism.(人類是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的有機(jī)體。)【詞源】源自希臘語(yǔ)“organon”(工具、器官)和“-ism”(表示狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)的后綴),最初表示由器官組成的有生命的東西?!径陶Z(yǔ)】livingorganism(生物體);microscopicorganism(微生物)?!纠洹緼llorganismsneedwaterandoxygentosurvive.(所有的生物都需要水和氧氣來(lái)生存。)thermodynamics【釋義】名詞,熱力學(xué),是研究熱現(xiàn)象中物質(zhì)的能量轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)律的科學(xué)。例如:Thermodynamicsisanimportantpartofphysics.(熱力學(xué)是物理學(xué)的一個(gè)重要部分。)【詞源】由“thermo-”(表示熱的前綴,源自希臘語(yǔ)“thermos”)和“dynamics”(動(dòng)力學(xué),源自希臘語(yǔ)“dynamis”,表示力量)組成?!径陶Z(yǔ)】lawsofthermodynamics(熱力學(xué)定律);thermodynamicequilibrium(熱力學(xué)平衡)?!纠洹縏hestudyofthermodynamicshelpsusunderstandhowenergyistransferred.(熱力學(xué)的研究幫助我們理解能量是如何轉(zhuǎn)換的。)moot【釋義】形容詞,爭(zhēng)論未決的、尚無(wú)定論的,也可作動(dòng)詞表示“提出(問(wèn)題等)供討論”。例如:Theissueisstillmoot.(這個(gè)問(wèn)題仍然懸而未決。)【詞源】源自古英語(yǔ)“mōt”,表示集會(huì)、會(huì)議,在會(huì)議上提出的問(wèn)題往往是有爭(zhēng)議的、未決定的?!径陶Z(yǔ)】amootpoint(有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題);mootcourt(模擬法庭)。【例句】Whetherweshouldbuildanewfactoryhereisamootquestion.(我們是否應(yīng)該在這里建一個(gè)新工廠是一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題。)run-down【釋義】形容詞,破舊的、破敗的、衰弱的,可形容物體的狀態(tài)或人的身體狀況。例如:Therun-downhouseneedsalotofrepairs.(這所破舊的房子需要大量的修繕。);Helooksrun-downafterworkingovertimeforweeks.(他連續(xù)加班幾周后看起來(lái)很疲憊。)【詞源】由“run”(運(yùn)行、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn))和“down”(向下、衰退)組成,表示事物處于運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不良、逐漸衰敗的狀態(tài)?!径陶Z(yǔ)】arun-downarea(破敗的地區(qū));feelrun-down(感覺(jué)疲憊)。【例句】Theyliveinarun-downapartment.(他們住在一間破舊的公寓里。)friction【釋義】名詞,摩擦、摩擦力,也可引申為矛盾、沖突。例如:Frictionbetweenthetwosurfacescausesheat.(兩個(gè)表面之間的摩擦產(chǎn)生熱量。);Thereissomefrictionbetweenthetwodepartments.(這兩個(gè)部門之間存在一些矛盾。)【詞源】源自拉丁語(yǔ)“frictio”,由“fricare”(摩擦)演變而來(lái)。【短語(yǔ)】reducefriction(減少摩擦);frictioncoefficient(摩擦系數(shù));frictionforce(摩擦力)。【例句】Thenewlubricantcaneffectivelyreducefriction.(這種新的潤(rùn)滑劑能有效地減少摩擦。)二、課文精講“Attheageof12years,thehumanbodyisatitsmostvigorous.Ithasyettoreachitsfullsizeandstrength,anditsownerhisorherfullintelligence;butatthisagethelikelihoodofdeathisleast.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)由并列句和轉(zhuǎn)折句組成的復(fù)合句。“Attheageof12years,thehumanbodyisatitsmostvigorous.”是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)句子。“Ithasyettoreachitsfullsizeandstrength,anditsownerhisorherfullintelligence”是一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu),其中“hasyettoreach”表示還未達(dá)到,“itsownerhisorherfullintelligence”是一種省略形式,完整形式為“itsownerhasyettoreachhisorherfullintelligence”。“butatthisagethelikelihoodofdeathisleast”是轉(zhuǎn)折句,其中“thelikelihoodofdeath”是主語(yǔ),“isleast”是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“vigorous”:精力充沛的,例如:Heisavigorousyoungman.“l(fā)ikelihood”:可能性,例如:Thereisahighlikelihoodofraintoday.“Earlier,wewereinfantsandyoungchildren,andconsequentlymorevulnerable;later,weshallundergoaprogressivelossofourvigourandresistancewhich,thoughimperceptibleatfirst,willfinallybecomesosteepthatwecanlivenolonger,howeverwellwelookafterourselves,andhoweverwellsociety,andourdoctors,lookafterus.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的復(fù)合句?!癊arlier,wewereinfantsandyoungchildren,andconsequentlymorevulnerable”是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的并列結(jié)構(gòu)句子,描述早期的情況。