專(zhuān)題02 閱讀理解說(shuō)明文(解析版)-五年（2017-2021）高考英語(yǔ)真題分項(xiàng)匯編（浙江專(zhuān)用）

五年（2017-2021）高考英語(yǔ)真題分項(xiàng)匯編（浙江專(zhuān)用）閱讀理解·說(shuō)明文1.（2021年6月，浙江高考）Ifyouevergettheimpressionthatyourdogcan"tell"whetheryoulookcontentorannoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeabletodistinguishbetweenhappyandangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudyResearcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages（圖像）ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson'sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage."Wecanruleoutthatthedogesimplydistinguishbetweenthepicturesbasedonasimplecue,suchasthesightofteeth,"saidstudyauthorCorsinMuller."Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.”"Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleastsomedogscandistinguishhumanfacialexpressions,"MullertoldLineScience.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans."Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,"andthisexposurehasprovidedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem,Mullersaid.28.Thenewstudyfocusedonwhetherdogscan_________.A.distinguishshapesB.makesenseofhumanfacesC.feelhappyorangryD.communicatewitheachother29.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?A.Researcherstestedthedogsinrandomorder.B.Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.C.PicturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferentD.Thedogswerephotographedbeforethelest.30.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Asuggestionforfuturestudies.B.Apossiblereasonforthestudyfindings.C.AmajorlimitationofthestudyD.Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.答案與解析：28.B主旨大意題。根據(jù)短文首段的第二句“Dogsmayinxdeedbeabletodistinguishbetweenhappyandangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudy”可知，一項(xiàng)新的研究表明,狗可能真地可以辨別人的表情是高興還是憤怒，緊接著后文又詳細(xì)介紹了研究過(guò)程和結(jié)論，即狗能夠識(shí)別人的表情，且倒數(shù)第二段的“Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleastsomedogscandistinguishhumanfaciallexpressions”一句明確給出了結(jié)論。故選B項(xiàng)。29.C細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“Theresearchersthentestedthedogs"abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceorimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining”可知，研究者給狗展示了與以往訓(xùn)練完全不同的人臉(或圖片)的另一部分。故選C項(xiàng)。30.B主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“...whydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhurmans”可知最后一段解釋了為什么看起來(lái)狗具備識(shí)別人類(lèi)表情的能力，也就是為什么會(huì)有這樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)論。故選B項(xiàng)。2.（2021年1月，浙江高考）Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzees（黑猩猩）usetocommunicate.Theysaywildchimpscommunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha"vocabulary"of66gestures.ThescientistsdiscoveredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofchimpsinUganda，andexaminingmorethan5，000incidentsofthesemeaningfulexchanges.DrCatherineHobaiter，wholedtheresearch，saidthatthiswastheonlyformofintentionalcommunicationtoberecordedintheanimalkingdom.Onlyhumansandchimps，shesaid，hadasystemofcommunicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember."That'swhat'ssoamazingaboutchimpgestures，"shesaid."They'retheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect."Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatapesandmonkeyscanunderstandcomplexinformationfromanotheranimal'scall，theanimalsdonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallytocommunicatemessages.Thiswasasignificantdifferencebetweencallsandgestures，DrHobaitersaid.Chimpswillchecktoseeiftheyhavetheattentionoftheanimalwithwhichtheywishtocommunicate.Inonecase，amotherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby，signaling："Climbonme."Theyoungsterimmediatelyjumpsontoitsmothersbackandtheytravelofftogether."Thebigmessagefromthisstudyisthatthereisanotherspecies（物種）outthere.thatismeaningfulinitscommunication，sothat'snotuniquetohumans，"saidDrHobaiter.DrSusanneShultz，anevolutionarybiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester，saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But，sheadded，theresultswere"alittledisappointing"."Thevaguenessofthegesturemeaningssuggestseitherthatthechimpshavelittletocommunicate，orwearestillmissingalotoftheinformationcontainedintheirgesturesandactions，"shesaid."Moreover，themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalconveywithnon﹣verbalcommunication.So，itseemsthegulfremains."27．WhatdochimpsandhumanshaveincommonaccordingtoDrHobaiter？A.Memorizingspecificwords.B.Understandingcomplexinformation.C.Usingvoicestocommunicate.D.Communicatingmessagesonpurpose.28．WhatdidDrShultzthinkofthestudy？A.Itwaswelldesignedbutpoorlyconducted.B.Itwasagoodtrybutthefindingswerelimited.C.Itwasinspiringbuttheevidencewasunreliable.D.Itwasafailurebutthemethodsdeservedpraise.29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"gulf"inthelastparagraphmean？A.Difference.B.Conflict.C.Balance.D.Connection.30．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext？A.ChimpanzeebehaviourstudyachievedabreakthroughB.ChimpanzeesdevelopedspecificcommunicationskillsC.Chimpanzees：thesmartestspeciesintheanimalkingdomD.Chimpanzeelanguage：communicationgesturestranslated答案與解析：27．【解析】根據(jù)第二段中的"Onlyhumansandchimps，shesaid，hadasystemofcommunicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember.（她說(shuō)，只有人類(lèi)和黑猩猩有一個(gè)交流系統(tǒng)，他們有意向其他成員發(fā)送信息）"可知，黑猩猩和人類(lèi)的共同點(diǎn)在于有意傳遞信息?！敬鸢浮緿28．【解析】根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段...thestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswerealitledisappointing".可知，舒爾茨博士認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)研究是一個(gè)好的嘗試，但結(jié)果有些令人失望。故選B項(xiàng)?！敬鸢浮緽29．【解析】根據(jù)第三段中的They'retheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespeet.可知，前文提到科學(xué)家認(rèn)為黑猩猩的手勢(shì)交流像我們?nèi)祟?lèi)語(yǔ)言的交流方式。結(jié)合最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，科學(xué)家對(duì)些手勢(shì)的意思不清楚,并解釋了原因:另外，黑猩猩的手勢(shì)交流方式與其他動(dòng)物的手勢(shì)交流方式無(wú)異，即還是和人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言交流方式存在不同，故可推知gulf表示“差異”。故選A項(xiàng)?！敬鸢浮緼30．【解析】根據(jù)第一段首句Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzeesusetocommunicate.以及下文關(guān)于這方面研究的討論可知，文章主要介紹科學(xué)家們對(duì)黑猩猩手勢(shì)的研究及一些成果,D項(xiàng)(黑猩猩語(yǔ)言翻譯出來(lái)的交流手勢(shì))能涵蓋文章的內(nèi)容。故選D項(xiàng)?！敬鸢浮緿3.（2020年7月，浙江高考）Iamanactiveplaygoerandplay-reader,andperhapsmybestreasonforeditingthisbookisahopeofsharingmyenthusiasmforthetheaterwithothers.TodothisIhavesearchedthroughdozensofplaystofindtheonesthatIthinkbestshowthepowerandpurposeoftheshortplay.Eachplayhasathemeorcentralideawhichtheplaywright(劇作家)hopestogetacrossthroughdialogueandaction.Afewcharactersareusedtocreateasingleimpressiongrowingoutofthetheme.Itisnotmyintentiontopointoutthecentralthemeofeachoftheplaysinthiscollection,forthatwould,indeed,ruinthepleasureofreading,discussing,andthinkingabouttheplaysandtheeffectivenessoftheplaywright.However,avarietyoftypesisrepresentedhere.Theseincludecomedy,satire,poignantdrama,historicalandregionaldrama.Toshowtheversatility(多面性)oftheshortplay,Ihaveincludedaguidanceplay,aradioplayandatelevisionplay.Amongthewritersoftheplaysinthiscollection,PaulGreen,SusanGlaspell,MaxwellAnderson,ThorntonWilder,WilliamSaroyan,andTennesseeWilliamshaveallreceivedPulitzerPrizesfortheircontributionstothetheater.Moreinformationabouttheplaywrightswillbefoundattheendofthisbook.Togetthemostoutofreadingtheseplays,trytopicturetheplayonstage,withyou,thereader,intheaudience.Thehouselightsdim(變暗).Thecurtainsareabouttoopen,andinafewminutestheactionanddialoguewilltellyouthestory.1.Whatdoweknowabouttheauthorfromthefirstparagraph?A.Hehaswrittendozensofplays. B.Hehasadeeploveforthetheater.C.Heisaprofessionalstageactor. D.Helikesreadingshortplaystoothers.2.Whatdoestheauthoravoiddoinginhiswork?A.Statingtheplays’centralideas. B.Selectingworksbyfamousplaywrights.C.Includingvarioustypesofplays. D.Offeringinformationontheplaywrights.3.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowhilereadingtheplays?A.Controltheirfeelings. B.Applytheiractingskills.C.Usetheirimagination. D.Keeptheiraudienceinmind.4.Whatisthistext?A.Ashortstory. B.Anintroductiontoabook.C.Aplayreview. D.Anadvertisementforatheater.【答案】1.B2.A3.C4.B【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了作者的書(shū)籍的序言部分，包括其編寫(xiě)目的，書(shū)籍內(nèi)容主體，以及如何實(shí)現(xiàn)有樂(lè)趣的閱讀本書(shū)的建議。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容“…andperhapsmybestreasonforeditingthisbookisahopeofsharingmyenthusiasmforthetheaterwithothers”可知，作者編輯這本書(shū)的最好的原因是希望與他人分享對(duì)戲劇的熱情，因此可知作者對(duì)于戲劇飽含熱情。故選B項(xiàng)。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段內(nèi)容“Itisnotmyintentiontopointoutthecentralthemeofeachoftheplaysinthiscollection,forthatwould,indeed,ruinthepleasureofreading,discussing,andthinkingabouttheplaysandtheeffectivenessoftheplaywright.”可知，作者并不想指出這本書(shū)中每一部戲劇的中心主題，因?yàn)槟菢哟_實(shí)會(huì)破壞閱讀、討論和思考戲劇以及劇作家的有效性的樂(lè)趣。A項(xiàng)“Statingtheplays”centralideas(陳述戲劇的中心思想)”與原文表達(dá)信息一致。故選A項(xiàng)。3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章末尾段內(nèi)容“Togetthemostoutofthereadingtheseplays,trytopicturetheplayonstage,withyou,thereader,intheaudience.”可知，作者建議讀者試著想象戲劇在舞臺(tái)上上演，不再是讀者而是成為觀眾，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳的閱讀樂(lè)趣。C項(xiàng)“Usetheirimagination”與原文“trytopicturetheplayonthestage”表達(dá)信息一致。故選C項(xiàng)。4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章首段內(nèi)容“Iamanactiveplaygoerandplay-reader,andperhapsmybestreasonforeditingthisbookisahopeofsharingmyenthusiasmforthetheaterwithothers”可知，該句內(nèi)容應(yīng)是書(shū)籍的“自序”內(nèi)容，且結(jié)合末尾“Togetthemostoutofthereadingtheseplays,trytopicturetheplayonstage,withyou,thereader,intheaudience.”可知，在講述如何更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)閱讀樂(lè)趣，再結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可推知，作者通過(guò)該文章介紹自己的一本書(shū)。故選B項(xiàng)。4.（2020年7月，浙江高考）ThetrafficsignalsalongFactoriaBoulevardinBellevue,Washington,generallydon'tflashthesamelengthofgreentwiceinarow,especiallyatrushhour.At9:30am,thefullred/yellow/greensignalcyclemightbe140seconds.By9:33am,aburstofadditionaltrafficmightpushitto145seconds.Lesstrafficat9:37amcouldpushitdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.Thatisbydesign.Bellevue,afast-growingcityjusteastofSeattle,usesasystemthatisgainingpopularityaroundtheUS:intersection(十字路口)signalsthatcanadjustinrealtimetotrafficconditions.Theselights,knownasadaptivesignals,haveledtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravelsbetweenworkandhome.“Adaptivesignalscanmakesurethatthetrafficdemandthatisthereisbeingaddressed,”saysAlexStevanovic,aresearcheratFloridaAtlanticUniversity.ForallofBellevue’ssuccess,adaptivesignalsarenotacure-allforjammedroadways.KevinBalke,aresearchengineerattheTexasA&MUniversityTransportationInstitute,saysthatwhilesmartlightscanbeparticularlybeneficialforsomecities,othersaresojammedthatonlyasharpreductioninthenumberofcarsontheroadwillmakeameaningfuldifference.“It’snotgoingtofixeverything,butadaptivesignalshavesomebenefitsforsmallercities,”hesays.InBellevue,theswitchtoadaptivesignalshasbeenalessoninthevalueofwelcomingnewapproaches.Inthepast,therewasoftenanautomaticreactiontoincreasedtraffic:justwidentheroads,saysMarkPoch,theBellevueTransportationDepartment’strafficengineeringmanager.Nowhehopesthatothercitieswillconsidermakingtheirstreetsrunsmarterinsteadofjustmakingthembigger.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A.Increasedlengthofgreenlights. B.Shortenedtrafficsignalcycle.C.Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals. D.Smoothtrafficflowontheroad.6.WhatdoesKevinBalkesayaboutadaptivesignals?A.Theyworkbetteronbroadroads.B.Theyshouldbeusedinothercities.C.Theyhavegreatlyreducedtrafficontheroad.D.Theyarelesshelpfulincitiesseriouslyjammed.7.WhatcanwelearnfromBellevue’ssuccess?A.Itisrewardingtotrynewthings. B.Theoldmethodsstillworktoday.C.Ipaystoputtheoryintopractice. D.Thesimplestwayisthebestway.【答案】5.C6.D7.A【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。美國(guó)華盛頓州的Bellevue采用了能隨交通狀況而調(diào)節(jié)交通燈時(shí)間的適應(yīng)性信號(hào)燈，大大緩解了交通壓力，也表明人們對(duì)于交通阻塞問(wèn)題不再只是拓寬道路，而是能夠采用新方法。5.指代猜測(cè)題。That位于第二段句首，應(yīng)是指代第一段的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容尤其是第一段最后一句“Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.(就像交通本身一樣，信號(hào)燈的時(shí)間也會(huì)變化)”可知，第一段主要講述的是信號(hào)燈的時(shí)間會(huì)靈活變化；“Thatisbydesign.”意為“那是有意為之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信號(hào)燈的靈活時(shí)間”。故選C項(xiàng)。6.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句中“adaptivesignalsarenotacure-allforjammedroadways(但自適應(yīng)信號(hào)并不是解決擁堵道路的萬(wàn)能藥)”及第二句中“othersaresojammedthatonlyasharpreductioninthenumberofcarsontheroadwillmakeameaningfuldifference(其他城市交通堵塞如此嚴(yán)重，只有減少道路上的車(chē)輛才能起有意義的作用)”可推知，KevinBalke認(rèn)為適應(yīng)性信號(hào)燈對(duì)于交通堵塞很?chē)?yán)重的城市沒(méi)有太大幫助。故選D項(xiàng)。7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Theselights,knownasadaptivesignals,haveledtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravelsbetweenworkandhome.(這些燈，被稱(chēng)為適應(yīng)性信號(hào)燈，已經(jīng)大大減少了通勤的麻煩和花費(fèi))”最后一段第一句“InBellevue,theswitchtoadaptivesignalshasbeenalessoninthevalueofwelcomingnewapproaches.(在Bellevue，對(duì)適應(yīng)性信號(hào)燈的轉(zhuǎn)變是一個(gè)在歡迎新方法的價(jià)值方面的榜樣)”可推知，從Bellevue的成功中可以得出，嘗試新事物是值得的。故選A項(xiàng)。5.（2020年7月，浙江高考）Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage,astudypublishedWednesdayinthejournalNeurologysuggests.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofLeipziginGermanygatheredmorethan1,000retiredworkerswhowereoverage75andassessedthevolunteers’memoryandthinkingskillsthroughabatteryoftests.Then,foreightyears,thescientistsaskedthesamegrouptocomebacktothelabevery18monthstotakethesamesortsoftests.Thosewhohadheldmentallystimulating(刺激),demandingjobsbeforeretirementtendedtodothebestonthetests.Andtheytendedtolosecognitive(認(rèn)知)functionatamuchslowerratethanthosewiththeleastmentallychallengingjobs.Theresultsheldtrueevenafterthescientistsaccountedfortheparticipants’overallhealthstatus.