新高考專用2024-2025三年高考英語真題分項匯編專題06閱讀理解說明文議論文

-1-專題06閱讀理解說明文、爭論文全國各地歷年高考真題全收錄2024年新高考I卷之B篇Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste. B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat. D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline. B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage. D.Worldwidestarvation.26.WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment. B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits. D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded. B.Reducefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek. D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.【答案】24.B25.B26.D27.A【解析】【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械氖澄锷莩蕃F(xiàn)象以及華盛頓DC中心廚房的首席執(zhí)行官科廷為解決食物奢侈而實行的努力?！?4題詳解】推理推斷題。依據(jù)第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.(像我們大多數(shù)人一樣，我努力關(guān)注那些被奢侈的食物)”及“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;couldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.(但隨著時間的推移，芝麻菜變壞了。更糟糕的是，我毫不猶豫地買了太多東西；我扔掉的東西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通過講解并描述芝麻菜的故事來表明我們有時會無意間奢侈食物。故選B。25題詳解】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第三段“Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andother,resourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”(生產(chǎn)沒人吃的食物會奢侈用于種植食物的水、燃料和其他資源。這使得食物奢侈成為一個環(huán)境問題。事實上，羅伊特寫道，“假如食物奢侈是一個國家，它將是世界上第三大溫室氣體排放國?！?”可知，依據(jù)文中的說法，奢侈食物的一個后果是對環(huán)境的危害。故選B?！?6題詳解】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)其次段中的“CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)produce,thatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.(科廷是華盛頓DC中心廚房的首席執(zhí)行官，該公司把食物復原，變成健康的食物。去年，該組織通過接受捐贈和收集有瑕疵的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，收回了超過807500磅的食物，否則這些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品就會在地里腐爛。草莓呢？志愿者們將清洗、切割、冷凍或干燥它們，以便在路上的餐食中運用)”可知，科廷的公司用人們不想要的食物重新制作食物。故選D?！?7題詳解】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)最終一段中的““Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.(“每個人都可以在削減奢侈方面發(fā)揮作用，無論是在每周的購物中不購買不必要的食物，還是要求餐館不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷說)”可知，科廷建議人們只買須要的東西來避開奢侈食物。故選A。2024年新高考I卷之C篇Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善組織)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing,Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”28.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes. B.Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch. D.Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.29.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A.Shehaslearnednewlifeskills. B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory. D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A.Improve. B.Oppose. C.Begin. D.Evaluate.31.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswellreceived. B.Itneedstobemorecreative.C.Itishighlyprofitable. D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.【答案】28.D29.B30.C31.A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文。主要講解并描述了旨在削減孤獨，改善老年人健康狀況的項目?！?8題詳解】推理推斷題。依據(jù)文章其次段“Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善組織)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing(該項目由當?shù)匾患掖壬茩C構(gòu)構(gòu)想，旨在削減孤獨，改善老年人的健康狀況)”可知，這個項目的目的是為了提高老年人的華蜜。故選D?！?9題詳解】推理推斷題。依據(jù)文章第五段““It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”(有不同的關(guān)注點很好。人們把自己的孩子帶進來看母雞，居民們也來外面坐著看它們。我喜愛創(chuàng)建性的活動，做一些有用的事情的感覺很好)”可推知，RuthXavier通過該項目獲得了一種成就感。故選B?！?0題詳解】詞義揣測題。依據(jù)文章倒數(shù)其次段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.(居民們特別歡迎該項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期盼這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣)”以及劃線處前的“oneofthefirst(第一批人之一)”可知WendyWilson是著手這項工程的人之一，劃線處的含義與C項：“Begin(起先)”含義相近。