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2022年高考英語真題解析之新高考Ⅰ卷學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)通過分析高考試卷了解高考命題趨勢,掌握高考的題型和難易程度。通過分析高考試卷幫助學(xué)生梳理高考中??嫉闹R點,有助學(xué)生查缺補漏,更加有針對性的學(xué)習(xí)復(fù)習(xí),提高效率。試題解析閱讀理解AGradingScale
解析:Scalen.規(guī)模,范圍,程度;等級;比例(尺)90-100,A;80-89,B;70-79,C;60-69,D;Below60,E.Essays(60%)
Yourfourmajoressayswillcombinetoformthemainpartofthegradeforthiscourse:Essay1=10%;Essay2-15%;Essay3=15%;Essay4=20%.解析:combine
v.(使)結(jié)合;聯(lián)合。四篇主要論文將結(jié)合起來構(gòu)成本課程成績的主要部分GroupAssignments(30%)
Studentswillworkingroupstocompletefourassignments(作業(yè))duringthecourse.AlltheassignmentswillbesubmittedbytheassigneddatethroughBlackboard,ouronlinelearningandcoursemanagementsystem.submitv.提交
bytheassigneddate在指定日期之前
throughBlackboard通過Blackboard,ouronlinelearningandcoursemanagementsystem是具體解釋Blackboard在線學(xué)習(xí)和課程管理系統(tǒng)
GradingPoliciesforIntroductiontoLiterature解析:Grading這里動名詞作定語,說明Policies用途,GradingPolicies評分政策。Introduction
n.介紹;引言,導(dǎo)言注:后面[]內(nèi)為解析試題解析閱讀理解ADailyWork/In-ClassWritingsandTest/GroupWork/Homework(10%)In-Classactivitieswillvaryfromdaytoday,butstudentsmustbereadytocompleteshortin-classwritingsortestsdrawndirectlyfromassignedreadingsornotesfromthepreviousclass’lecture/discussion,soitisimportanttotakecarefulnotesduringclass.Additionally,fromtimetotimeIwillassigngroupworktobecompletedinclassorshortassignmentstobecompletedathome,bothofwhichwillbegraded.[varyv.變化(大小、形狀等),fromdaytoday每天,天天,drawfrom取自于...從...拔出,drawndirectlyfromassignedreadingsornotesfromthepreviousclass’lecture/discussion是用來修飾writingsortests,Additionally此外fromtimetotime時不時。這一段就是介紹In-Classactivities]LateWorkAnessaynotsubmittedinclassontheduedatewilllosealettergradeforeachclassperioditislate.Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnazero.Dailyassignmentsnotcompletedduringclasswillgetazero.Shortwritingsmissedasaresultofanexcusedabsencewillbeaccepted.[notsubmittedinclassontheduedate是過去分詞短語作定語修飾essay,未在截止日期在課堂上提交的論文。foreachclassperioditislate因每個課程期間延遲,這里for是“因為”,itislate修飾eachclassperiod。turnin上交。notcompletedduringclass也是過去分詞短語作定語修飾assignments。missedasaresultofanexcusedabsence也是過去分詞短語作定語修飾Shortwritings,excused是單獨的過去分詞定語修飾absence。這段是介紹LateWork的評分辦法]試題解析閱讀理解A21.Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?A.Atextbook.B.Anexampaper.C.Acourseplan.D.Anacademicarticle.[答案]C
根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容這是“文學(xué)導(dǎo)論”課程評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),所以最可能出自課程計劃22.Howmanypartsisastudent’sfinalgrademadeupof?A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.[答案]B
根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,學(xué)生的最終成績由Essays,GroupAssignments,DailyWork/In-ClassWritingsandTest/GroupWork/Homework三部分組成23.Whatwillhappenifyousubmitanessayoneweekaftertheduedate?A.Youwillreceiveazero.B.Youwilllosealettergrade.C.Youwillbegivenatest.D.Youwillhavetorewriteit.[答案]A
根據(jù)文章LateWork的內(nèi)容“Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnazero.在到期日后的第4天之前沒有上交,它將獲得零”,所以
在截止日期后一周提交論文它將獲得零。試題解析閱讀理解A全文翻譯-文學(xué)導(dǎo)論的評分政策分級表
90-100,A;80-89,B;70-79,C;60-69,D;60歲以下,E.散文(60%)