“Thisworksjustlikephysicalexercise,”saysFranciscaThen,wholedthestudy.“Afteralongrun,youmayfeellikeyou’reinpain,youmayfeeltired.Butitmakesyoufit.Afteralongdayatwork-sure,youwillfeeltired,butitcanhelpyourbrainstayhealthy.”It'snotjustcorporatejobs,orevenpaidworkthatcanhelpkeepyourbrainfit,Thenpointsout.Awaiter’sjob,forexample,thatrequiresmultitasking,teamworkanddecision-makingcouldbejustasstimulatingasanyhigh-levelofficework.And“runningafamilyhouseholdrequireshigh-levelplanningandcoordinating(協(xié)調(diào)),”shesays.“Youhavetoorganizetheactivitiesofthechildrenandtakecareofthebillsandgroceries.”O(jiān)fcourse,ourbrainscandeclineaswegrowolderforlotsofreasons-includingotherenvironmentalinfluencesorgeneticfactors.Still,continuingtochallengeyourselfmentallyandkeepingyourmindbusycanonlyhelp.8.Whydidthescientistsaskthevolunteerstotakethetests?A.Toassesstheirhealthstatus. B.Toevaluatetheirworkhabits.C.Toanalyzetheirpersonality. D.Tomeasuretheirmentalability.9.HowdoesFranciscaThenexplainherfindingsinparagraph4?A.Byusinganexpert’swords. B.Bymakingacomparison.C.Byreferringtoanotherstudy. D.Byintroducingaconcept.10.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.RetiredWorkersCanPickUpNewSkillsB.OldPeopleShouldTakeChallengingJobsC.YourToughJobMightHelpKeepYouSharpD.CognitiveFunctionMayDeclineAsYouAge【答案】8.D9.B10.C【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。《神經(jīng)病學(xué)》雜志發(fā)布的一則研究顯示，需要大量的分析思考、細(xì)致規(guī)劃和其他管理技能有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，有可能會(huì)幫助你的大腦隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而保持敏銳。8.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“ResearchersfromtheUniversityofLeipziginGermanygatheredmorethan1,000retiredworkerswhowereoverage75andassessedthevolunteers’memoryandthinkingskillsthroughabatteryoftests.(來(lái)自德國(guó)萊比錫大學(xué)的研究人員召集了1000多名75歲以上的退休老人，并通過(guò)一系列的測(cè)試對(duì)他們的記憶力和思維能力進(jìn)行了評(píng)估。)”可知，科學(xué)家讓志愿者做測(cè)試是為了測(cè)試他們的心智能力。故選D項(xiàng)。9.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中FranciscaThen說(shuō)的話“Thisworksjustlikephysicalexercise,(這就像體育鍛煉一樣有效。)”及接下來(lái)進(jìn)一步的解釋“長(zhǎng)跑后人就會(huì)感到痛苦和疲憊，但它確實(shí)能強(qiáng)身健體。工作一天下來(lái)會(huì)感到勞累，但這也使你的大腦處于健康狀態(tài)”可知，F(xiàn)ranciscaThen是通過(guò)與“身體鍛煉”作比較來(lái)解釋他的發(fā)現(xiàn)的。故選B項(xiàng)。10.主旨大意題。第一段“Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage(需要大量的分析思考、細(xì)致規(guī)劃和其他管理技能有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，有可能會(huì)幫助你的大腦隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而保持敏銳。)”是本文的主題句，結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要講述了有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作可能會(huì)使大腦保持敏捷，所以C項(xiàng)“困難的工作可能有助于大腦保持敏捷”適合作本文標(biāo)題。故選C項(xiàng)。6.（2020年1月，浙江高考）Milwaukee,Wisconsin,isroadtestinganewwaytokeepwinterroadsice-free–byspreadingonthemcheesebrine,thesaltyliquidusedtomakesoftcheese,likemozzarella.Wisconsin,alsocalled"America'sDairyland,"isfamousforitscheese.Thestateproduced2.8billionpoundsofcheeselastyear!aresult,therewasalotofleftovercheesebrine.Disposingof(處置)thebrinecanbeexpensive.Sowhatshouldcheesemakersdowiththewaste?Normally,townsuserocksalttode-icestreets.Thesaltlowerswaters'freezingpoint,causingicetomelt(融化).Butusingcheesebrinecouldhelpbothcheeseproducersandcitiessavemoney,whilekeepingroadssafe.Cheesebrinehassaltinit,which,liketherocksalt,helpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.Inadditiontosavingmoney,cheesebrinecouldalsobeamoreenvironment-friendlyoption.Manypeoplesuspectthatalltherocksaltusedeverywinterisharmingtheenvironment.Rocksaltismadeofsodiumchloride,thesanecon-pound(化合物)inordinarytablesalt.Soundsharmless,right?Butwhileyouprobablyaddonlyasmallamountofsalttoyourfood,roadcrewsspreadabout20milliontonsofsaltonU.S.Roadseveryyear!Thechemicalwashesoffroadsandgoesintotheground.Thereitcanpollutedrinkingwater,harmplants.andeatawaysoil.Byspreadingcheesebrineonstreetsbeforeaddingalayerofrocksalt,Milwaukeemaybeabletocutitsrocksaltuseby30percent.Cheesebrinehasadownsidetoo–ashellsimilartothatofbadmilk."Idon'treallymindit,"EmilNorbytoldModernFarmermagazine.HeworksforoneofWisconsin'scountyhighwaycommissionsandcameupwiththeideaofusingcheesebrine."OurroadssmelllikeWisconsin!"hesaid.11.Whycancheesebrinehelpkeepwinterroadsice-free?A.Itissoft. B.Itcontainssalt. C.Itiswarm. D.Ithasmilkinit.12.Whatisabenefitofusingcheeseurineonroads?A.Improvingairquality. B.Increasingsalesofrocksalt.C.Reducingwaterpollution. D.Savingthecheeseindustry.13.Milwaukee'snewwaytode-icestreetsmaybeanexampleof_______________.A.barkingupthewrongtree B.puttingthecartbeforethehorseC.robbingPetertopayPaul D.killingtwobirdswithonestone【答案】11.B12.C13.D【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要說(shuō)明了威斯康辛州的密爾沃基市正在試驗(yàn)一種新的路面防凍方法——在路面上涂上奶酪鹽水。文章說(shuō)明了這種新方法的好處是，相比于常用的巖鹽，奶酪鹽水既可以幫助道路不結(jié)冰，同時(shí)又很省錢(qián)環(huán)保。11.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句Cheesebrinehassaltinit,which,liketherocksalt,helpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.（奶酪鹽水中含有鹽，就像巖鹽一樣，有助于降低水的冰點(diǎn)）可知因?yàn)槟汤饮}水含有鹽，所以能幫助冬季道路不結(jié)冰。故選B。12.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Thereitcanpollutedrinkingwater,harmplants.andeatawaysoil.Byspreadingcheesebrineonstreetsbeforeaddingalayerofrocksalt,Milwaukeemaybeabletocutitsrocksaltuseby30percent.（在那里它可以污染飲用水，傷害植物，侵蝕土壤。通過(guò)在街道上撒上奶酪鹽水，然后再撒上一層巖鹽，密爾沃基或許可以將巖鹽的使用量減少30%）可知巖鹽會(huì)污染飲用水，而在道路上使用奶酪鹽水可以減少水污染。故選C。13.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句Cheesebrinehassaltinit,which,liketherocksalt,helpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.（奶酪鹽水中含有鹽，就像巖鹽一樣，有助于降低水的冰點(diǎn)）以及第四段第一句Inadditiontosavingmoney,cheesebrinecouldalsobeamoreenvironment-friendlyoption.（除了省錢(qián)，奶酪鹽水也是一個(gè)更環(huán)保的選擇）可知相比于常用的巖鹽，奶酪鹽水既可以幫助道路不結(jié)冰，同時(shí)又很省錢(qián)環(huán)保，可知密爾沃基市的街道除冰新方法是一個(gè)“一石二鳥(niǎo)”的成功例子。故選D。7.（2020年1月，浙江高考）Today'sworldisnotaneasyadjustmentforyoungadults.Keyskillsetforsuccessispersistence(毅力),acharacteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepositiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.BYUprofessorsLauraPadilla-WalkerandRandalDayarrivedatthesefindingsafterfollowing325Americanfamiliesoverseveralyears.Andovertime，thepersistencegainedthroughfathersledtohigherachievementinschool."Therearerelativelyfewstudiesthatstresstheuniqueroleoffathers，"Padilla-Walkersaid."Thisresearchalsohelpstoprovethatcharacteristicssuchaspersistence-whichcanbetaught-arekeytoachild'slifesuccess.”Researchersdeterminedthatdadsneedtopracticean"authoritative"parentingstyle.Authoritativeparentingisnotauthoritarian:rigid，demandingorcontrolling.Rather，anauthoritativeparentingstyleincludessomeofthefollowingcharacteristics:childrenfeelwarmthandlovefromtheirfather；responsibilityandthereasonsbehindrulesarestressedchildrenaregivenanappropriatelevelofautonomy(自主權(quán)).Inthestudy，about52percentofthedadsexhibitedabove-averagelevelsofauthoritativeparenting.Akeyfindingisthatovertime，childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence，whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.Thisparticularstudyexamined11to14-year-oldslivingintwo-parenthomes.Yettheresearcherssuggestthatsingleparentsstillmayplayaroleinteachingthebenefitsofpersistence，whichisanavenueoffutureresearch.14.WhatisspecialabouttheBYUprofessors'study?A.Itcenteredonfathers'roleinparenting.B.Itwasbasedonanumberoflargefamilies.C.Itanalyzeddifferentkindsofparentingstyles.D.Itaimedtoimprovekids'achievementinschool.15.Whatwouldanauthoritativefatherdowhenraisinghischildren?A.Ignoretheirdemands. B.Makedecisionsforthem.C.Controltheirbehaviors. D.Explaintherulestothem.16.Whichgroupcanbeafocusoffuturestudiesaccordingtotheresearchers?A.Singleparents.B.Childrenagedfrom11to14.C.Authoritarianfathers.D.Mothersintwo-parenthomes.17.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ThreeCharacteristicsofAuthoritativeFathers.B.KeySkillsforYoungAdultstoSucceedinFuture.C.ChildrenTendtoLearnDeterminationfromFather.D.FamilyRelationshipInfluencesSchoolPerformance.【答案】14.A15.D16.A17.C【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，父親在幫助青春期的孩子學(xué)習(xí)毅力方面具有獨(dú)特的地位。研究人員認(rèn)為，父親們需要采用一種“權(quán)威”的養(yǎng)育方式，且一項(xiàng)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，隨著時(shí)間的推移，由權(quán)威父親撫養(yǎng)長(zhǎng)大的孩子更有可能培養(yǎng)出堅(jiān)持不懈的精神，從而在學(xué)校取得更好的成績(jī)。14.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepositiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.（楊百翰大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，父親在幫助青春期的孩子學(xué)習(xí)毅力方面具有獨(dú)特的地位）可知楊百翰大學(xué)研究的特別之處在于，它關(guān)注的是父親在養(yǎng)育子女中的角色。故選A。15.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中Rather，anauthoritativeparentingstyleincludessomeofthefollowingcharacteristics:childrenfeelwarmthandlovefromtheirfather；responsibilityandthereasonsbehindrulesarestressedchildrenaregivenanappropriatelevelofautonomy.（相反，權(quán)威的養(yǎng)育方式包括以下一些特征:孩子們感受到來(lái)自父親的溫暖和愛(ài)；強(qiáng)調(diào)責(zé)任和規(guī)則背后的原因；孩子們被給予適當(dāng)?shù)淖灾鳈?quán)）可知一個(gè)有權(quán)威的父親在撫養(yǎng)孩子時(shí)會(huì)向他們解釋規(guī)則。故選D。16.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句Yettheresearcherssuggestthatsingleparentsstillmayplayaroleinteachingthebenefitsofpersistence，whichisanavenueoffutureresearch.（然而，研究人員認(rèn)為，單親父母仍然可能在教授堅(jiān)持不懈的好處方面發(fā)揮作用，這是未來(lái)研究的一個(gè)方向）可知根據(jù)研究人員的說(shuō)法，單親父母是未來(lái)研究的重點(diǎn)。故選A。17.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段中Akeyfindingisthatovertime，childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence，whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.（一項(xiàng)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，隨著時(shí)間的推移，由權(quán)威父親撫養(yǎng)長(zhǎng)大的孩子更有可能培養(yǎng)出堅(jiān)持不懈的精神，從而在學(xué)校取得更好的成績(jī)）和文章主要內(nèi)容為說(shuō)明父親在養(yǎng)育子女中的角色，故選C選項(xiàng)“孩子們傾向于向父親學(xué)習(xí)決心”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。8.（2019年6月，浙江高考）Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(資源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.18.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.19.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A.Ecologicalstudiesofforests.B.Banningwoodcutting.C.Limitinghousingdevelopment.D.Firecontrolmeasures.20.WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMcIntyre?A.Inadequatesnowmelt. B.Alongerdryseason.C.Awarmerclimate. D.Dampnessoftheair.21.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.California’sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC.WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCa