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PEAKWINDANDBCG
UnlockingValueThrough
OperationsandMaintenance
SevenLeverstoBoostOffshoreWindProfitability
July2024
MalteHippe
MattiScheu
RobertHjorthLarsConradsen
Thisarticleunderscoresthepivotalroleof
operationsandmaintenance(O&M)inenhancingtheoperationalperformanceandprofitabilityof
offshorewindfarms.Asthesefarmstransitionfromsupplementarygreenenergysourcestoprimaryenergyproviders,theemphasison
efficientO&Mpracticeshasbecomemore
criticalthanever.Despitethetraditionalfocusonexpansionandtimelyprojectdelivery,
thisarticlehighlightstheuntappedpotential
inoptimizingexistingoperationalfleetsfor
greatervaluecreation.Theevolutionofturbine
technology,coupledwithagrowingemphasisonrevenueovermereproduction,necessitatesa
shifttowardmorerobustpredictiveandrevenue-focusedO&Mstrategies.Thisshiftiscrucialnot
onlyforreducingoperationalexpendituresand
enhancingassetavailabilitybutalsoforadaptingtomarketvolatilitiesandachievingsustainable
long-termassetmanagement.Byredefining
operationalpracticesandleveragingtechnologicaladvancements,offshorewindfarmoperatorscanboostprofitability,optimizeenergyproduction,
andsupporttheburgeoningroleofwindenergyinglobalenergysystems.
Introduction
T
heoffshorewindindustryiscurrentlyexperiencinga
perfectstormthatisimpactingmarginsacrossthe
fullassetlifecycle,causingexecutivestofocustheirattentionevenmoreontheirpipelineandlessontheir
ever-growingoperationalfleet.However,oneshouldnot
disregardtheconsiderablevaluecreationpotentialintheOperationsandMaintenance(O&M)phase.Operational
performanceofoffshorewindfarmsrepresentsanincreas-ingproportionofthenetpresentvalueofsuchprojects,
makingefficientmanagementcriticaltoprojectsuccess.Moreover,inmanycountries,offshorewindischanging
fromasupplementarygreenenergysourceintoaprimarysourceofenergy.Withthatnewlycentralrole,theneedforrobustO&Mpracticesdeliveringreliableandaffordable
energyisgreaterthanever.
WehaveidentifiedfourreasonsforfocusingonO&Mim-provementinordertoboostoffshorewindprofitability:
1.OffshorewindCAPEXhasdeclinedmorerapidlythan
OPEXandprojectsnowhavesignificantlylongerlifespanexpectationsthanpreviously.Thismeansthatoperation-alperformanceconstitutesanever-largerproportionofthenetpresentvalueofsuchprojects.
2.Historically,offshorewinddevelopershaveprioritizedex-pandingtheirpipelinesanddeliveringprojectsontime,relegatingoperationalefficiencytoasecondaryconcern.However,ascompetitivepressurecontinuestoincrease,
developersneedtolookatthesignificantuntappedval-ueremainingintheoperationalfleetsofeventhelargestandmostexperienceddevelopers.
3.ManyoftheO&Mpracticesstillfollowedtodaywere
introducedmanyyearsagowherewindturbines
andprojectsweresignificantlysmallerandlifespan
expectationswereshorter.Additionally,digitizationandtheuseofgenerativeAIhavenotyetreachedtheirfullvaluepotential.
4.Asoffshorewinddevelopmentincreasinglyshiftstoa
seller’smarket,coupledwithanincreasingtalentshort-ageinthatmarket,developinghighlycompetitiveO&Msolutions—eitherin-houseorstrategicallysourced—isemergingasanadvantage.Thisnotonlyenablesownerstodelivercompellingbusinesscasesandsecureattrac-tivereturnsbutalsofacilitatesaccesstocriticaltechnicaldatafromoperationalsites.
Asaresult,today’soffshorewinddeveloperscannotaffordtooverlooktheimportanceofrefiningtheirO&Mpractices.Indoingso,theystandtounlocksignificantvalue,enhance
projectviability,andcapitalizeonemergingindustrytrends.
1UNLOCKINGVALUETHROUGHOPERATIONSANDMAINTENANCE
UnlockingvaluethroughO&M
Performanceofoffshorewindfarmsintheoperational
phasewillimpactthebusinesscasesofprojectsinseveralways:
?LoweroperationalexpenditurewillleadtoareductioninLCoE.
