國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法與商法

國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法與商法國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法國際商法國際公法國際私法第一章國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法概述Overview一，概念與體系廣義的：代表人物－－美國學(xué)者杰塞普〔P.Jessup〕，提出跨國法概念，斯坦納〔〕，瓦茨〔〕，羅紋菲爾德〔Lowenfeld〕。該學(xué)派認(rèn)為國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法是一個(gè)綜合的獨(dú)立的法律學(xué)科。狹義的：英國的施瓦曾伯格〔G.Schwarzenberger〕，法國的卡歐〔D.Carreau〕。該學(xué)派認(rèn)為國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法是國際法的分支。廣義概念的理由：A，國際經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的主體始終包括個(gè)人和法人。B，個(gè)人和法人在當(dāng)代成為國際經(jīng)濟(jì)交往的主要參與者。C，國際經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)將個(gè)人、法人、國家和國際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織連接為緊密的整體。國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法的特征A，主體的復(fù)雜性，包括個(gè)人、法人、國家、國際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織等。B，國際經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的交叉復(fù)雜性。C，國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法淵源的多重性。

二、國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法的調(diào)整對象ChinesemanufacturerworkingforGUESSJeans.ThejeansareproducedinthefactoryandthenGUESSdistributesthemworldwideHowever,manyworkersreturntothefactoryatnightand,usingcheapermaterials,continuetomanufacturejeanswiththeGUESSlabel.ThesejeansarethensoldbytheChinesemanufactureratamuchcheaperprice.Hasanythingwrongbeendone?Cartier.Inc,authorizedcertainforeignmanufacturertouseitsjewelrytrademarkinthemanufactureofgoodstobemadeandsoldoutsidetheU.S.A.CartierhasdiscoveredthattheselicensedfirmsareusingbrokerstomovethesegoodsintotheU.S.A.andhavecreateda“graymarket〞forthegoods.三、國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法的歷史開展四、國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法的淵源〔一〕，國際經(jīng)濟(jì)條約〔TreatyorConvention〕〔二〕，國際慣例〔InternationalCustom〕〔三〕，國內(nèi)法－－立法/判例〔nationallaw〕1、英美法系，又稱普通法系或判例法系2、大陸法系，又稱羅馬法系、民法法系美國成功的秘密就在于法治。秘密不在于華爾街，也不在于硅谷，不在于空軍，不在于海軍，不在于言論自由，也不在于自由市場——秘密在于長盛不衰的法治及其背后的制度。正是這些讓每一個(gè)人可以充分開展而不管是誰在掌權(quán)。美國強(qiáng)大的真正力量，來自于“我們所繼承的良好的法律與制度體系——有人說，這是一種由天才們設(shè)計(jì)，并可由蠢才們運(yùn)作的體系。〞五、國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法的根本原那么國家經(jīng)濟(jì)主權(quán)原那么1，國家對自然資源享有永久主權(quán)2，管理和監(jiān)督的權(quán)力3，國有化和征收的權(quán)力。公平互利原那么國際合作促進(jìn)開展原那么〔妥協(xié)〕有約必守原那么復(fù)習(xí)思考題：1，簡述廣義國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法的理由2，國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法的特征六、國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法的主體(二)WBG－－IBRD,IDATheWorldBankisavitalsourceoffinancialhelparoundtheworld.Wearenotabankinthecommonsense.Wearemadeupoftwouniquedevelopmentinstitutionsownedby185membercountries—theInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD)

andtheInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA).〔IFC〕TheWorldBankInstitute(WBI)isaglobalconnectorofknowledge,learningandinnovationforpovertyreduction.Weconnectpractitionersandinstitutionstohelpthemfindsuitablesolutionstotheirdevelopmentchallenges.Withafocusonthe"how"ofreform,welinkknowledgefromaroundtheworldandscaleupinnovations.〔三〕WTO復(fù)習(xí)思考題：1，跨過公司母子公司債務(wù)分擔(dān)依據(jù)是什么？2，跨過公司的國際法律地位是什么？原因是什么？3，跨過公司的特征是什么？七、跨國公司〔MultilateralEnterprise〕

各國的態(tài)度1，有限責(zé)任原那么2，整體責(zé)任原那么〔破壞了公司法的根底－－獨(dú)立責(zé)任原那么?！?，特殊條件下的直接責(zé)任。母公司的責(zé)任根據(jù)1，子公司真正具有獨(dú)立自主經(jīng)營權(quán)，獨(dú)立從事其章程規(guī)定的決策權(quán)利。母公司不承擔(dān)債務(wù)責(zé)任；2，在某些事項(xiàng)上，母公司控制其決策權(quán)，那么母公司就該事項(xiàng)的債務(wù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任。3，子公司完全受控于母公司，那么母公司應(yīng)承擔(dān)全部債務(wù)責(zé)任。但上述，2、3之根據(jù)，在實(shí)踐上難以把握，而且各國的認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也寬嚴(yán)不一，特別是第二項(xiàng)?？鐕镜慕M織結(jié)構(gòu)

ThenationalmultilateralenterpriseFordMotorCo.(U.SParent)BranchesSubsidiariesMostlywhollyownedByFordMotorCo.JointVentures

RoyalDutchShellTransport↙40%DutchHoldingCo.BritishHoldingCo.↘↙↙↘↙↘BranchesSubsidiariesJointVenturesRoyalDutch/ShellGroup

跨國公司的組織結(jié)構(gòu)

↘60%↙40%↘60%〓BusinessRegulationofMNEFromWhat’sgoodforbusinessisgoodforAmericatoWhat’sgoodforsocietyisgoodforBusinessFrominternationalregulationofMNE’spointofviewtheOECD-sponsoredConventiononCombatingBriberyofForeignPublicofficialsinInternationalBusinessTransactionsQuestionThedictatorofstateXletsitbeknownthatacertainlucrativecontractwillbegrantedonlytotheforeigncompanythatgivesthemostexpensive“birthdaypresent〞tothedictator’s7-year-oldson.AnAmerican,aJapanese,andaChinesecompanyareallvyingforthecontract.Withwhatlegalandethicallimitationmusttheycomply?Discuss.第二章

國際貿(mào)易法概述二、施米托夫奉獻(xiàn)將國際貿(mào)易法劃分為三個(gè)階段：民族國家出現(xiàn)前，主要是中世紀(jì)商人法；承襲了中世紀(jì)商人法的各個(gè)民族國家的國內(nèi)法；科技革命導(dǎo)致大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)方式的開展和國際貿(mào)易的開展。國際貿(mào)易法開始超越國境，導(dǎo)致具有舊的商人法國際注意概念的復(fù)歸。1962年，在國際法律科學(xué)協(xié)會和聯(lián)合國教科文組織主辦的東西方法學(xué)家研討會上指出：國際貿(mào)易法在所有國家都表現(xiàn)出愈來愈多的相思之處，而這些相似之處遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了這一法律部門性質(zhì)的要求，也超出了世界上方案經(jīng)濟(jì)和市場經(jīng)濟(jì)國家的劃分，以及起源于羅馬帝國的大陸法系與源于英國普通法制度的劃分。因此，這個(gè)時(shí)代的主要問題之一是使各民族國家的需求與國際合作的思想一致。國際貿(mào)易法應(yīng)該擔(dān)負(fù)起制定所有參加者都必須遵守的比賽規(guī)那么的認(rèn)為，作為實(shí)現(xiàn)和平共處的必要條件。第三章國際貨物貿(mào)易法

第一節(jié)國際貿(mào)易法淵源

國際貨物貿(mào)易糾紛中的法律適用1、當(dāng)事人意思自治〔PartyAutonomy〕——theabilityofthepartiestodeterminethetermsoftheirdeale.gtooptoutofCISGtoallowthepartiestoinclude“anyusages〞towhichtheyhaveagreed：〔1〕expressagreementstoincludeusagesandagreedusageswillprevailoverCISGprovisionswhereCISGisthegoverninglaw〔2〕theincorporationofusagesbyimplicationOnlyif國際貨物貿(mào)易糾紛中的法律適用①thepartieskneworoughttohaveknownofit；②itmustbeausageininternationaltrade③itmustbewidelyknowntoothersinthisinternationaltrade④itmustberegularlyobservedinthattrade2、法律適用的效力〔EffectofLaw〕國際貨物貿(mào)易糾紛中的法律適用Mandatorylaw＞Contractterms＞Customarypractice＞Usages＞Arbitrarylaw

第四組：D組〔賣方必須承擔(dān)把貨物交至目的地國家所需的全部費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)〕

DAF:DeliveredatFrontier(namedplace)邊境交貨〔指定地點(diǎn)〕

DES:DeliveredexShip(namedportofdestination)

船上交貨〔指定目的港〕

DEQ:DeliveredexQuay(namedplaceofdestination)

碼頭交貨〔指定目的地〕

DDU:DeliveredDutyUnpaid(namedplaceofdestination)

未完稅交貨〔指定目的地〕

DDP:DeliveredDutyPaid(namedplaceofdestination)

完稅后交貨〔指定目的地〕SeaandInlandWaterwayTransportOnlyCFR–CostandFreightCIF–Cost,InsuranceandFreightFAS–FreeAlongsideShipFOB–FreeOnBoard

B6費(fèi)用劃分

除A3a)規(guī)定外，買方必須支付

自按照A4規(guī)定交貨時(shí)起的一切費(fèi)用；及

貨物在運(yùn)輸途中直至到達(dá)目的港為止的一切費(fèi)用，除非這些費(fèi)用根據(jù)運(yùn)輸合同應(yīng)由賣方支付；及

包括駁運(yùn)費(fèi)和碼頭費(fèi)在內(nèi)的卸貨費(fèi)，除非這些費(fèi)用根據(jù)運(yùn)輸合同應(yīng)由賣方支付；及

如買方未按照B7規(guī)定給予賣方通知，那么自約定的裝運(yùn)日期或裝運(yùn)期限屆滿之日起，貨物所發(fā)生的一切額外費(fèi)用，但以該項(xiàng)貨物已正式劃歸合同項(xiàng)下，即清楚地劃出或以其他方式確定為合同項(xiàng)下之貨物為限；及

在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，貨物進(jìn)口應(yīng)交納的一切關(guān)稅、稅款和其他費(fèi)用，及辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)的費(fèi)用，以及需要時(shí)從他國過境的費(fèi)用，除非這些費(fèi)用已包括在運(yùn)輸合同中。

A6費(fèi)用劃分

除B6規(guī)定者外，賣方必須支付

貨物有關(guān)的一切費(fèi)用，直至貨物在指定的裝運(yùn)港越過船舷時(shí)為止；及

需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，貨物出口需要辦理的海關(guān)手續(xù)費(fèi)用及出口時(shí)應(yīng)交納的一切關(guān)稅、稅款和其他費(fèi)用。

B6費(fèi)用劃分

買方必須支付

貨物在指定的裝運(yùn)港越過船舷之時(shí)起與貨物有關(guān)的一切費(fèi)用；及

于買方指定的船只未按時(shí)到達(dá)，或未接收上述貨物，或較按照B7通知的時(shí)間提早停止裝貨，或買方未能按照B7規(guī)定給予賣方相應(yīng)的通知而發(fā)生的一切額外費(fèi)用，但以該項(xiàng)貨物已正式劃歸合同項(xiàng)下，即清楚地劃出或以其他方式確定為合同項(xiàng)下之貨物為限；及

需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，貨物進(jìn)口應(yīng)交納的一切關(guān)稅、稅款和其他費(fèi)用，及辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)的費(fèi)用，以及貨物從他國過境的費(fèi)用。

A7通知買方

賣方必須給予買方說明貨物已按照A4規(guī)定交貨的充分通知。

B7通知賣方

買方必須給予賣方有關(guān)船名、裝船點(diǎn)和要求交貨時(shí)間的充分通知。

A10其他義務(wù)

應(yīng)買方要求并由其承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用，賣方必須給予買方一切協(xié)助，以幫助其取得由裝運(yùn)地國和/或原產(chǎn)地國所簽發(fā)或傳送的、為買方進(jìn)口貨物可能要求的和必要時(shí)從他國過境所需的任何單據(jù)或有同等作用的電子訊息〔A8所列的除外〕。

應(yīng)買方要求，賣方必須向買方提供投保所需的信息。

B10其他義務(wù)

買方必須支付因獲取A10所述單據(jù)或有同等作用的電子訊息所發(fā)生的一切費(fèi)用，并償付賣方因給予協(xié)助而發(fā)生的費(fèi)用。

FOBFreeOn

Board(namedloadingport)Sellermustloadthegoodsonboardtheshipnominatedbythebuyeratanamedportofshipment,costandriskofinlandtransportationtothenamedportofshipment,andalsoofloadingthegoodsontheshipbeingdividedatship’srail;maritimetransportonly

FOB買方的義務(wù)安排貨物的運(yùn)輸〔是賣方備貨裝船的先決條件，假設(shè)買方違反安排貨物運(yùn)輸?shù)牧x務(wù)，賣方可以解除合同并要求賠償損失〕1、裝運(yùn)期〔shipmentperiod〕——買方指派的船舶應(yīng)該何時(shí)到達(dá)裝運(yùn)港？ThetimewhensheistenderedshallbewithintheshipmentperiodandsuchthatthecargothereafterbeshippedinaccordancewiththecustomoftheportandshipmentcompletedatorbeforetheexpiryofthatperiodFOB買方的義務(wù)買方指派船舶不準(zhǔn)時(shí)的應(yīng)對買方指派船舶準(zhǔn)時(shí)的應(yīng)對FOB買方的義務(wù)2、買方必須準(zhǔn)時(shí)發(fā)出派船通知3、買方指派適宜的船舶碼頭橋吊整體FOB賣方的義務(wù)裝汽車的滾裝船F(xiàn)OB賣方的義務(wù)提供付運(yùn)單證給買方何時(shí)提交？何處交單？交付哪些單證？單證不符FOB買方能否拒絕收單？

FOB買方拒絕單證后賣方的應(yīng)對？SellerCarrierBuyer-ContractofSale

碼頭貨輪把貨物從拖車上搬到船上，從船上搬到拖車上。簡單地說，碼頭橋吊工作就是這樣簡單重復(fù)集裝箱重箱堆場空箱堆場大件貨物的運(yùn)輸中遠(yuǎn)新加坡在作業(yè)中CIF〔namedportofdestination〕FOB與CIF的區(qū)別？CIF賣方的義務(wù)〔1911〕〔1〕toshipattheportofshipmentgoodsofthedescriptioncontainedinthecontract〔2〕toprocureacontractofaffreightmentunderwhichthegoodswillbedeliveredatthedestinationcontemplatedbythecontractCIF〔namedportofdestination〕〔3〕toarrangeforaninsuranceuponthetermscurrentinthetradewhichwillbeavailableforthebenefitsofthebuyer〔4〕tomakeoutaninvoiceasdescribedbythecontract〔5〕withallreasonabledispatchtosendforwardandtendertothebuyertheseshippingdocuments，namelytheinvoice，billofladingandpolicyofassurance，deliveryofwhichtothebuyerissymbolicalofdeliveryofthegoodspurchasedCIF〔namedportofdestination〕賣方提交付運(yùn)單證給買方何時(shí)交單？何處交單？交付哪些單證？單證不符買方能否拒絕收單？CIF買方的義務(wù)1、買方支付貨款何時(shí)支付？買方能否堅(jiān)持檢驗(yàn)貨物后才支付貨款？e.g合同中規(guī)定：Payment——netcashagainstdocumentsand|ordeliveryorderonarrivalofthevesselattheportofdischargebutnotlaterthan20daysafterdateofbillofladingbytelegraphictransfercablechargesforbuyer’saccountCIF買方的義務(wù)e.g合同規(guī)定：Payment——netcashagainstshippingdocumentspayableuponarrivalofsteamernoarrivalnosale買方非法保存提單轉(zhuǎn)賣2、買方支付除貨款以外的費(fèi)用demurragedischarge——landingchargesimporttariffRiskofGoods貨物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)買方收貨時(shí)面對貨損貨差的應(yīng)對Questions1、SellerinSydneyAustralian,agreedtoshipgoodsonorbeforeDecember31underaCIFContracttoBuyerinHonolulu.ThesellerwasunabletoassemblethegoodsfordeliveryintimetoshipinSydneyandhadtotransshipthegoodsbyrailstoMelbourne,wheretheshipwastakingongoodsonJanuary3rd.SellerdidloadthegoodsaboardrailwaycarsinSydneyonDecember29thandreceivedabillofladingfromtherailwaycompanyontheday.Sellerlaterobtainedabillofladingfromtheship,andtogetherwithaninvoiceandamarineinsurancepolicy,tenderedbothbillsofladingtoBuyer.BuyerrefusedtoacceptthedocumentsortopaySeller.Sellersuestoenforcethecontract.WillSellerwin?Why?Questions2、SellerinSanFranciscoagreedtoshipgoodstobuyerinLondonunderaCIFLondoncontract.Afterthegoodswereloadedaboardtheship,butbeforeitdepartedfromSanFrancisco,sellertenderedthedocumentsrequiredbythecontracttothebuyerandaskedtobepaid.Buyerrefused，assertingthatithadarighttoinspectthegoodsupontheirarrivalinLondon，andthatitdidnothavetopayuntilitdidsoandwassatisfiedthatthegoodswereincompliancewiththecontract.Sellersuesforimmediatepayment.WillSellerwin?Why?Questions3、Selleragreedtoship10,000tonsofpotatoesFOBTacoma,WashingtontoBuyerinJapan.BuyerdesignatedtheSSRussettotakedeliveryatpier7inTacoma.Ontheagreeddatefordelivery,Sellerdeliveredthepotatoestopier7,buttheshipwasn’tatthepier.Becauseanothershipusingthepierwasslowinloading,theRussethadtoanchoratamooringbuoyintheharborandsellerhadtoarrangeforalightertotransportthepotatoesincontainerstotheship.ThelightertiedupalongsidetheRussetandacablefromtheship’sboomwasattachedtothefirstcontainer.Asthecontainerbegantocrosstheship’srailthecablesnapped.Thecontainerthenfellontherail,teeteredbackandforthforawhileandfinallycrasheddownthesideoftheshipandcapsizedthelighter.Allofthepotatoesweredumpedintothesea.Buyernowsuessellerforfailuretomakedelivery.IsSellerliable?一、DefinitionofContract1、meetingofminds2、promisetocreatelegalrightsApromiseisenforceableifitismadeasabargainedexchangeforsomelegallysufficientconsideration.ThisrequiresanagreementbetweenthecontractingpartieswhichmaytaketheformofanofferbyonepartyandanacceptancebytheotherAcontractisformedwhentwopartieswiththecorrectmentalintent，underthecorrectcircumstances，withintheboundariesofthelaw，andwithsomedetrimenttoeachofthemagreetodocertainactsinexchangefortheother’sacts二、Offer1、Definitionacommunicationthatcreatesintheoffereethepowertoformacontractbyacceptinginanauthorizedmanneramanifestationofwillingnesstoenterintoabargain,somadeastojustifyanotherpersoninunderstandingthathisassenttothatbargainisinvitedandwillconcludeit二、offer2、avalidoffer(1)amanifestationofanintentiontobepresentlyboundsubjectonlytoanappropriateacceptanceAnobjectivestandardindeterminingtheintentoftheparties,whichmeansthatthecourtslookathowareasonablepersonwouldperceivethelanguage,thesurroundingcircumstances,andtheactionsofthepartiesindeterminingwhetheracontractwasformed(2)certaintyoftermsintheoffer(3)commmunicationintheintendedmannertotheoffereeAproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtospecificpersonindicatinganintentionbytheofferertobeboundtothesaleorpurchaseofparticulargoodsforaprice二、offer3、invitationtomakeoffers〔1〕aproposalotherthanoneaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonistobeconsideredmerelyasaninvitationtomakeoffers,unlessthecontraryisclearlyindicatedbythepersonmakingtheproposal(2)aninvalidoffer二、offer4、validityofoffer〔1〕Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee〔2〕Anoffercarriesnolegallybindingobligationfortheoffereewhoisfreetoacceptorrejecttheoffer〔3〕Anoffer，evenifitisirrevocable，maybewithdrawnbytheoffererifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer〔4〕Anoffercannotberevokedif：①itindicates，whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise，thatitisirrevocable；or②itwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer二、offer5、terminationofanoffer〔1〕rejection——anoffer，evenifitisirrevocable，isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferorWhentheoffereedoesnotfullyrejecttheofferbutrejectssomeportionoftheofferormodifiesbeforeacceptance：Areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance，unlesstheofferor，withoutunduedelay，objectsorallytothediscrepancyordispatchesanoticetothateffect.Ifhedoesnotsoobjects,thetermsofthecontractarethetermsoftheofferwiththemodificationscontainedintheacceptance.二、offer〔2〕expirationofoffer〔3〕revocation三、Acceptance1、Definitiontheofferee’spositiveresponsetotheofferor’sproposedcontract2、avalidacceptance〔1〕onlythepersonstowhomtheofferismadehavethepowersofacceptance〔2〕thatacceptancemustbecommunicatedtotheofferorusingthepropermethodofcommunication，whichcanbecontrolledbytheoffetrororlefttotheofferee三、AcceptanceIfbyvirtueoftheofferorasaresultofpracticeswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselvesorofusages，theoffereemayindicateassentbyperforminganact，suchasonerelatingtothedispatchofthegoodsorpaymentoftheprice，withoutnoticetheofferor，theacceptanceiseffectiveatthemomenttheactisperformed，providedthattheactisperformedwithintheperiodoftimelaiddown三、Acceptance〔3〕contentofacceptance——responsiveastotermsoftheoffer3、validityofacceptance〔1〕Anacceptanceisnoteffectiveiftheindicationofassentdoesn’treachtheofferor，withinthetimehehasfixedor，ifnotimeisfixed，withinareasonabletime，dueaccountbeingtakenofthecircumstancesofthetransaction，includingtherapidityofthemeansofcommunicationemployedbytheofferor〔2)Anoraloffermustbeacceptedimmediatelyunlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise三、Acceptance〔3〕Anacceptancemaybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheofferorbeforeoratthesametimeastheacceptancewouldhavebecomeeffective〔4〕AcontractisconcludedatthemomentwhenanacceptanceofanofferbecomeseffectiveinaccordancewiththeprovisionofthisConvention〔指CISG公約〕三、Acceptance4、lateacceptance〔1〕Alateacceptanceisneverthelesseffectiveasanacceptanceifwithoutdelaytheofferororallysoinformstheoffereeordispatchesanoticetothateffect〔2〕Ifaletterorotherwritingcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifit’stransmissionhasbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime，thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless，withoutdelay，theofferororallyinformstheoffereethatheconsidershisofferashavinglapsedordispatchesanoticetothateffectQuestionRetailerinStateAdecidestogointothecatalogsalesbusinessinStateB.BothcountriesarepartiestoCISG.RetailerpurchasesamailinglistfromAceCreditCardCompany.Thelisthasthenamesandaddressesof500,000personsowningAceCreditCardsinStateB,andRetailerusesthistopreparemailinglabels.JohnQPublicreceivesacatalogaddressedtohimpersonallyfromRetailer.Thecatalogdescribesvarioustypesofwidgetsandgivespricesforeachone.Hastheretailermadeanoffertosellthewidgets？IfJohnaccepts,willtherebeabindingcontract?Why?合同的效力合同當(dāng)事人的能力合同內(nèi)容的合法性當(dāng)事人意思表達(dá)的真實(shí)性對訂約自由的干預(yù)——針對沒有同等知識、素質(zhì)、水平和同等談判力量的情況例如?海牙規(guī)那么?第四節(jié)賣方和買方的義務(wù)一、ObligationsofSeller〔一〕Thesellermustdeliverthegoods,handoveranydocumentsrelatingtothemandtransferthepropertyinthegoods,asrequiredbythecontractandthisConvention.1、deliveryofthegoods〔1〕Where？〔2〕When？〔3〕Howmany？一、Obligationsofseller2、Handingoverofdocuments〔二〕Conformityofthegoodsandthirdpartyclaims1、Thesellermustdelivergoodswhichareofthequantity，qualityanddescriptionrequiredbythecontractandwhicharecontainedorpackagedinthemannerrequiredbythecontract；Except：ifatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthebuyerkneworcouldnothavebeenunawareofsuchlackofconformity一、Obligationsofseller〔二〕Conformityofthegoods1、〔1〕correspondwithdescriptionrequiredbythecontract——一旦違反描述屬于根本性違約，買方可以拒收貨物e.gfairqualityrubbercrudeoilwithnoparaffinAustraliancannedfruitpackedincaseof30tins〔2〕merchantablequality〔3〕fitnessforparticularpurposeifreasonablerelianceonseller’sskillorjudgment〔4〕shipmentofgoodsinsuchaconditionastobecapableofstandinganormalvoyageandtobeofmerchantablequalityonarrival〔5〕asasampleormodel一、Obligationsofseller2、Thesellerisliableinaccordancewiththecontractandthisconventionforanylackofconformity:(1)whichexistsatthetimewhentheriskpassestothebuyer,eventhoughthelackofconformitybecomesapparentonlyafterthattime.(2)whichoccursafterthetimeindicatedintheprecedingparagraphandwhichisduetoabreachofanyofhisobligations,includingabreachofanyguaranteethatforaperiodoftimethegoodswillremainfitfortheirordinarypurposeorforsomeparticularpurposeorwillretainspecifiedqualitiesorcharacteristics.一、Obligationsofseller3、Thebuyermustexaminethegoods，orcausethemtobeexamined，withinasshortaperiodasispracticableinthecircumstances〔1〕Thebuyerlosestherighttorelyonalackofconformityofthegoodsifhedoesnotgivenoticetothesellerspecifyingthenatureofthelackofconformitywithinareasonabletimeafterhehasdiscovereditoroughttohavediscoveredit；〔2〕ifhedoesnotgivethesellernoticethereofatthelatestwithinaperiodoftwoyearsfromthedateonwhichthegoodswereactuallyhandedovertothebuyer，unlessthistime-limitisinconsistentwithacontractualperiodofguarantee一、Obligationsofseller4、Thesellermustdelivergoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofathirdparty，unlessthebuyeragreedtotakethegoodssubjecttothatrightorclaim〔1〕property〔titletothegoods〕〔2〕industrialpropertyAtthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthesellerkneworcouldnothavebeenunaware〔ofanyrightorclaimofathirdparty〕UnderthelawofthestatewherethegoodswillberesoldorotherwiseusedInanyothercase，underthelawofthestatewherethebuyerhashisplaceofbusiness二、Obligationsofbuyer1、paymentoftheprice〔1〕includingtakingsuchstepsandcomplyingwithsuchformalitiesasmayberequiredunderthecontractoranylawsandregulationstoenablepaymenttobemade〔2〕Thebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceuntilhehasanopportunitytoexaminethegoods，unlesstheproceduresfordeliveryorpaymentagreeduponbythepartiesareinconsistentwithhishavingsuchanopportunity二、Obligationsofbuyer2、takingdelivery〔1〕indoingalltheactswhichwouldreasonablybeexpectedofhiminordertoenablethesellertomakedelivery；and〔2〕intakingoverthegoods買方何時(shí)可以拒絕收貨？——賣方根本性違約如何拒收貨物？——拒收貨物的通知必須明確肯定買方拒收貨物的后果？買方應(yīng)該如何行使拒收貨物的權(quán)利AccordingtothecontractweasbuyerhavetherighttorejecttheaboveparcelInordertoprotectthecargo,weherewithinformyouthatwewillsellthecargoon27thAugust1984atthebestobtainablepricethroughanindependentinternationalBrokerbasisCIFRotterdam.Incaseyoudonotagreetothisprocedurekindlyconfirmbyreturnthatyoupaybackallamountswhichareduetousrespectivelywhichwealreadypaidtoyouandtobargeandship-ownercompanies,etcSincetimeisrathershortandvesselarrivesnextweek,kindlyadvisestilltodaywhatyouwishtodo,shouldwehavenoreplybytodaywewillproceedwiththesaleonMonday27thAugust1984.Ourarbitratorwillbeannouncedinduecourse.買方拒收貨物的后果1、Wherethebuyerrepudiatesthecontract，havingtherighttodoso，hecanofcoursedeclinetopaythepriceor，ifhehaspaidit，hacanrecoveritasonatotalfailureofconsideration；2、Inaddition，hemaymaintainanactionfordamages，forifthebuyeractswithinhisrightsinrejectingthegoodstendered，hecannormallyholdthesellerliablefornon-delivery買方拒收貨物的后果3、Abuyerwhoisentitledtorejectgoodsforbreachofconditionmust，ofcourse，mitigatehisdamageaccordingtotheordinaryrule，however，hecannot，itwouldseem，berequiredbythisprincipletoacceptgoodswhenhewantstorejectthem〔atalleventswhenthegoodsaredefectiveinquality〕nortorejectthemwhenhewantstoacceptthem買方拒收貨物的后果4、Theacceptancebythesellerofthebuyer’srejectionreveststhepropertyintheformerifithaspassedtothebuyer，andalsorestorestohimtheimmediaterighttopossession；買方失去拒收貨物的權(quán)利1、向賣方顯示已經(jīng)接受貨物2、買方做出與賣方擁有貨權(quán)不符的行動〔1〕正常轉(zhuǎn)售行為〔2〕無法歸還貨物3、時(shí)隔太久才拒絕接受貨物第四節(jié)賣方和買方的義務(wù)

二，買方的義務(wù)〔一〕支付價(jià)金的義務(wù)付款方式－－信用證、匯票，托收，付款地點(diǎn)：約定，或者賣方營業(yè)地，或者賣方交單地付款時(shí)間：按約定，無約定那么在賣方交單的同時(shí)〔二〕收取貨物第五節(jié)違反合同的補(bǔ)救方法賣方違約的補(bǔ)救方式〔一〕要求賣方實(shí)際履行〔不得采取與此相沖突的其他補(bǔ)救措施；要給合理的寬限期；當(dāng)交貨不符時(shí)，只有構(gòu)成根本違約，才可要求賣方提交替代貨物?！场捕硿p少價(jià)金〔不管價(jià)款是否已經(jīng)支付?！场踩承婧贤瑹o效。一般時(shí)在賣方不履行合同或者構(gòu)成根本違約時(shí)，才宣告。但，賣方已經(jīng)交貨，那么不能宣告合同無效，除非〔1〕在遲延交付的情況下，買方在得知交貨后合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)宣布無效；〔2〕交貨不符，在檢驗(yàn)貨物后合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)提出；〔3〕在寬限期屆滿或者拒絕賣方的履行后合理時(shí)間內(nèi)宣告?！菜摹硴p害賠償，上述三個(gè)補(bǔ)救措施，都不影響該補(bǔ)救措施。但不能超出實(shí)際或預(yù)期損失。買方的補(bǔ)救措施〔一〕實(shí)際履行〔支付價(jià)金，接受貨物〕〔二〕損害賠償〔三〕宣告合同無效預(yù)期違約的補(bǔ)救方法：中止合同的履行，但得通知另一方如何判斷：履約能力或信用缺陷；履行合同的行為說明將不履行合同。第五節(jié)違反合同的補(bǔ)救方法一、BreachofContract1、slightbreach2、fundamentalbreachIfitresultsinsuchdetrimenttotheotherpartyassubstantiallytodeprivehimofwhatheisentitledtoexpectunderthecontract，unlessthepartyinbreachdidn’tforeseeandareasonablepersonofthesamekindinthesamecircumstanceswouldnothaveforeseensucharesult3、anticipatorybreach第五節(jié)違反合同的補(bǔ)救方法二、RemediesforSeller’sBreach1、specificperformance〔1〕deliveryofgoods〔2〕deliveryofconformingsubstitutegoodsonlyifthenonconformityamountstoafundamentalbreach〔3〕repairingthegoodsonlyifthat’sreasonable，havingregardtoallthecircumstances二、RemediesforSeller’sBreach2、avoidanceofthecontractonlyifthereisorhasbeenafundamentalbreach〔1〕incaseofnon-delivery〔2〕incaseswherethesellerhasdeliveredthegoods單方面解除合同的法律后果〔1〕解除了合同雙方當(dāng)事人的合同義務(wù)，但不影響合同的爭議解決條款的效力和合同解除后相關(guān)當(dāng)事人享有的權(quán)利義務(wù)〔2〕雙方當(dāng)事人必須要恢復(fù)原狀〔makingrestitution〕二、RemediesforSeller’sBreach3、reducingthepriceInthesameproportionasthevaluethatthegoodsactuallydeliveredhadatthetimeofthedeliverybearstothevaluethatconforminggoodswouldhavehadatthattime4、anactionfordamages〔1〕damagesfornon-deliveryWherethereisanavailablemarketforthegoodsinquestionthemeasureofdamagesisprimafacietobeascertainedbythedifferencebetweenthecontractpriceandthemarketorcurrentpriceofthegoodsatthetimeortimeswhentheyoughttohavebeendeliveredor〔ifnotimewasfixed〕atthetimeoftherefusaltodeliver二、RemediesforSeller’sBreach〔2〕Themeasureofdamagesistheestimatedlossdirectlyandnaturallyresulting，intheordinarycourseofevents，fromtheseller’sbreachofcontract〔3〕Inthecaseofbreachofwarrantyofqualitysuchlossisprimafaciethedifferencebetweenthevalueofthegoodsatthetimeofdeliverytothebuyerandthevaluetheywouldhavehadiftheyhadfulfilledthewarranty〔4〕Thefactthatthebuyerhassetupthebreachofwarrantyindiminutionorextinctionofthepricedoesnotpreventhimfrommaintaininganactionforthesamebreachofwarrantyifhehassufferedfurtherdamage三、RemediesforBuyer’sBreach1、Actionforprice2、avoidanceofthecontractonlyifthereisorhasbeenafundamentalbreach3、anactionfordamages〔1〕Wherethereisanavailablemarketforthegoodsinquestionthemeasureofdamagesisprimafacietobeascertainedbythedifferencebetweenthecontractpriceandthemarketorcurrentpriceofthegoodsatthetimeortimeswhentheyoughttohavebeenacceptedor〔ifnotimewasfixed〕atthetimeoftherefusaltoaccept——non-acceptance三、RemediesforBuyer’sBreach〔2〕Themeasureofdamagesistheestimatedlossdirectlyandnaturallyresulting，intheordinarycourseofevents，fromtheseller’sbreachofcontractQuestions1、中國某土產(chǎn)公司對新加坡出口紅棗一批,合同以及國外開來的信用證規(guī)定為三級品質(zhì),交貨時(shí),中方公司因庫存三級紅棗缺貨,就改裝二級貨,并在商業(yè)發(fā)票上注明:二級紅棗,價(jià)格照舊,仍按原定的三級貨價(jià)計(jì)收,中方公司原以為所交貨物品級較原定的為高，而價(jià)格不變,對方公司不會有異議.但是,買方在收到上述單據(jù)后,聲稱該貨系作轉(zhuǎn)售他人之用,因而無法接受中方所交的二級貨,還認(rèn)為中方公司未按合同規(guī)定交貨,因而提出索賠要求.