您的四篇主要論文將結(jié)合起來構(gòu)成本課程成績的主要部分:論文1=10%;論文2-15%;論文3=15%;論文4=20%。小組作業(yè)(30%)
學(xué)生將在課程期間分組完成四項作業(yè)(作業(yè))。所有作業(yè)將在指定日期之前通過我們的在線學(xué)習(xí)和課程管理系統(tǒng)Blackboard提交。日常工作/課堂寫作和測試/小組工作/家庭作業(yè)(10%)
課堂活動每天都會有所不同,但學(xué)生必須準(zhǔn)備好完成簡短的課堂寫作或測試,這些作品或測試直接來自前一節(jié)課的講座/討論的指定閱讀或筆記,因此在課堂上仔細(xì)做筆記很重要。此外,我會不時分配在課堂上完成的小組作業(yè)或在家中完成的短期作業(yè),這兩項作業(yè)都將被評分。遲到的工作
未在截止日期在課堂上提交的論文將因每個課程期間延遲而失去一個字母等級。如果在到期日后的第4天之前沒有上交,它將獲得零。上課期間未完成的每日作業(yè)將得到零。由于借口缺席而錯過的短篇文章將被接受。試題解析閱讀理解BLike[prep.像]mostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste[trytodo努力,盡量...,mindful
根據(jù)字形猜測為“留心,注意”].Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner[round
out使完美,結(jié)束于...roundingout......現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語].ButIendedupworkinglate[endupdoingsth以做某事結(jié)束].Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad[as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句“隨著”,went這里使系動詞的用法,表“變化”].Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch[unthinkingly“沒經(jīng)過思考地”,這里可以合理猜測詞意];IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout[couldhavedone這里構(gòu)成了一個虛擬結(jié)構(gòu),表示“本可以實際卻沒有”].
Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory[where引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾world,as意為“正如”,引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句,對“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”進行說明].It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway-from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.[句子結(jié)構(gòu)為:It作形式主語,howmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway是真正主語,from后面是具體解釋這些perfectlygoodfood,rejectedbygrocers是過去分詞短語修飾vegetables,thrownintorestaurantgarbagecans也是過去分詞短語修飾dishes]試題解析Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit[thatnooneeats為定語從句修飾food,usedto......是過去分詞短語修飾resources].Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem[這句是賓補動詞+賓語+賓補結(jié)構(gòu),使得食物浪費成為一個環(huán)境問題].Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”[if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句“如果食物浪費是一個國家,它將成為世界第三大溫室氣體生產(chǎn)國。]Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime-butforhim,it’smorelike12boxesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays[nearing......現(xiàn)在分詞短語修飾strawberries,donated單個過去分詞修飾strawberries].CurtinisCEOofDCCen,tralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields[thatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields這里是定語從句修飾produce,wouldhaverotted這里是wouldhavedone結(jié)構(gòu),表示“本應(yīng)該...實際卻沒有”].Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.閱讀理解B試題解析閱讀理解BSuchmethodsseemobvious,yersooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat.”Curtinsays.[whether...or...無論是...還是...,youwon’teat定語從句修飾thesidedish]24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.[答案]B
這篇文章是講述“很多時候我們會浪費事物,最后告訴我們能夠采取措施去減少浪費”,所以作者想通過講述芝麻菜的故事來展示食物浪費的現(xiàn)象,故B試題解析閱讀理解B25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetext?A.Moraldecline.B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage.D.Worldwidestarvation.[答案]B
