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Chapter10Case1
1.Seller,whoseplaceofbusinessisinStateA,andBuyer,whoseplaceofbusinessisinStateB,enterintoa
contractthatstipulatesthattheCISGapplies.NeitherStateAnorStateBisacontractingstate.Doesthe
conventionapply?
譯文:營(yíng)業(yè)地在A國(guó)的賣方和營(yíng)業(yè)地在B國(guó)的買方簽訂了一份規(guī)定《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》
適用的合同。A國(guó)和B國(guó)都不是公約的締約國(guó)。公約能適用嗎?
分析:AccordingtoCISGPartI(Article1),CISGappliestocontractfortheinternationalsaleofgoods-thatis,
thebuyerandthesellermusthaveiheirplacesofbusinessindifferentstates.Inaddition,eitherbothofthe
statesmustbecontractingpartiestotheconventionortherulesofprivateinternationallawmustleadtothe
applicationofthelawofacontractingstate.Inthissituation,therulesofprivateinternationallawstipulatesthat
thecontractappliestothelawofacontractingstate.Asaresult,theconventionapplies.
適用。根據(jù)CISG第一部分第一章第一條第一款,公約適用于國(guó)際貨物買賣合同,即買方和賣方必須在
不同的國(guó)家擁有營(yíng)業(yè)地,另外,兩國(guó)均屬公約的締約國(guó)或國(guó)際私法規(guī)則必須導(dǎo)致適用某一締約國(guó)法律。
所以,即使A國(guó)和B國(guó)都不是公約的締約國(guó),但根據(jù)國(guó)際私法規(guī)則適用某一締約國(guó)法律,公約仍可能
適用。
Thiswoulddependupontheprivateinternationallawrulesofthestatewhereasuitisbroughttoenforcethe
contract.CISGArticle1(2).Ifthelocalrulesallowthepartiestoadoptthelawsofaforeignjurisdictionby
agreement,thentheUnitedNationsConventionwouldapply.
ChapterlOCase2徐夏童
RetailerinStateAdecidestogointothecatalogsalesbusinessinStateB.Bothcountriesarepartiestothe
CISG.RetailerpurchasesamailinglistfromAccCreditCardCompany.Thelisthasthenamesandaddressesof
500,000personsowningAcecreditcardsinStateB,andRetailerusesthistopreparemailinglabels.JohnQ.
PublicreceivesacatalogaddressedtohimpersonallyfromRetailer.Thecatalogdescribesvarioustypesof
widgetsandgivespricesforeachone.Hastheretailermadeanoffertosellthewidgets?IfJohnaccepts,will
therebeabindingcontractundertheCISG?
A國(guó)的某零售商決定在B國(guó)開展目錄銷售業(yè)務(wù)。A,B兩國(guó)都是《國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》的締約國(guó)。
零售商從Ace信用卡公司購(gòu)買郵件列表。該列表包含在州B中擁有Ace信用卡的500,000人的姓名和
地址,零售商使用此信息來準(zhǔn)備郵寄標(biāo)簽。JohnQ.Public收到了一份來自零售商的目錄。該目錄描
述了各種類型的小部件,并為每個(gè)小部件提供價(jià)格。零售商是否出售這些小部件是否為發(fā)出了要約?
如果約翰接受,根據(jù)《國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》的規(guī)定,約翰先生和零售公司是否訂立了具有約束力的
合同呢?
解析:A國(guó)和B國(guó)均為《CISG》締約國(guó),因此該案適用《CISG》o根據(jù)《CISG》第14條“向一個(gè)
或一個(gè)以上的人提出的訂立合同的建議,如果十分確定并且表明發(fā)價(jià)人在得到接受時(shí)承受約束的意旨,
即構(gòu)成發(fā)價(jià)。一個(gè)建議如果寫明貨物并且明示或喑示地規(guī)定數(shù)量和價(jià)格或規(guī)定如何確定數(shù)量和價(jià)格,即
為十分確定。非向一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上特定的人提出的建議,僅應(yīng)視為邀請(qǐng)做出發(fā)價(jià),除非提出建議的人明
確地表示相反的意向?!?/p>
一項(xiàng)訂立合同的建議若要構(gòu)成要約,它必須是向一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的特定人發(fā)出的建議。向公眾發(fā)布
的建立通常被認(rèn)為只是談判的邀請(qǐng)。因此零售商出售這些小部件并非要約,而是談判邀請(qǐng)。零售商的
行為構(gòu)不成發(fā)出要約,因此約翰接受,此行為也不能視為雙方訂立了具有約束力的合同。
分析:No.UnderArticle11,anoffermustbe“addressedtospecificpersons."Whilethecataloguewas
addressedtoaspecificperson,mailorderretailersordinarilyintendfortheircatalogueslohaveaswidea
circulationaspossible,andtheywouldbehappytohavethempassedontoothers.Thephrase"o他rs
addressedtospecificpersons“actuallymeans“offersrestrictedtotheparticularaddressees.”
要約是向特定人發(fā)出的,表明要約人將要按一定的價(jià)格買賣特定貨物意圖的建議。而本案中A國(guó)零
售商的郵件不是有效的要約,因?yàn)槠湮聪蛱囟ㄈ税l(fā)出,因此A國(guó)零售商的郵件是要約邀請(qǐng)。即使John
接受要約邀請(qǐng)也無法達(dá)成有效的合同。
No.UnderArticle11,anoffermustbe“addressedtospecificpersons."Whilethecataloguewasaddressed
toaspecificperson,mailorderretailersordinarilyintendfortheircataloguestohaveaswideacirculationas
possible,andtheywouldbehappytohavethempassedontoothers.Thephrase“offersaddressedtospecific
persons”actuallymeans“offersrestrictedtotheparticularaddressees.”
ChapterlOCase3金靈
OnJanuary1,SellersentalettertoBuyerofferingtoselltoBuyer5,000widgetsfor$25apiece.Theletter
alsostaded:"ThisofferisbindingandirrevocableuntilFebruaryl.uOnJanuary5,priortoBuyer'sreceiptof
theletter,SellercalledBuyeronthetelephoneandleftthefollowingmessageontheansweringmachineat
Buyer'splaceofbusiness:"IgnoreofmyletterofJanuary1.Ihavedecidedtowithdrawtheoffercontainedin
it."OnJanuary7,afterlisteningtoheransweringmachineandreadingtheletterthataiTivedthatsameday,
BuyersentSellerthefollowingtelegram:"1acceptyourofferinJanuary1."Isthereacontractunderthe
CISG?
1月1日,賣方致函買方,向買方出售5,000件小部件,每件25美元。這封信還表示:“直至2月1
日,此優(yōu)惠都具有約束力且不可撤銷,?!?月5日,在買方收到信件之前,賣方通過電話聯(lián)系買方,并
在買方營(yíng)業(yè)地點(diǎn)的應(yīng)答機(jī)上留下以下信息:“忽略我1月1日的來信。我已經(jīng)決定撤回此次要約?!?月
7日,在聽完電話答錄機(jī)并閱讀當(dāng)天到達(dá)的信后,買方向賣方發(fā)送了以下電報(bào):“我方接受你方于1月1
日的要約?!备鶕?jù)"國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約”是否構(gòu)成合同關(guān)系?
Answer:Thecontractisn'tconcludedbecausetheoffersenthasbeenwithdrawn.
Analysis:Foraproposaltobeanoffer,itmustbeaddressedto"oneormorespecificpersons'*.So
accordingtothiscase,itisanoffer.Butanofferbecomeseffectiveonlyafteritreachestheofferee.Thus,
offers-includingoffersthatpromisethattheyareinevocable—canbewithdrawnbeforetheyreachtheofferee.
Inthiscase,OnJanuary5,priortoBuyer'sreceiptoftheletter,SellercalledBuyeronthetelephoneandleftthe
followingmessageontheansweringmachineatBuyer'splaceofbusiness:"IgnoreofmyletterofJanuary1.I
havedecidedtowithdrawtheoffercontainedinit."Sothecontractisn'tconcludedbecausetheoffersenthas
beenwithdrawn.
Thewithdrawalwaseffective.CISGArticle15(2)statesihatfirmoffersmaybewithdrawnifthewithdrawal
reachestheofferee“befbreoratthesametime"astheoffer.Herethewithdrawalreachedtheoffereebefore
theoffer,sincetherecordedwithdrawalmessagewasdeliveredtoBuyer'splaceofbusinesspriortoBuyer's
receiptoftheoffer.SeeArticle24.
Chapter10Case4單思琪
OnDecember1,SellersentBuyeranoffertosell5,000widgetstoBuyerfor25apiece.Theofferstated:
"TheofferwillremainopenuntilDecembers1.MOnDecember10,Buyeranswered:"thepriceistoohigh;I
don'tacceptyouroffer."Then,onDecember15,Buyerchangedhismindandsentatelegramslating:"!accept
yourDecember1offerafterall."Seilerreplied:"Youracceptanceistoolate,sinceyoualreadyrejectedthe
offer."Inreturn,Buyeranswered:"Theacceptanceisgood,youpromisedtokeepyourofferopenuntil
December31."IsthereacontractundertheCISG?
12月1號(hào),一買方向買方發(fā)價(jià),計(jì)劃以25美元每個(gè)售賣5000件工具給買方。報(bào)價(jià)中說,這份報(bào)價(jià)
一直到12月31號(hào)之前都有效。12月10日,買方回復(fù)說報(bào)價(jià)太高,不接受發(fā)價(jià)。之后,在12月15日
時(shí)買方改變了主意,發(fā)電報(bào)成同意接受12月1號(hào)的發(fā)價(jià)。但是賣方回復(fù)稱買方接受發(fā)價(jià)太晚了,因?yàn)?/p>
此前買方已經(jīng)拒絕了此項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)。買方回復(fù)說,接受發(fā)價(jià)仍然是有效的,因?yàn)橘u方承諾在12月31日之前
發(fā)價(jià)都是有效的。根據(jù)CISG,合同是否構(gòu)成呢?
解析:
根據(jù)CISG,合同已經(jīng)構(gòu)成
1.根據(jù)GISG第19條第2條規(guī)定,對(duì)發(fā)價(jià)表示接受但載有添加或不同條件的答復(fù),如所載內(nèi)容或不同條
件在實(shí)質(zhì)上并不變更該發(fā)價(jià)的條件,除發(fā)價(jià)人在不過分遲延的時(shí)間內(nèi)以口頭或書面通知反對(duì)其間的差異
外,則構(gòu)成接受。
widgets.
買家無需承擔(dān)責(zé)任。題目規(guī)定按照聯(lián)合國(guó)《國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》解讀該行為,而該公約第十八條(1)
表明:“被發(fā)價(jià)人聲明或做出其他行為表示同意一項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià),即是接受,緘默或不行動(dòng)本身不等于接受。''
可知,買方的不回復(fù)或緘默行為不等于接受,因此買家不必接收貨物或承擔(dān)任何責(zé)任。
Buyerneeddonothing.UnderCISGArticle18,anofferorcannotmakesilenceorinactivitygroundsfor
acceptanceofhisoffer.Onlyiftheoffereehadagreedinadvancethathissilenceorinactivitywould
constituteacceptancewouldtherebeacontractinthissituation.
ChaptcrlOCase6王志剛
ModificationofContractandRelianceUndertheCISG
SellerandBuyerenteredintoawrittencontractforthemanufacturebySellerof10000widgetsofadesign
specifiedbyBuyerandsetoutinthecontract.Thecontractalsoprovided:^^thiscontractmayonlybemodified
inawritingsignedbybothparties.、'BeforeSellerbeganworkonthewidgets,BuyerandSelleragreedby
telephonetoachangeinthespecificationsfor2500ofthewidgets.Sellerthenproducedanddeliveredthe2500
widgetsasspecified.Buyerrefusedtoacceptthembecausetheydidnotconformtothespecificationsinthe
originalcontract.AssumingtheCISGapplies,whobreached?
賣方和買方簽訂了一份書面合同,由賣方制造10000件由買方指定并在合同中規(guī)定的設(shè)計(jì)小部件。
合同還規(guī)定:“本合同只能以雙方簽署的書面形式進(jìn)行修改。”在賣方開始生產(chǎn)小部件之前,買方和賣
力通過電話同意更改2500個(gè)小部件的規(guī)格。然后,賣方按照規(guī)定生產(chǎn)并交付了2500個(gè)小部件。買方拒
絕接受,因?yàn)樗鼈儾环显己贤械囊?guī)格。假設(shè)“銷售公約”適用,誰違約了?
Analysis:
Buyer.
Article29(2)saysthat“acontractinwritingwhichcontainsaprovisionrequiringanymodificationor
terminationbyagreementtobeinwritingmaynotbeotherwisemodifiedorterminatedbyagreement."It
goesontoadd,however,that“apartymaybeprecludedbyhisconductfromassertingsuchaprovisiontothe
extentthattheotherpartyhasreliedonthatconduct."Here,clearly,SellerreliedonBuyer'sconduct.
分析:在此案例中,我認(rèn)為是買方違反了規(guī)定。CISG中第二十九條第一條款規(guī)定,合同只需雙方當(dāng)事
人協(xié)議就可更改或終止。第二條款規(guī)定任何更改或根據(jù)協(xié)議終止必須以書面做出的書面合同,不得以任
何其他方式更改或根據(jù)協(xié)議終止。但是,一方當(dāng)事人的行為如經(jīng)另一方當(dāng)事人寄以信賴就不得堅(jiān)持此項(xiàng)
規(guī)定。
在此案例中,買方與賣方通過電話聯(lián)系同意了更改2500件G部件的生產(chǎn)規(guī)格,買方此行為明顯是在向
賣方寄以信賴,賣方也是按照規(guī)定生產(chǎn)并交付了貨物,盡管原始合同規(guī)定必須通過雙方簽署的書面文件
進(jìn)行條件的修改,但是在買方已寄以信賴的情況下,此項(xiàng)規(guī)定不得繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持,買方的拒收行為明顯不符
合規(guī)定。
ChapterlOCase7劉燕妮
BuyerandSellerenteredintoacontractgovernedbytheCISGforSellertodeliverasophisticated
computertoBuyerbyJanuary1.Sellerwaslateindeliveringthemachine,soBuyerwiredSelleronJanuary
2:4<Anxioustotakedeliveryofthecomputer.HopethatitarrivesbyFebruary2"Sellerdeliversthecomputer
onFebruary5,butBuyerrefusestoacceptitanddeclaresthatthecontractisavoidedbecauseSellerfailedto
handoverthecomputerbeforetheFebruary1datespecifiedintheFebruary2telegram.BothBuyerandSeller
agreethattherehasnotbeenafundamentalbreach.IsBuyerabletoavoidthecontractunderthese
circumstances?
買方和賣方達(dá)成了一個(gè)受聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約所約束的合同,合同的內(nèi)容是,賣方要在1
月1日之前將一臺(tái)精密的電腦交付給買方。由于賣方未能按期交貨,買方在1月2日發(fā)電報(bào)給賣方:“我
們急于收到這臺(tái)電腦,希望在2月1日之前能收到它?!辟u方最終在2月5日交付了這臺(tái)電腦,但是買
方拒絕簽收,并表示因?yàn)橘u方?jīng)]能按照1月2日電報(bào)所要求的那樣,在2月1日之前交付電腦,該合同
已經(jīng)失效了。買賣雙方都認(rèn)為這不算根本違約。在這些情況下,買方能夠使該合同無效嗎?
Analysis:Yes,theBuyerisabletoavoidthecontract.
UnderCISG,aBuyermayavoidacontractifeither(1)theSellercommitsafundamentalbreachor(2)the
BuyergivestheSelleraNachfristnoticeandtheSeilerrejectsitordoesnotperformwithintheperiodit
specifies.ABuyer'sNachfristnoticeisthefixingof“anadditionalperiodoftimeofreasonablelengthfor
performancebytheSellerofhisobligations.
Theperiodmustbedefinite,andtheobligationtoperformwithinthatperiodmustbeclear.Oncethe
Nachfristperiodhasrun,oroncethefundamentalbreachbecomesclear,theBuyerhasareasonabletimein
whichtoavoidthecontract.
Inthiscase,althoughthereisnofundamentalbreach,Sellerdidn'tdeliverthecomputerontimeas
contracted.AfterBuyergavenoticetoSellerandaskedSellertodeliverthecomputerbyFebruary1,Seller
failedtodeliveritbyFebruary1butonFebruary5,laterthantherequireddate.
買方可以使該合同無效。
在聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約下,買方可以在以下情況使合同無效化:(1)賣方做出根本違約;
(2)買方向賣方發(fā)出寬限期通知,而賣方拒絕接受或者沒有在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)完成要求。買方的寬限期通
知是一種解決辦法,它給出一個(gè)額外的、長(zhǎng)度合理的時(shí)間期限讓賣方完成義務(wù)。
這個(gè)期限必須是給定的,并且在期限內(nèi)完成的義務(wù)也必須是清晰的。一旦寬限期開始或者根本違約
發(fā)生,買方有合理的時(shí)間來使合同無效化。
在這個(gè)案例中,即使不存在根本違約,賣方?jīng)]有依據(jù)合同按時(shí)交貨。在買方向賣方發(fā)出通知并要求
賣方在2月1日之前交付電腦后,賣方?jīng)]能如期交貨,而是晚于要求的日期,在2月5日交貨。
No.ThenoticeBuyergaveSellerdoesnotamounttoanArticle47Nachfristnotice,becauseitdidnotseta
fixeddatenordemandfinalperformancebythatdate.Thewireshouldhavesaidsomethingsuchas“Thelast
dateonwhichBuyerwillacceptdeliveryisFebruary1
Chapter10case8彭欽云
RiskofLessUndertheCISC
DealersintheUnitedStatesownedacargoof10,000barrelsofoilthathasbeenshippedfromMexicoon
January1forarrivalintheUnitedStatesonFebruary1.OnJanuary15,DealerinformedBuyerthattheoilwas
enrouteandtheyconcludedacontract.Onarrival,inspectionshowedthattheoilhadbeencontaminatedby
seawateratsomeindeterminatetimeduringthevoyage.AssumingtheCISGapplies,whobeartherisk?