“l(fā)ater,weshallundergoaprogressivelossofourvigourandresistancewhich,thoughimperceptibleatfirst,willfinallybecomesosteepthatwecanlivenolonger,howeverwellwelookafterourselves,andhoweverwellsociety,andourdoctors,lookafterus”中,“weshallundergoaprogressivelossofourvigourandresistance”是主句,“which,thoughimperceptibleatfirst,willfinallybecomesosteepthatwecanlivenolonger”是定語(yǔ)從句修飾“l(fā)oss”,其中“thoughimperceptibleatfirst”是讓步狀語(yǔ),“sosteepthatwecanlivenolonger”是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,“howeverwellwelookafterourselves,andhoweverwellsociety,andourdoctors,lookafterus”是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“vulnerable”:脆弱的,例如:Theoldaremorevulnerabletodiseases.“imperceptible”:難以察覺(jué)的,例如:Thechangewasalmostimperceptible.“steep”:急劇的,例如:asteepdecline(急劇下降)?!癟hisdeclineinvigourwiththepassingoftimeiscalledageing.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)句子,“Thisdeclineinvigourwiththepassingoftime”是主語(yǔ),其中“invigour”是“decline”的后置定語(yǔ),“withthepassingoftime”是狀語(yǔ),“iscalledageing”是謂語(yǔ)部分。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“ageing”:老化,例如:Theageingprocessisnatural.“Itisoneofthemostunpleasantdiscoverieswhichweallmakethatwemustdeclineinthisway,thatifweescapewars,accidentsanddiseasesweshalleventually'dieofoldage',andthatthishappensataratewhichdifferslittlefrompersontoperson,sothatthereareheavyoddsinfavourofourdyingbetweentheagesof65and80.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的主從復(fù)合句?!癐tisoneofthemostunpleasantdiscoverieswhichweallmake”是主句,其中“it”是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是“thatwemustdeclineinthisway,thatifweescapewars,accidentsanddiseasesweshalleventually'dieofoldage',andthatthishappensataratewhichdifferslittlefrompersontoperson,sothatthereareheavyoddsinfavourofourdyingbetweentheagesof65and80”三個(gè)并列的主語(yǔ)從句?!皐hichweallmake”是定語(yǔ)從句修飾“discoveries”。在第三個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句中,“thishappensataratewhichdifferslittlefrompersontoperson”是主句,“whichdifferslittlefrompersontoperson”是定語(yǔ)從句修飾“rate”,“sothatthereareheavyoddsinfavourofourdyingbetweentheagesof65and80”是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“odds”:可能性,例如:Theoddsareagainsthim.“Someofuswilldiesooner,afewwilllivelonger--onintoaninthortenthdecade.Butthechancesareagainstit,andthereisavirtuallimitonhowlongwecanhopetoremainalive,howeverluckyandrobustweare.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)由并列句和轉(zhuǎn)折句組成的復(fù)合句?!癝omeofuswilldiesooner,afewwilllivelonger--onintoaninthortenthdecade”是并列句?!癇utthechancesareagainstit,andthereisavirtuallimitonhowlongwecanhopetoremainalive,howeverluckyandrobustweare”中,“thechancesareagainstit”是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,“andthereisavirtuallimitonhowlongwecanhopetoremainalive”是存在句,“howeverluckyandrobustweare”是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“robust”:強(qiáng)健的,例如:arobustbody(強(qiáng)健的身體)。“virtual”:實(shí)際上的,例如:avirtualvictory(實(shí)際上的勝利)?!癗ormalpeopletendtoforgetthisprocessunlessanduntiltheyareremindedofit.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句復(fù)合句。“Normalpeopletendtoforgetthisprocess”是主句,“unlessanduntiltheyareremindedofit”是條件狀語(yǔ)從句。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“tendto”:傾向于,例如:Hetendstobelate.“Wearesofamiliarwiththefactthatmanages,thatpeoplehaveforyearsassumedthattheprocessoflosingvigourwithtime,ofbecomingmorelikelytodietheolderweget,wassomethingself-evident,likethecoolingofahotkettleorthewearing-outofapairofshoes.