故選C?！?1題詳解】推理推斷題。依據(jù)文章倒數(shù)其次段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.(居民們特別歡迎該項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期盼這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣)”以及最終一段“LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”(“諾丁山路徑”的負責人林恩·劉易斯說:我們很興奮能參與這個項目。它將通過共同的愛好和創(chuàng)建性活動真正幫助我們的居民聯(lián)系起來)”可知，該項目的反響很好。故選A。2024年新高考I卷之D篇Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(結(jié)構(gòu)),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.”Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,“saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety. B.Itsdistribution. C.Itsquantity. D.Itsdevelopment.33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication. B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem. D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.【答案】32.D33.C34.A35.C【解析】【導語】本篇是一篇說明文。主要介紹因為飲食的變更導致了現(xiàn)在在世界上一半的語言中發(fā)覺了新的語音?！?2題詳解】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章第一段中的“Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.（30多年前，學者CharlesHockett留意到，被稱為唇齒音的語音，如“f”和“v”，在吃軟食物的社會的語言中更常見。現(xiàn)在，瑞士蘇黎世高校的DamianBlasi領(lǐng)導的一組探討人員發(fā)覺了這一趨勢產(chǎn)生的方式和緣由。）”可知DamianBlasi的探討重點是在語言的演化上。故選D項。【33題詳解】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第三段中的“Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned，makingithardtoproducelabiodentals，whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.（他們發(fā)覺，古人類的上門牙和下門牙是對齊的，因此很難產(chǎn)生唇齒音，唇齒音是通過下唇接觸上牙齒而形成的。后來，我們的下顎變成了覆蓋咬合結(jié)構(gòu)，更簡潔發(fā)出這樣的聲音）”可知，因為古代成年人的下顎結(jié)構(gòu)使他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音。故選C項?！?4題詳解】主旨大意題。依據(jù)第五段中的“AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesafterthesoNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.（對語言數(shù)據(jù)庫的分析也證明，在新石器時代之后，世界語言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變更，在過去幾千年里，“f”和“v”的運用顯著增加。這些聲音在今日很多狩獵采集者的語言中仍舊沒有發(fā)覺）”可知，第五段主要是通過列明數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果來進一步證明探討結(jié)果。故選A項。【35題詳解】推理推斷題。依據(jù)文章最終一段中““Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（探討小組成員StevenMoran說:“自從人類出現(xiàn)以來，我們運用的語音不肯定保持穩(wěn)定，我們今日發(fā)覺的各種語音都是生物變更和文化進化等困難相互作用的產(chǎn)物?！保笨芍?，StevenMoran認為語音是一個困難的動態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C項。2024年新高考II卷之C篇Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."8.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers'textingintheUS?A.Ineffective. B.Unnecessary.C.Inconsistent. D.Unfair.9.WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout?A.Whereadrivercamefrom. B.Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C.Howfastadriverwasgoing. D.Whenadriverarrivedatthescene.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests. D.Laws.11.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB.TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC.NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDrivers.D.TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer-【答案】8.A9.B10.D11.B【解析】【導語】本文一篇說明文。為解決司機在開車時運用手機造成“分神”，引發(fā)交通事故的問題，紐約的一名立法者提出訪用Textalyzer（短信監(jiān)控器）的技術(shù)來監(jiān)控司機在開車的時候是否運用了手機?！?題詳解】推理推斷題。依據(jù)第一段中“Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.”（在過去的七年里，大多數(shù)州都禁止司機發(fā)短信，公共服務(wù)活動也嘗試了各種各樣的方法來勸服人們在開車時放下手機。）以及其次段中“Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.”（然而，無論以何種標準衡量，這個問題好像都在惡化。）可知，大多數(shù)州運用了各種各樣的方法勸服司機們在開車的時候放下手機，可是狀況卻越來越糟糕。所以各種方法是無效的。A選項ineffective意為“無效的”，與此相符。故選A?！?題詳解】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)其次段中“Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws.”（這項技術(shù)可以確定司機是否發(fā)了短信、發(fā)了郵件，或者做了紐約免提駕駛法不允許的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能夠確定的是司機是否運用了手機發(fā)短信、郵件以及其他駕駛法不允許的行為。B選項意為“是否司機運用了手機?！迸c此相符，故選B。10題詳解】詞義揣測題。依據(jù)句中的“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior.”（我們須要一些能變更人們行為的東西，）可知，something是能夠變更人們的行為的事情。依據(jù)下文的“IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone.”（他說，假如Textalyzer法案成為法律，“人們會更膽怯 拿起手機。）可知，人們的行為會變更的條件是當Textalyzer法案成為法律。收到法律的約束和懲處，司機們才不會在開車的時候運用手機。故something指代的是法律。故選D?！?1題詳解】主旨大意題?？v觀全文，第一段和其次段闡述的是“雖然大多數(shù)州已經(jīng)嘗試了各種各樣的方法來勸服人們在開車時放下手機?？墒菃栴}卻越來越嚴峻”。第三段中“Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore.”（部分緣由是開車的人越來越多）可知，說明白該行為產(chǎn)生的部分緣由。第四段至第五段講解并描述的是為了解決該問題是紐約立法者提出了一個新的想法即利用Textalyzer技術(shù)，來監(jiān)控司機在開車的時候是否運用了手機。最終一段講解并描述的是：相關(guān)人士呼吁該項技術(shù)能夠成為真正的法案由此才能真正的變更人們的行為。故B選項TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzer（發(fā)短信還是在開車？防范短信監(jiān)控器。）適合文章的標題。故選B。2024年新高考II卷之D篇Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(無氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.12.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A.Therightwayofexercising. B.Thecausesofaheartattack.C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit. D.Theagingprocessoftheheart.13.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A.Dietplan. B.Professionalbackground.C.Exercisetype. D.Previousphysicalcondition.14.WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.15.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A.Makinguseofthefindings. B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C.Conductingfurtherresearch. D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.【答案】12.D13.C14.A15.C【解析】【導語】本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是熬煉對于心臟的好處。【12題詳解】推理推斷題。依據(jù)其次段““Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.(“想想橡皮筋。一起先，它是敏捷的，但把它放在抽屜里20年，它就會變得干燥，很簡潔破裂，”德克薩斯高校的心臟專家本·萊文博士說。這就是心臟的變更。)”可知，萊文想通過提到橡皮筋來說明心臟的老化過程，故選D。【13題詳解】推理推斷題。依據(jù)第三段的“Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobicexercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.(第一組每周參與三次非有氧運動——平衡訓練和重量訓練。其次組在教練的指導下每周進行4天或更多的高強度有氧運動。)”可知，兩組在探討設(shè)計上的不同在于運動類型的不同，故選C。【14題詳解】細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第三段的“Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.(其次組在教練的指導下每周進行4天或更多的高強度有氧運動。兩年后，其次組的心臟健康狀況有了顯著改善。)”和第四段的““Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.(萊文說:“我們把這些50歲的心臟的時鐘撥回30或35歲的心臟?！?”可知，萊文的探討發(fā)覺了通過有氧運動，中年人的心臟會變得更年輕，故選A?！?5題詳解】推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段的“Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.(但這項探討的規(guī)模很小，須要在更大的人群中重復進行，以確定日常熬煉的哪些方面會產(chǎn)生最大的影響。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建議進行進一步的探討。故選C。2024年1月浙江卷之B篇TheUnitedStatesrosetoglobalpoweronthestrengthofitstechnology,andthelifebloodthattechnologyhaslongbeenelectricity.Byprovidinglong-distancecommunicationandenergy,electricitycreatedthemodemworld.Yetproperlyunderstood,theageofelectricityismerelythesecondstageintheageofsteam,whichbeganacenturyearlier."Itiscuriousthatnoonehasputtogetherahistoryofboththesteamandelectricrevolutions."writesMauryKleininhisbookThePowerMakers,Steam,Electricity,andtheMenInventedModemAmerica.Klein,anotedhistorianoftechnology,spinsanarrativesolivelythatattimesitreadslikeanovel.Thestorybeginsinthelastyearsofthe18thcenturyinScotland,whereWattperfected"themachinethatchangedtheworld".Kleinwrites,"Americadidnotinventthesteamengine,butoncetheygraspeditspasswordstheyputittomoreusesthananyoneelse."Meanwhile,overthecourseof19thcentury,electricitywentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.Morseinventedacodeforsendingmessagesoveranelectromagneticcircuit.Bellthengavethetelegraphavoice.EdisonperfectedanincandescentbullsthatbroughtelectriclightintotheAmericanhome.Mostimportantly,Edisonrealizedthatsuccessdependedonmasselectrification,whichheshowedinNewYorkCity.WithhelpfromTesla,Westinghouse'sfirmdevelopedasystemusingalternatingcurrent,whichsoonbecamethemajorformsofpowerdelivery.Toframehisstory,KleincreatesthecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime.It'satechniquethathelpsturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.4.WhatisKlein'sunderstandingoftheageofelectricity?A.Itiscloselylinkedtothesteamage.B.Itbeganearlierthanproperthought.C.Itisalittle-studiedperiodofhistory.D.Itwillcometoanendsoonerorlater.5.WhatcanbeinferredaboutNed?A.HewasborninNewYorkCity. B.Hewrotemanyincreasingstories,C.Hecreatedanelectricitycompany. D.Helivedmainlyinthe19thcentury.6.Whatisthetext?A.Abiography. B.Abookreview. C.Ashortstory. D.Asciencereport.【答案】4.A5.D6.B【解析】【分析】本文是說明文。文章依據(jù)時間依次講解并描述了蒸汽時代和電力時代的聯(lián)系?！?題詳解】推理推斷題。依據(jù)其次段“Itiscuriousthatnoonehasputtogetherahistoryofboththesteamandelectricrevolutions.”（我很新奇，竟然沒有人把蒸汽和電力革命的歷史放在一起。）可知，在Klein看來，電力時代和蒸汽時代是有很緊密的聯(lián)系的。故選A?！?題詳解】推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段“Toframehisstory,KleincreatesthecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime.”（為了編織他的故事，Klein創(chuàng)建了一個人物Ned，它是對美國蒸汽和電力革命在一個人的整個人生中的進程的奇妙的見證。）和第四段“Meanwhile,overthecourseof19thcentury,electricitywentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.”（同時，在19世紀，電力從新奇變成了根需。）可知，Ned見證了蒸汽時代和電力革命，所以他應(yīng)當是生活在19世紀。故選D?！?題詳解】推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段“Toframehisstory,KleincreatesthecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime.It'satechniquethathelpsturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.”（為了構(gòu)建他的故事，克萊因創(chuàng)建了奈德這個角色，一個虛構(gòu)的人物，在一個人的一生中見證了蒸汽和電力革命給美國帶來的進步。這是一種有助于將長篇故事變得好玩的技巧。）可知，這篇文章是一篇書評。故選B。2024年1月浙江卷之C篇Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere’sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglist.Newresearchersfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementiainlaterlife,andastheydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.LeadresearcherDr.HelenaHorder,oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden,said:"Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit’spossiblethatimprovingpeople'scardiovascular（心血管）fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia."Forthestudy,191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheywereexhaustedtomeasuretheirpeak（最大值的）cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40womenmetthecriteriaforahighfitnesslevel,or120wattsorhigher.Atotalof92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory;and59womenwereinthelowfitnesscategory,definedasapeakworkloadof80wattsorless,orhavingtheirexercisetestsstoppedbecauseofhighbloodpressure,chestpainorothercardiovascularproblems.Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.Duringthattime,44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendevelopeddementia,comparedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness."However,thisstudydoesnotshowcauseandeffectbetweencardiovascularfitnessanddementia,itonlyshowsanassociation.Moreresearchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnesscouldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant."Shealsoadmittedthatarelativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied,allofwhomwereformSweden,sotheresultsmightnotbeapplicabletoothergroups.7.Whatisontheever-growinglistmentionedinthefirstparagraph?A.Positiveeffectsofdoingexercises.B.Exercisessuitableforthemiddle-aged.C.Experimentalstudiesondiseases.D.Advantagesofsportywomanoverman8.Whydidtheresearchersaskthewomantodobicycleexercise?A.Topredicttheirmaximumheartrate.B.ToassesstheircardiovascularcapacityC.TochangetheirhabitsofworkingoutD.Todetecttheirpot