?Improvedoperationswillincreasenetenergygenera-
tionbyreducingcorrectiveandpreventivemaintenancedowntimeandbyincreasingassetavailability.
?BetterawarenessofmarketconditionsallowstheO&Mteamstoplantheirworkinawaythattheassetcangen-eratewhenpowerismostneededbythegridandthus
createmorevalue.
?Strengthenedabilitytoidentifyandaddressissuesearlyonislikelytohaveapositiveimpactonthelifetimeoftheasset.
Areviewofrecentoffshorewindbusinesscasesshowsthattheimportanceofafocusonrevenueduringthelifetimeoftheassetcreatesmostvalueofthebusinesscaseexpressedbytheinternalrateofreturn(IRR).(SeeExhibit1.)
Exhibit1.ShowingimpactonbusinesscaseIRRassuming+/–10%changevs.basecase(respectivelyforinterestratesandcapacityfactorconsidering+/-1%changevs.basecase.)
IRRsensitivitytodifferentfactorsInpp.comparedtobaselineIRR
+%
1.2%1.6%1.8%
0.7%0.6%
-%
Interestrates
CAPEXincrease
OPEXincrease
Capacityfactor
Captureprice
UNLOCKINGVALUETHROUGHOPERATIONSANDMAINTENANCE2
Howtocreatevalueintheoperationalphase
WhatisnecessarytoachievestrongO&Mcapabilities?Webelievetherearesevenindicatorsofamatureandmore
future-proofO&Mfunction:
1.Findingthetrade-offbetweeninnovationandstandardization
2.Movingfromproduction-basedtorevenue-basedavailabilitymetrics
3.Redefiningfitness-for-purposethroughoutallphasesofanoffshoreproject
4.Focusoncontinuouslyimprovingtheproductionsystem
5.BetteroptimizationofsynergiesacrossportfolioandO&Mcollaborationwithneighboringsites
6.Designingdataintegration,learningmodels,andworkprocessestoleveragepredictables
7.Earlierfocusonlifecyclemanagement
1.Findingthetrade-offbetweeninnovationandstandardization
Overthepasttwodecades,theoffshorewindindustryhas
calledforanever-increasingturbinesizetocontinuepush-ingforlowerLCOE.Thistendencyhasledtoconsiderable
challengesintheoperationoftheassetsasnewplatformshavelesstimetogatherdatabeforenewlargermodelsareintroduced.Theresultisarisingthreatoftechnicaldefectsaffectingbothproductionperformanceandassetintegrity,increasingpressureonoperatorstomonitortheturbinestoquicklyrectifyearlysignsofserialissues.Togathersuffi-
cientdataforthis,operatorswouldbenefitfrompursuingahigherdegreeofstandardizationontheirfleets;ratherthanchoosingthelargestturbineonthemarket,theycould
insteadapplyaplatformstrategywithlessfrequentup-
dates,allowingforbetterunderstandingandmanagingof
thetechnicalcharacteristicsofagivenplatform.Other
advantagesofsuchadecelerationinturbinesizescaling
includebeingbetterabletointegrateSCADAdatainto
controlroomstooptimizeperformanceonalargerdataset,theabilitytosharespareparts,aswellastheabilitytobuildmoreplatformexpertiseamongthemaintenanceteams.
Slowingdowntherateofturbinegrowthcouldalsohold
benefitsfortheprojectdeveloper.Whileinthepast,conven-tionalwisdomheldthatlargerturbinesaremoreproduc-
tionefficientanddrivelessmaintenanceperMW,these
benefitsareincreasinglycounteractedbyrisingturbine
pricesduetohighmaterialcostsandtheinabilitytoindus-trializemanufacturing.Additionalcostpressuresarealso
introducedfromthetransportationandinstallationphasewheredemandisexpectedtosurgeforlarge-scalecompati-bleinstallationvesselsandports,drivingupdayrates.
Whileadevelopershouldnotstopscalingitsturbinesizes,theremaybeadvantagestostayingwithagivenplatformforlongerbeforechanging.Thisapproachwouldworkwellwithlong-termframeworkagreementsontheprocurementside,inturnhelpingoperationsdefinelong-termtechnicalcapabilityroadmapstoservicefutureassets.