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的主從復(fù)合句?!癢earesofamiliarwiththefactthatmanages”是主句,“thatpeoplehaveforyearsassumedthattheprocessoflosingvigourwithtime,ofbecomingmorelikelytodietheolderweget,wassomethingself-evident,likethecoolingofahotkettleorthewearing-outofapairofshoes”是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,其中“thatpeoplehaveforyearsassumed...”是一個(gè)嵌套的賓語(yǔ)從句,在這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句中,“theprocessoflosingvigourwithtime,ofbecomingmorelikelytodietheolderweget”是主語(yǔ),“wassomethingself-evident”是系表結(jié)構(gòu),“l(fā)ikethecoolingofahotkettleorthewearing-outofapairofshoes”是舉例說(shuō)明。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“self-evident”:不言而喻的,例如:Thetruthisself-evident.“Theyhavealsoassumedthatallanimals,andprobablyotherorganismssuchastrees,oreventheuniverseitself,mustinthenatureofthings'wearout'.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句復(fù)合句?!癟heyhavealsoassumed”是主句,“thatallanimals,andprobablyotherorganismssuchastrees,oreventheuniverseitself,mustinthenatureofthings'wearout'”是賓語(yǔ)從句。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“inthenatureofthings”:理所當(dāng)然地,例如:Inthenatureofthings,everythinghasanend.“Mostanimalswecommonlyobservedoinfactageaswedo,ifgiventhechancetolivelongenough;andmechanicalsystemslikeawoundwatch,orthesun,doinfactrunoutofenergyinaccordancewiththesecondlawofthermodynamics(whetherthewholeuniversedoessoisamootpointatpresent).”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)由并列句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句組成的復(fù)合句。“Mostanimalswecommonlyobservedoinfactageaswedo,ifgiventhechancetolivelongenough”中,“Mostanimalswecommonlyobserve”是主語(yǔ),“doinfactage”是謂語(yǔ),“aswedo”是比較狀語(yǔ)從句,“ifgiventhechancetolivelongenough”是條件狀語(yǔ)從句(省略了“theyare”)。“andmechanicalsystemslikeawoundwatch,orthesun,doinfactrunoutofenergyinaccordancewiththesecondlawofthermodynamics(whetherthewholeuniversedoessoisamootpointatpresent)”是并列句,其中“mechanicalsystemslikeawoundwatch,orthesun”是主語(yǔ),“doinfactrunoutofenergy”是謂語(yǔ),“inaccordancewiththesecondlawofthermodynamics”是狀語(yǔ),“(whetherthewholeuniversedoessoisamootpointatpresent)”是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“mootpoint”:有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題,例如:Whetherweshouldbuildanewfactoryhereisamootpoint.“Butthesearenotanalogoustowhathappenswhenmanages.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。“Butthesearenotanalogousto”是主句,“whathappenswhenmanages”是賓語(yǔ)從句,其中“whenmanages”是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“analogous”:類似的,例如:Thissituationisnotanalogoustothepreviousone.“Arun-downwatchisstillawatchandcanberewound.Anoldwatch,bycontrast,becomessowornandunreliablethatiteventuallyisnotworthmending.Butawatchcouldneverrepairitself--itdoesnotconsistoflivingparts,onlyofmetal,whichwearsawaybyfriction.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是由三個(gè)句子組成的段落。“Arun-downwatchisstillawatchandcanberewound”是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的并列句。“Anoldwatch,bycontrast,becomessowornandunreliablethatiteventuallyisnotworthmending”是一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句復(fù)合句,“Anoldwatch”是主語(yǔ),“becomessowornandunreliable”是謂語(yǔ),“thatiteventuallyisnotworthmending”是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句?!癇utawatchcouldneverrepairitself--it

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