根據(jù)第三段Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem,食物浪費的后果是環(huán)境問題26.WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?科廷的公司是做什么的?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment.B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.[答案]D根據(jù)第四段“bytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields”和“Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad”,通過接受捐贈和收集有瑕疵產(chǎn)品回收食物,志愿者處理這些事物,做成在路上用餐的食品。故選D27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?科廷建議人們做什么?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded.B.Reducefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek.D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.[答案]A根據(jù)最后一段notpurchasingmorefoodthannecessary和askingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat.知“科廷建議只買需要量的食物”試題解析閱讀理解B全文翻譯
像我們大多數(shù)人一樣,我盡量注意浪費的食物。芝麻菜(芝麻菜)是用來做一份美味的綠色沙拉,最后是一頓烤雞晚餐。但我最終工作到很晚。然后朋友們打電話來,邀請他們共進晚餐。我把雞塞進了冰箱里。但隨著時間的流逝,芝麻菜變質(zhì)了。更糟糕的是,我不假思索地買了太多東西。我本可以用我扔掉的東西做六份沙拉。
在一個每年有近8億人挨餓的世界里,“食物浪費違背了道德谷物”,正如伊麗莎白·羅伊特(ElizabethRoyte)在本月的封面故事中所寫的那樣。令人瞠目結(jié)舌的是,有多少完美的食物被扔掉了-從雜貨店拒絕的“丑陋”(但相當(dāng)可吃)的蔬菜到扔進餐館垃圾桶的大量未吃的菜肴。
生產(chǎn)無人食用的食物會浪費用于種植食物的水,燃料和其他資源。這使得食物浪費成為一個環(huán)境問題。事實上,羅伊特寫道,“如果食物浪費是一個國家,它將成為世界第三大溫室氣體生產(chǎn)國。
如果這很難理解,讓我們把它保持得像冰箱后面的芝麻菜一樣簡單。邁克·科廷(MikeCurtin)一直在看我的芝麻菜故事-但對他來說,這更像是12盒捐贈的草莓接近最后的日子??仆⑹侨A盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官。D.C.,它可以恢復(fù)食物并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為健康的膳食。去年,它通過接受捐贈和收集有瑕疵(有瑕疵的)產(chǎn)品回收了超過807,500磅的食物,否則這些產(chǎn)品會在田間腐爛。草莓呢?志愿者將清洗,切割,冷凍或干燥它們,以便在路上用餐時使用。
這樣的方法似乎是顯而易見的,我們常常只是不這么認(rèn)為。“每個人都可以在減少浪費方面發(fā)揮作用,無論是在每周購物中不購買超過必要食物,還是要求餐館不要包括你不會吃的配菜。科廷說。試題解析閱讀理解CTheelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.[這句是give的雙賓句型的被動結(jié)構(gòu),tolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely不定式表示目的,讓老年居民接受母雞的照顧,以防止他們感到孤獨。]Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善組織)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing.Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.[wherehensareinuse.這是一個時間狀語從句,在母雞被使用的地方,藥物的使用量會減少]Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.[翻譯:參與該項目的人中有80歲的RuthXavier。她說:“我年輕時養(yǎng)母雞,每天早上上學(xué)前都要準(zhǔn)備早餐。]試題解析閱讀理解C“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.試題解析閱讀理解CWendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”[theprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.是定語從句修飾benefitsandfun]LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”[helpdosth幫助做某事]28.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes.B.Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.D.Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.[答案]D根據(jù)第二段Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善組織)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing.可知選D試題解析閱讀理解C29.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A.Shehaslearnednewlifeskills.B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory.D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.[答案]B通過第四第五段和I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.可知他獲得了成就感。30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A.Improve.
B.Oppose.
C.Begin.
D.Evaluate.[答案]C根據(jù)他后面的表述“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”推測他應(yīng)該是最早開始運行這個項目的人之一,故選C31.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswellreceived.B.Itneedstobemorecreative.C.Itishighlyprofitable.D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.[答案]A從最后兩段進行項目的人對該項目的正面評價和期待,我們可知該項目被人們很好的接受了,選A試題解析閱讀理解C全文翻譯
倫敦養(yǎng)老院的老年居民(居民)正在接受母雞的照顧,以防止他們感到孤獨。
該項目由當(dāng)?shù)卮壬茩C構(gòu)(慈善組織)構(gòu)想,旨在減少孤獨感,改善老年人的福祉。它也被用來幫助患有癡呆癥的患者,癡呆癥是一種嚴(yán)重的精神疾病。養(yǎng)老院的工作人員報告說,在使用母雞的地方,藥物的使用有所減少。
參與該項目的人中有80歲的RuthXavier。她說:“我年輕時養(yǎng)母雞,每天早上上學(xué)前都要準(zhǔn)備早餐。
“我非常喜歡這個項目。早上我坐在輪椅上,讓母雞出去,晚上又下來看看它們已經(jīng)上床睡覺了。
“有不同的關(guān)注點是件好事。人們一直帶著他們的孩子進來看母雞,居民們來外面坐著看他們。我很享受這些創(chuàng)意活動,做一些有用的事情感覺很棒。
現(xiàn)在,東北20家養(yǎng)老院有700名老人照顧母雞,該慈善機構(gòu)已獲得財政支持,在全國范圍內(nèi)推廣。
PenfoldStreet60的超級護理經(jīng)理WendyWilson是首批開始進行該項目的人之一,她說:“居民們非常喜愛這個項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期待著這個項目能給這里的人們帶來的好處和樂趣。
NottingHillPathways的主任LynnLewis說:“我們很高興參與這個項目。這將真正幫助我們的居民通過共同的興趣和創(chuàng)造性的活動建立聯(lián)系。試題解析閱讀理解DHumanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.[thatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.是shows的賓語從句,thatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.是定語從句修飾newspeechsounds]Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods[第一個that引導(dǎo)noted的賓語從句,societiesthatatesofterfoods中that引導(dǎo)修飾societies的定語從句].NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.[ledby.....修飾ateam,howandwhythistrendarose是found的賓語從句,句子主干就是ateamofresearchers
hasfound......]試題解析閱讀理解DTheydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth[makingithardtoproducelabiodentals現(xiàn)在分詞引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語,whichareformed....非限制性定語從句,which代指前面所講的現(xiàn)象].Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(結(jié)構(gòu)),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod[that引導(dǎo)showed的賓語從句].Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears[withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears,with表示的伴隨狀語,基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“with+名詞+分詞”].Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.試題解析閱讀理解DThisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.[not...butrather...不是...而是...,weuse定語從句修飾speechsounds,這句話意思是“自人類出現(xiàn)以來,我們使用的語音集并不一定保持穩(wěn)定,而是我們今天發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種語音聲音是生物變化和文化進化等復(fù)雜相互作用的產(chǎn)物”]32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopment.[答案]D根據(jù)第二段NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.發(fā)現(xiàn)這種趨勢怎樣發(fā)生和發(fā)生的原因,就是說關(guān)注的是語音的發(fā)展試題解析閱讀理解D33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.
B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.
D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.[答案]C根據(jù)第三段Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth唇齒音是通過下唇碰上牙形成的,古人上下牙是對齊的,所以是下顎結(jié)構(gòu)不方便,選C34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.[答案]A由Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmed....語言數(shù)據(jù)庫分析,這是在提供數(shù)據(jù)證實結(jié)論,選A35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?