2.Movingfromproduction-basedtorevenue-basedavailabilitymetrics
Powerpricevolatility(short-termandseasonal)isprevalentinkeyoffshorewindmarketsduetoincreasedweather
extremes,constraintsontransmissioninfrastructure,geo-
politicalinstability,andagrowingproportionofrenewablescontributingtointermittencyinsupply.Manyoffshorewindprojectsoperatedordevelopedtodaywillbeexposedtothisvolatilemarket,forexample,iftheyareoperatedinmer-
chantconditionsorwithoutlong-termpowerpurchaseagreements.
Foroperators,thismeansthatitbecomesincreasingly
importanttosteerwhenpowerisproducedasopposedtopurelymaximizingproduction.Themonetaryeffectcanbeintherangeofmillionsofeurosannually,whenoptimizingonlythemonthlyschedulingforannualservicecampaigns,andevenhigherforanhourlyoptimization,withconceptssuchas“serviceduringnight”1.
Exhibit2showstheresultsfora600MWoffshorewind
projectinGermanyandintheUKwiththelevelsofinter-mittencyexperiencedin2018.
1“Zerosubsidy–aneedforanewavailabilityKPI?”,PEAKWind,August30,2023,
/zero-subsidy-need-for-a-new-availability-kpi
.
3UNLOCKINGVALUETHROUGHOPERATIONSANDMAINTENANCE
Exhibit2.YearlyrevenueincreaseopportunityforanaveragesizeoffshorewindprojectinGermanyandintheUK
Germany(M€)
83.1€83.4€
81.0€81.0€
79.5€79.7€
100.5%
97.8%97.5%
96.0%95.8%
96.0%96.0%
97.5%
97.0%
350SERVICEHOURS**
97.8%
Time-BasedYield-Based
[Average]
2
+0.195€
1
Yield-Based
[LowWindMonth]
Revenue-Based
[LowRevenueMonth]
Revenue-Based
[HourlyOptimization]
3
4
+2.482€
+1.221€
0€
5
UnitedKingdom(M€*)
79.2€
79.2€
80.9€80.7€
97.9%
97.9%
77.6€
77.7€
96.0%
96.0%
350SERVICEHOURS**
99.7%
Time-Based
1
+0.060€
Yield-Based[Average]
2
Yield-Based
[LowWindMonth]
Revenue-Based
[LowRevenueMonth]
Revenue-Based
[HourlyOptimization]
3
4
+1.542€
0€
+1.453€
5
CapturedRevenue–TraditionalAvailabilityConceptCapturedRevenue–Revenue-BasedAvailabilityConcept
Revenue-BasedAvailabilityo—Yield-BasedAvailabilityMerchantRevenue
Note:*EURconversionusingaverageGBPEURFXin2018of0.8858.**Correspondstoa4%time-availability.Correctiveworksarenotincludedintheanalysis(onlyscheduledcampaigns).
Source:ENTSO-ETransparency,PEAKWindanalysis
Theimplementationofanoperationssystemaccommo-datingsuchmarketconditionsandallowingharvestingofachievableupsidesreliesonproject-specificconditions;
however,somegeneralkeyenablersformaximizingreve-nueoverproductionare:
?Revenue-basedavailabilityasKPIinserviceandavail-abilityagreementswithwindturbineOEMsandothercontractors(forexample,balanceofplant,substations)
?Comprehensiveunderstandingofsiteincontextofthelocalenergysystemincludingrelevantregulations(suchasREMIT2inEurope),eventuallyincorporatingstoragetechnology(batteries,molecules,etc.)
?Accurateoverviewofhistoricalelectricitypricetrendsandcontinuouslyupdatedfiguresofforecastedvalues(seasonally,daily,hourly)toenableoptimizeddeci-
sion-making
2REMIT:RegulationonWholesaleEnergyMarketIntegrityandTransparency
UNLOCKINGVALUETHROUGHOPERATIONSANDMAINTENANCE4
?Closeandefficientlinkbetweenenergytrading,oper-ations,andmaintenancefunctionsincludingrequireddigitaltoolset
?AgileO&Msystemwiththeabilitytorespondtopricechanges(technicianavailabilityandflexiblecontractswithvessel/helicopterprovidersorin-housefleet,reli-abletransportationtoenableserviceduringopportunemarketwindows),includingachangeofparadigmforpersonnelinvolvedinplanningandexecution(whoaretraditionallyfocusedonproductionmaximization)
?Data-drivenO&Msystemabletopredictfailuresandconsequentlyallowforoptimizingtimingofrepairorreplacementofcomponents
Bytransitioningtoarevenue-basedfocus,operatorscanunlocksignificantfinancialbenefitsintoday’svolatile
energymarket.
3.Redefiningfitness-for-purposethroughoutallphasesofanoffshoreproject
Itisessentialforoffshorewindoperatorstocontrolthefitness-for-purposeoftheirassets.
Thismeansthatsystemswillbeoperableattheirdesiredperformancelevelsthroughouttheintendedtimeofusetogenerateexpectedrevenues.Fitness-for-purposecanbeachievedthroughdiligentdesign,manufacturing,installa-tion,commissioning,andmaintenancepractices.The
latterincludesintegritymanagementforasystem’sreli-ability,supportability(enablingresponsetofailure),main-tainability(enablingshortmaintenancetimes),aswellasperformancemanagement(enablingachievementof
performancestandards).
Inrecentyears,particularlyforsitesexposedtovolatilemerchantmarkets,anotherparameterdefiningfit-
ness-for-purposeisgainingimportance:predictability.Inthemaintenancecontext,thisreferstotheabilityofa
systemtoaccuratelypredictupcomingfailures,inotherwordsatwhattimewhichcomponentispronetofailure.
Thisinformationandespeciallyadditionaltimebetweenthefirstwarningandfailurecanleadtobigboostsin
revenue.Recentscientificstudiesestimate1to2percent-agepointsofavailabilitygainsthroughprediction3.In
merchantenvironments,predictabilityfurtherenhancestheabilitytoproducewhenit’srequiredratherthan
simplymaximizingproduction(see“Movingfromproduc-tion-basedtorevenue-basedavailabilitymetrics”).
3SofiaKoukoura,MattiNiclasScheu,andAthanasiosKolios,“InfluenceofExtendedPotential-to-Func-tionalFailureIntervalsthroughConditionMonitoringSystemsonOffshoreWindTurbineAvailability,”ReliabilityEngineering&SystemSafety208(April2021):
/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107404
.
/science/article/pii/S0951832020308905
5UNLOCKINGVALUETHROUGHOPERATIONSANDMAINTENANCE
4.Focusoncontinuouslyimprovingtheproductionsystem
Continuousimprovementhasprovenefficientinmany
industriesasacostreductionandperformanceincrease
lever,withfamoussuccessstorieslikeToyotaandGEattrib-utingannualizedsavingsofover$2billionthroughSixSig-maalone4.Inoffshorewind,evidenceindicatesacorrela-
tionbetweenoveralloperatingexpense(OPEX)levelsandtheabilitytocontinuouslyimprovetheproductionsystem.Inotherwords,theplayersabletoreduceOPEXaregener-allyalsointhegroupoftopperformers(seeExhibit3).
Anevaluationofthefirstsevenoperationalyearsof27
windfarmsinEuropeanwatershasshownaclearpattern:
windfarmsperformingabovethemedian(thoseshowingloweraverageOPEXoverthesevenyearsmeasured)are
abletoimproveOPEXyearoveryear;windfarmsbelowthemedianshowhigherOPEXyearoveryear.
Thedatasetanalyzedforthisstudyincludes27windfarms(14withbelowmedianperformanceand13withabove
medianperformance),1,547windturbinegenerators(857inthelowerand690intheupperhalf),andanaverageper
positioninstalledcapacityof3.1MWinthelowerhalfand3.8MWintheupperhalf,representingdifferentwindtur-
binemodelsofallrelevantoffshorewindOEMsinEurope.Theaverageyearofstartofproductionforallwindfarmsinthelowerhalfis2010and2012fortheupperhalf–thusnosignificantdifference.
Exhibit3.OPEXtrendsinkEUR/MWoverthelifetimeof27assets
OPEXTrendsoverTime
600
500
400
kEUR/MW
300
200
100
0
1234561
OPERATIONALYEAR
HigherOPEX(abovemedian)LowerOPEX(belowmedian)
Source:PEAKWind5
Thedataisclear:windfarmswithafocusoncontinuousimprovementoutperformtheirpeersintermsofopera-tionalexpenditureindependentofassetageandsize.
Therefore,acommitmenttocontinuousimprovement
positionswindfarmoperatorsforlong-termsuccessandcostreduction.