問:(1)對方公司是否有權(quán)拒收貨物？為什么？〔2〕買方應(yīng)該如何索賠？Questions2、2021年3月5日，上海工業(yè)公司(進(jìn)口方)與荷蘭碧海(出口方)簽訂一份進(jìn)口機(jī)床的合同。合同約定：由出口方在2021年12月7日前交付進(jìn)口方機(jī)床100臺，總價(jià)值為5萬美元，貨到3日內(nèi)付清全部貨款。當(dāng)年7月7日出口方來函說："因機(jī)床價(jià)格上漲，全年供不應(yīng)求，除非進(jìn)口方同意付6萬美元，否那么出口方將不會交付100臺機(jī)床。"但進(jìn)口方反對，堅(jiān)持要求出口方按照合同規(guī)定的價(jià)格交貨。進(jìn)口方曾于7月7日詢問另一家供給商，擬尋找替代物，新供給商可在12月7日交付100臺機(jī)床，但要求支付56000美元，但進(jìn)口方當(dāng)時(shí)未立即補(bǔ)進(jìn)。一直到12月7日，出口方再次拒絕交貨，進(jìn)口方才以當(dāng)時(shí)的價(jià)格61000美元，向另一家供給商補(bǔ)進(jìn)100臺機(jī)床。進(jìn)口方工業(yè)公司向法院提起訴訟，要求出口方荷蘭碧海公司賠償其損失。

問：(1)出口方于當(dāng)年7月7日拒交貨物行為為屬于哪種違約行為?進(jìn)口方此時(shí)可以采取哪些救濟(jì)措施?

(2)此案例中，進(jìn)口方應(yīng)該如何索賠？第六節(jié)貨物所有權(quán)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移第四章國際海上貨物運(yùn)輸法

CarriageofGoodsbySeaAct

一、海上貨物運(yùn)輸合同〔一〕種類1、linertransport〔班輪運(yùn)輸〕2、charterparties〔租船運(yùn)輸〕〔1〕voyagecharterparties〔2〕timecharterparties〔3〕charterpartiesbydemiseCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct

(二〕海上運(yùn)輸合同的當(dāng)事人1、shipper2、carrier3、consignee4、charterer5、ownerofshipCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct

誰是承運(yùn)人？第四章國際海上貨物運(yùn)輸法

CarriageofGoodsbySeaActBilloflading，isamemorandum，ofacknowledgement，signedbythemasteroftheship；andgiventoamerchant，oranyotherperson，containinganaccountofthegoodswhichthemast