A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.[答案]C由butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution知,他認(rèn)為這是復(fù)雜的多種因素共同作用的結(jié)構(gòu),故選C試題解析閱讀理解D全文翻譯
。
人類語言包含2000多種不同的聲音,從常見的“m”和“a”到一些南部非洲語言的罕見點擊。但是,為什么某些聲音比其他聲音更常見呢?一項為期五年的開創(chuàng)性研究表明,與飲食相關(guān)的人類咬合變化導(dǎo)致了新的語音,現(xiàn)在世界上有一半的語言都可以聽到這種聲音。
30多年前,學(xué)者查爾斯·霍克特(CharlesHockett)指出,稱為唇齒的語音,如“f”和“v”,在吃較軟食物的社會語言中更為常見?,F(xiàn)在,由瑞士蘇黎世大學(xué)的DamiánBlasi領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一組研究人員已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種趨勢是如何以及為什么出現(xiàn)的。
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)古代人類成年人的上下門牙是對齊的(對齊),使得很難產(chǎn)生唇齒,這是通過觸摸下唇到上牙而形成的。后來,我們的下顎變成了一個過度咬合結(jié)構(gòu)(結(jié)構(gòu)),使得更容易產(chǎn)生這樣的聲音。
研究小組表明,這種咬合的變化與新石器時代農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展有關(guān)。在這一點上,食物變得更容易咀嚼。顎骨不必做那么多工作,所以沒有長得那么大。
對語言數(shù)據(jù)庫的分析還證實,新石器時代之后,世界語言的聲音發(fā)生了全球變化,在過去幾千年中,“f”和“v”的使用顯著增加。這些聲音在今天許多狩獵采集者的語言中仍然找不到。
這項研究推翻了一種流行觀點,即當(dāng)人類在大約30萬年前進化時,所有人類語音都存在?!白匀祟惓霈F(xiàn)以來,我們使用的語音集并不一定保持穩(wěn)定,而是我們今天發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種語音聲音是生物變化和文化進化等復(fù)雜相互作用的產(chǎn)物,”研究小組成員StevenMoran說。試題解析閱讀理解
第二節(jié)FitnessMagazinerecentlyrananarticletitled“FiveReasonstoThankYourWorkoutPartner.”O(jiān)nereasonwas:“You’llactuallyshowupifyouknowsomeoneiswaitingforyouatthegym,”whileanotherread:“_36___”Withaworkoutpartner,youwillincreaseyourtrainingeffortasthereisasubtle(微妙)competition.[這一段是講述“感謝你鍛煉伙伴的原因”,一個原因是:“如果你知道有人在健身房等著你,你實際上會出現(xiàn)”,而另一個原因是:“_36___”,通過后面的內(nèi)容“與鍛煉伙伴一起,你會增加你的訓(xùn)練努力”知,這里應(yīng)該是“和別人一起訓(xùn)練會更加努力”,選C]So,howdoyoufindaworkoutpartner?Firstofall,decidewhatyouwantfromthatperson.___37___Ordoyoujustwanttobephysicallyfit,abletomovewithstrengthandflexibility?Thinkabouttheexercisesyouwouldliketodowithyourworkoutpartner.[這一段是寫找鍛煉伙伴首先取決于你的目的和想法,你想得到什么。再結(jié)合本段后面的內(nèi)容選D比較合適,只有D是表述鍛煉的目的。試題解析閱讀理解
第二節(jié)Youmightthinkaboutpostingwhatyouarelookingforonsocialmedia,butitprobablywon’tresultinausefulresponse.__38___Ifyouplanonworkingoutinagym,thatpersonmustbelongtothesamegym.[本段前面寫“在社交媒體上發(fā)布要查找的內(nèi)容可能不會產(chǎn)生有用的響應(yīng)”,后面說“如果你打算在健身房鍛煉,這個人必須屬于同一個健身房”,言下之意就是“兩人不能隔太原,要距離比較近”,選項中B比較合適]Mypartnerpostedherrequestonthenoticeboardofalocalpark.Hernoticeincludedwhatkindoftrainingshewantedtodo,howmanydaysaweekandhowmanyhoursshewantedtospendoneachsession,andherage.Italsolistedherfavoritesportsandactivities,andprovidedherphonenumber.___39__[這段是寫發(fā)布的通知包含的內(nèi)容和細(xì)節(jié)信息,故選G]試題解析閱讀理解
第二節(jié)Youandyourpartnerwillprobablyhavedifferentskills.___40___Overtime,bothofyouwillbenefit-yourpartnerwillbeabletoliftmoreweightsandyouwillbecomemorephysicallyfit.Thecore(核心)ofyourrelationshipisthatyouwillalwaysbetheretohelpeachother.[第一句“你和你的伴侶可能會有不同的技能”,后面“隨著時間的推移,雙方都會受益”,后面再提到“互相幫助”,所以應(yīng)該是“互相借鑒,互相合作”,故選F]A.Yourfirstmeetingmaybealittleawkward.B.Aworkoutpartnerusuallyneedstolivecloseby.C.You'llworkharderifyoutrainwithsomeoneelse.D.Doyouwanttobeabetterathleteinyourfavoritesport?E.Howcanyouwriteagood"seekingtrainingpartner"notice?F.Justacceptyourdifferencesandlearntoworkwitheachother.G.Anynoticeforatrainingpartnershouldincludesuchinformation.[答案]36~40CDBGF試題解析Myhusband,ourchildrenandIhavehadwonderfulcampingexperiencesoverthepasttenyears.Someofour__41__arefunny,especiallyfromtheearlyyearswhenourchildrenwerelittle.Once,we__42__alongChalkCreek.Iwas__43__thatour15-month-oldboywouldfallintothecreek(小溪).Itiedaropearoundhiswaisttokeephimneartoourspot.Thatlastedabouttenminutes.Hewas_44__,andhiscryingletthewholecampgroundknowit.So__45__tyinghimup,Ijustkeptacloseeyeonhim.It_46__hedidn’tendupinthecreek.Mythree-year-old,however,did.Anothertime,werentedaboatinVallecitoLake.Theskywasclearwhenwe_47__,butstormsmoveinfastinthemountains,andthisonequickly__48__ourpeacefulmorningtrip.The__49__pickedupandthunderrolled.Myhusbandstoppedfishingto_50__themotor.Nothing.Hetriedagain.No_51__.Wewerestuckinthemiddleofthelakewithadeadmotor.Asweallsatthere__52_,afishermanpulledup,threwusaropeandtowed(拖)usback.Wewere_53__.Now,everyyearwhenmyhusbandpullsourcamperoutofthegarage,wearefilledwithasenseof__54_,wonderingwhatcampingfunand_55__wewillexperiencenext.語言運用
第一節(jié)試題解析語言運用
第一節(jié)41.A.ideasB.jokesC.memoriesD.discoveries[答案]C由第一段可知文章是說關(guān)于以前的campingexperiences,再由后面一句的Once(曾經(jīng))可知,應(yīng)該是曾經(jīng)的camping記憶42.A.campedB.droveC.walkedD.cycled[答案]A根據(jù)上下文文章是敘述露營經(jīng)歷,故選A43.A.annoyedB.surprisedC.disappointedD.worried[答案]D根據(jù)下文our15-month-oldboywouldfallintothecreek(小溪).Itiedaropearoundhiswaist可知,應(yīng)該填“擔(dān)心”故選D44.A.unhurtB.unfortunateC.uncomfortableD.unafraid[答案]C根據(jù)下文hiscrying可推測“孩子用繩子綁著不舒服所以哭了”故選C45.A.duetoB.insteadofC.apartfromD.asfor[答案]B根據(jù)下文Ijustkeptacloseeyeonhim可知“孩子不舒服就不綁了,換成密切關(guān)注他”故選B46.A.workedB.happenedC.matteredD.changed[答案]A這里的worked是“產(chǎn)生...結(jié)果,使奏效”的意思,我的行為產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果是hedidn’tendupinthecreek。47.A.signedupB.calmeddownC.checkedoutD.headedoff[答案]D
這里的headedoff“出發(fā)”,根據(jù)上下文出發(fā)時還是天空晴朗,但現(xiàn)在暴風(fēng)雨在山上迅速移動。A.報名B.冷靜下來C.退房不符合題意試題解析語言運用
第一節(jié)48.A.arrangedB.interruptedC.completedD.recorded[答案]B