5.Betteroptimizationofsynergiesacrossportfo-lioandO&Mcollaborationwithneighboringsites
Physicalproximityofoffshorewindsitescanoffersig-
nificantOPEXsavingspotentialaswellasopportunitiestoincreaserevenue.Categoriesinwhichsavingscanberealizedaretypically:
4“RememberingJackWelchandHisRelationtoSixSigma,”SixSigmaDaily,May26,2020,
/remembering-jack-welch-and-his-relation-to-six-sigma
.
5“OPEXBenchmark–AninsightintotheoperationalexpendituresofEuropeanoffshorewindfarms,”November24,2022,
/opex-benchmark-update-2022
.
UNLOCKINGVALUETHROUGHOPERATIONSANDMAINTENANCE6
?Offshorelogistics(suchasvesselsorhelicopters)
?O&Mserviceexecution(suchascombinedWTGandBoPservice)
?Onshoreinfrastructureandports(suchaswarehousesorO&Mharborbuild-out/operations)
Furthermore,synergypotentialsacrossanindividualport-foliocanberealizedevenwithoutsitesincloseproximitythrough:
?O&Mcontingencyplans(suchascablerepairconceptsoremergencyresponse)
?O&Morganization(suchascentralizedoperationsandcontrolcenters)
?O&Mprocurement(suchasstandardizedtendersorstrategicpartnerships)
Offshorelogisticssharingalone,forWTGandBoPscopes
forneighboringsites,basedonbottom-upcalculations,is
estimatedtosaveupto30%oflogisticscost,whichtrans-latesintomorethan100mEURoverthelifetimeofaproj-ectof1GWasanexample.OEMsanddevelopershave
successfullyimplementedsharingacrossmultiplesites:
majorturbineOEMsshareresourcesacrossseveralserviceprojectsorimplementapit-stopconceptusingthesame
serviceoperationvessel(SOV)forseveralsites.Leading
developersalsosharetheirSOVbetweenneighboringsites.
OneOEMhasfurtherdemonstratedareductioninservicetimeperturbinebyupto50%,ifWTGandBoPservicearecombined.
Acompetitiveenvironmentandproject-specificcommer-
cialagreementscanmakeharvestingsynergypotential
challenging;however,otherindustrieswithsimilarcharac-teristics,suchasoilandgas,havedemonstratedthepoten-tialofcollaborationandsynergyuseinvariouscases.For
instance,researchpublishedbytheWorldEconomicFo-
rumattributedaroundone-thirdofcost-savingpotentialsconsideredfeasible(calculatedfromthetotalexpenditureperbarrel)withOPEXimprovementstocollaboration6.TheLCoEofoffshorewindhasthepotentialtobedecreased
throughcollaborationtooandthereforetohelptheindus-tryoveralltosucceed.
6.Designingdataintegration,learningmodels,andworkprocessestoleveragepredictables
Offshorewindfarmsareprimeobjectsfordata-driven
performanceoptimizationandpredictivemaintenance.
Theyarebydefaultequippedwithamplesensorsand
otherdata-capturingunits.Themaindifficultythatmanyoperatorsstillfacetodayiscapturing,storing,anduti-
lizingallthatdata.Andnotalloperatorsarefullytaking
advantageofthepotentialpresentedbytheabundanceofdata,oftenduetolackofinvestmentinsufficientlystrongpredictiveprogramsaswellastheabsenceoftheright
staffingenvironmentinwhichtoleveragetheadvantagesofthoseprograms.
Succeedingwithpredictivemaintenanceisnotatrivial
challengeandrequiresthatoperatorsworkactivelywith
boththetechnologicalandorganizationalaspectsre-
quired.Onthetechnicalside,thisincludesnotonlythe
algorithmsbutalsostandardizingthedatainputsfrom
differentsources,ensuringacleanandharmonizeddata
layerforthealgorithmstoworkon,consideringtheaspectoftimetofailureinmodels,linkingtootherhistoricaldatasuchasworkorders,andintegratingoutputstosupportthemaintenanceteamsinscheduling,logistics,andsparepartmanagement.Ontheorganizationalside,operatorsmustlearntotrustthealgorithm-generatedalarms(whileunder-standingthatthequalityofthesewillimproveovertime)
andsupportthecontrolroomteamsinusingthemthroughtrainingandimprovingalarmprioritization.
Havingstrongpredictivecapabilitiesatthecoreofthe
controlroombringsconsiderablebenefits.First,predictingmajorfailuresofferstheopportunitytopreparefororevenavoidentirelytheeventsthatformanyoperatorscan
accountforover40%ofproductiondowntime.Themarketforjack-upvessels,whichareoftenrequiredformajor
componentexchangesinoffshorewind,isincreasingly
tightandvesselsareoftenclosetofullyutilized(seeExhib-it4).Second,foreseeingoravoidingthesecostlyeventscanresultinconsiderablesavingsfromfewerexchangesor
rushordersifwellintegratedwithmaintenanceplanningandscheduling.Finally,havingthedigitalinfrastructure
andtheO&Morganizationtunedforpredictivemainte-
nancewillpositionthecompanyverywelltobenefitfromfuturetechnologyimprovementsthatcouldimprovebothproductioncostandsafetyperformanceconsiderablyoverthecomingyears.
6MuqsitAshrafandCaruso,Pedro,“TheOilandGasSectorMustReinventItself.ThisIsHowItCouldBeDone,”WorldEconomicForum,December8,2020,
/agenda/2020/12/how-to-reinvent-the-oil-and-gas-sector.
7UNLOCKINGVALUETHROUGHOPERATIONSANDMAINTENANCE
7.Earlierfocusonlifecyclemanagement
Someofthefirstwindfarmsaregettingclosetotheir
initiallyplannedend-of-life,atwhichpointownersmustbereadytofollowoneoffourfuturepaths:lifetimeextension,repowering,runningtofailure,orpreparingforassetde-
commissioning.Allbutthelastoptionwillbenefitfrom
earlyplanningtoensureoptimalperformancefroma
lifecycleperspective,withlifetimeextensionhavingthe
largestscopeofassetintegrityconsiderations.Someoper-atorsarestartingtoapplyforsignificantlifetimeextensionwithregulatoryauthorities7.
Consideringthelong-termperformanceandsustainabilityofwindfarmassets,thisofcourserequiresaverythoroughreviewofinspectionandmaintenanceregimes.Ifopera-
torswanttoavoidmajorpeaksofreplacementinvestmenttowardlaterlifestages,thefulllifecycleneedstobeconsid-eredearlyon.Withmoreandmorewindfarmsoperating
outsideoffixedrevenueregimes,flexibletrade-offsbe-
tweenshort-termrevenueopportunitiesandutilizationofremaininglifetimebecomemandatory.Onewayofachiev-ingthisincludesadoptingamorepreventiveapproachtomaintenanceofcomponentsthatcannotreasonablybe
exchangedduringtheirlifetime,suchastowersandfoun-dations,aswellaschoosingtoreducethepowerofatur-
7AdrijanaBuljan,“Five20-Year-OldDanishOffshoreWindFarmsSeekingLifetimeExtension,”offshoreWIND.biz,December11,2023,
https://www.
/2023/12/11/five-20-year-old-danish-offshore-wind-farms-seeking-lifetime-extension
.
ALKININDGAVNADLGTIEVALTUIONUDGMHAOIICNES8
bineunderconditionswherehighloadsarepresent,suchasfromwake-inducedturbulenceofneighboringturbinesordeliberatede-ratinginunfavorablemarketconditions.Theseactionscanallowawindfarmtooperateprofitablyforlonger,supportedbyeffortstolowerexpenditure
duringlate-lifeoperations,suchasapplyinglowerO&Msupportprioritizationandutilizingrefurbishedspares.
TherearemanybenefitsofastronglifecyclefocuswithinoffshorewindO&M.Thosecapableofgettingthemost
fromassetsovertheirlifetimearebothabletocapture
moreproductionandpotentiallylowereventualdecom-
missioningcosts,astheassociatedcostsmaybedelayedtoatimewhendecommissioningprocessesaremore
mature.Furthermore,applyingsuchlifetimeconcepts
allowstheoperatortobuildconsiderablymorelifetime
valueconfidenceintotheirprojects,allowingformoresafenewprojectbidding.
Exhibit4.Utilizationofjack-upvesselsinEurope.
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
TotalUtilization
UtilizationforO&MWorkonWindFarms
201520162017201820192020202120222023
54%51%63%65%62%55%57%64%72%
18%17%22%29%23%17%25%36%42%
Source:SeaImpact,
/
9UNLOCKINGVALUETHROUGHOPERATIONSANDMAINTENANCE
Abouttheauthors
MalteHippe
PartnerandAssociateDirectorinBCG’
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