暴風(fēng)雨迅速“中斷”了我們的trip,故選B49.A.windB.noiseC.temperatureD.speed[答案]A暴風(fēng)雨來臨,風(fēng)刮了起來,雷打了起來,這里選wind50.A.findB.hideC.startD.fix[答案]C
根據(jù)上下文暴風(fēng)雨來臨,停止了釣魚,“啟動”馬達回去,這里選start51.A.luckB.answerC.wonderD.signal[答案]A根據(jù)下文Wewerestuckinthemiddleofthelake被困再湖中,應(yīng)該是沒有好運,這里選
A52.A.patientlyB.tirelesslyC.doubtfullyD.helplessly[答案]D根據(jù)上下,文船驅(qū)動不了,被困湖中,應(yīng)該是無助地坐在船上,應(yīng)選
D53.A.sorryB.braveC.safeD.right[答案]C根據(jù)上文,有一個fisherman幫助了他們,最后他們都安全了,應(yīng)選
C54.A.reliefB.dutyC.prideD.excitement[答案]D根據(jù)上文,當(dāng)把露營車推出車庫準(zhǔn)備去露營,作者應(yīng)該感到興奮,選
D55.A.failureB.adventureC.performanceD.conflict[答案]B根據(jù)全文,去露營有樂趣也有冒險,故選B。
試題解析語言運用
第二節(jié)
TheChinesegovernmentrecentlyfinalizedaplantosetupaGiantPandaNationalPark(GPNP).__56___(cover)anareaaboutthreetimes_57__sizeofYellowstoneNationalPart,theGPNPwillbeoneofthefirstnationalparkinthecountry.Theplanwillextendprotectiontoasignificantnumberofareasthat__58__(be)previouslyunprotected,bringingmanyoftheexistingprotectedareasforgiantpandasunderoneauthority_59___(increase)effectivenessandreduceinconsistenciesinmanagement.
Afterathree-yearpilotperiod,theGPNPwillbeofficiallysetupnextyear.TheGPNP__60__(design)toreflecttheguidingprincipleof"protectingtheauthenticityandintegrity(完整性)ofnaturalecosystems,preservingbiologicaldiversity,preservingecologicalbufferzones,_61__leavingbehindpreciousnaturalassets(資產(chǎn))forfuturegenerations".TheGPNP'smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate__62___(population)andhomesofgiantpandas,and__63__(eventual)achieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.
Giantpandasalsoserve__64___anumbrellaspecies(物種),bringingprotectiontoahostofplantsandanimalsinthesouthwesternandnorthwesternpartsofChina.TheGPNPisintendedtoprovidestrongerprotectionforallthespecies__65__livewithintheGiantPandaRangeandsignificantlyimprovethehealthoftheecosysteminthearea.試題解析語言運用
第二節(jié)[答案解析]56.Covering這里是分詞短語作狀語,主句是theGPNPwillbeoneofthefirstnationalparkinthecountry.分詞表示的動作與主語之間在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞。
57.thesize后面有ofYellowstoneNationalPart修飾,明確的說明了是黃石國家公園的面積,是特指,故前面加the58.werethat__58__(be)previouslyunprotected
這是一個定語從句,先行詞是areas,previously之前,以前,以前沒被保護地地區(qū),所以這里用were59.toincrease這里是不定式作目的狀語toincreaseeffectiveness....說明前面bringingmanyoftheexistingprotectedareasforgiantpandasunderoneauthority實行這些措施的目的60.isdesigned分析這個長句子,這里是作謂語動詞,TheGPNP只能被設(shè)計,所以用被動語態(tài)61.and這里protecting......preserving......preserving......leaving......是并列的關(guān)系,都是表示目的,所以最后在
leaving......前加and表示并列的結(jié)束。62.populationspopulation基本意思是“人口”,還可指居住在某地
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