美國(guó)的交易商有10000桶原油,于1月1日從墨西哥起運(yùn),2月1日到達(dá)美國(guó)。在1月15日,交易
商通知買方原油尚在運(yùn)輸途中,然后雙方簽訂了一份合同。貨物到達(dá)后,經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),貨物在運(yùn)輸途中
被海水污染。假設(shè)聯(lián)合國(guó)《國(guó)際貨物銷售合同》適用,哪?方應(yīng)該承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呢?
解析:應(yīng)由買方承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)v根據(jù)《國(guó)際貨物銷售合同》第68條:對(duì)于在運(yùn)輸途中銷售的貨物,從
合同訂立時(shí)起,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就轉(zhuǎn)移到買方承擔(dān)。如果賣方在訂立合同時(shí)已經(jīng)知道或理應(yīng)知道貨物已經(jīng)遺失或損
壞,而他乂不將這一事實(shí)告知買方,則這種遺失或損壞應(yīng)由賣方負(fù)責(zé),
此案例中,賣方已通知買方原油在運(yùn)輸途中,而后才訂立合同,因此風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)由買方承擔(dān);而沒有證
據(jù)顯示賣方在訂立合同時(shí)己經(jīng)得知原油已被污染,因此風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍由買方承擔(dān)。
Buyer.Article68saysthattheriskpassedtoBuyeratthetimethecontractwassignedsincethegoodswere
alreadyintransit.IfBuyerhasinsurance,hemayhaveadifficulttimecollectingonit,sincethetimewhen
thedamageoccurredisuncertain.Byagreement,SellerandBuyercouldhaveagreedthattheriskpassedto
Buyerattheoutsetofthevoyage.Forthepurposeofassertinganinsuranceclaim,thiswouldhavesimplified
matters.
Chapter10case9李新月
AvoidanceofInstallmentContractsUndertheCISG
SelleragreedtodeliverthreesoftwareprogramstoBuyerthatarespeciallydesignedforBuyer'sbusiness.
ThefirstwastobedeliveredinJanuary,thesecondinFebruary,andthethirdinMarch.Theprogramdelivered
inJanuaryworkedfine,buttheonedeliveredinFebruarywasdefective.Itnotonlyfailedtofunctionproperly.
Italsomadetheothertwoprogramseffectivelyworthless.Sellerwasunabletocorrectthedefect,andno
suitablereplacementcouldbefoundfromanothersupplier.WhatCISGremediesareavailabletoBuyer?
賣方同意向買方交付三個(gè)專門為買方業(yè)務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)的軟件程序。第一個(gè)于1月交付,第二個(gè)將于2月交
付,第三個(gè)將于3月交付。1月份交付的程序運(yùn)行良好,但2月份交付的程序有缺陷。它不僅不能正常
運(yùn)行,還使得其他兩個(gè)程序?qū)嶋H上毫無價(jià)值。賣方無法修正這一缺陷,也無法從其他供應(yīng)商處找到合適
的替代品。買方可獲得CISG中的哪些救濟(jì)?
解析:根據(jù)CISG規(guī)定,買方可享有的救濟(jì)措施是(1)請(qǐng)求實(shí)際履行;(2)因根本性違反合同或
不交付貨物而解除合同;(3)減價(jià);(4)拒絕提前交付;(5)拒絕接受多交的貨物。
在本案例中,賣方交付的第二個(gè)程序有缺陷,不符合合同要求,且賣方己經(jīng)無法采取補(bǔ)救辦法履行
其義務(wù),也無法交付替代貨物。
在這一情況下,根據(jù)CISG第50條規(guī)定,如果貨物不符合同,不論價(jià)款是否已付,買方都可以減低
價(jià)格,減價(jià)按實(shí)際交付的貨物在交貨時(shí)的價(jià)值與符合合同的貨物在當(dāng)時(shí)的價(jià)值兩者之間的比例計(jì)算。
UnderArticle73,Buyermayavoidtheentirecontractsincethethreeprogramsareclearlyinterdependent.
SellerwillhavetotakebacktheprogramsdeliveredinJanuaryandFebruary(andreturnthepriceBuyerpaid),
andBuyermayrefusedeliveryofthethird(theMarch)program.
Chapter10Case10:DamagesforBreachofContractUnderCISG程歆雯
Sellercontractedtodeliver1,000bairelsofoiltoBuyerfor$14,000.Whentheoilarrived,975barrels
compliedfullywiththecontractdescription.Twenty-fivearecontaminatedandunacceptable.Oilin
comparablebarrelswasavailableinthelocalmarketforapriceof$18abarrelin25-barrcllots.Selleroffered
nottochargeBuyerforthebarrels.IsthereacontractunderCISG?Ifso,whatpaymentisduetotheSeller?
買賣雙方簽訂合同,賣方應(yīng)將總價(jià)值為14000美元共1。00桶油發(fā)給買方。當(dāng)油到達(dá)買方時(shí),其中
975桶泊完全符合合同中的描述,但有25桶油因收到污染而拒收。這類油桶在當(dāng)?shù)厥袌?chǎng)上,以25桶為
一批出售,每桶價(jià)值18美元。買方主動(dòng)沒對(duì)這25桶油收費(fèi)。問:根據(jù)《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》
(以下簡(jiǎn)稱公約),該案例是否存在合同?如果有賣方應(yīng)賠償多少?
Buyermayaskfordamages.Ifhebuysreplacementbarrelsonthelocalmarketandpaysareasonable
priceforthem,hewillbeentitled(underArticle75)tothatprice.IfBuyerdoesnotobtainsubstitutebarrels,
hewillbeentitled(underArticle76)tothecurrentpriceattheplaceofdelivery;thatis,$18abarrel,or$450.
Ifthishadbeenacaseinvolvingforcemajeure,Buyerwouldnothavebeenentitledtodamages,butonlya
pricereduction.Article50providesforaproportionatepricereduction,sounderthatrule,thefinalprice
wouldbereducedto$14abarrel,or$350.
ChapterHcase1譚扣
Selleragreedtoship10,000ionsofpotatoesFOBTacoma,Washington,tobuyerinJapan.Buyer
designatedtheSSRussettotakedeliveryatpier7inTacoma.Ontheagreed-upondatefordelivery,Seller
deliveredthepotatoestopier7,buttheshipwasnotatthepier.Becauseanothershipusingthepierwasslowin
loading,theRussethadtoanchoratamoorngbuoyintheharborandSellerhadtoarrangeforalighterto
transportthepotatoesincontainerstotheship.ThelightertiedupalongsidetheRusset,andacablefromthe
ship'sboomwasattachedtothefirstcontainer.Asthecontainerbegantocrosstheship'srail,thecablesnapped.
Thecontainerthenfellontherail,teeteredbackandforthforawhile,andfinallycrasheddownthesideofthe
ship,causingthelightertocapsize.Allofthepotatoesweredumpedintothesea.BuyernowsuesSellerfor
failuretomakeadelivery.IsSellerliable?
譯文:賣方同意裝運(yùn)I萬噸土豆給日本的買方,F(xiàn)OBTacomac買方指定RUSSET輪在Tacoma的第七號(hào)
碼頭接貨。賣方在規(guī)定的交貨日期將貨物運(yùn)送到裝運(yùn)港口的第七號(hào)碼頭,但是買方指定的船舶沒有到達(dá)
指定碼頭.因?yàn)榱硗馑掖罢加昧舜a頭,卸貨速度極慢.RUSSET輪只能在系泊浮桶外拋鋪.賣方只能
安排駁船將裝運(yùn)貨物的集裝箱轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到船上。駁船將集裝箱運(yùn)到船邊,由船上的吊車吊裝上船,在集裝箱
即將越過船舷時(shí),吊纜斷了,集裝箱落在船舷上,搖晃了幾下,最終從船邊滑落,將駁船砸翻了。所有
的土豆都沉人海底。買方起訴,要求賣方承擔(dān)不能交貨的責(zé)任。賣方應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)貴任嗎?
Answer:Yes,sellerisliableunderanFOBcontractuntilthegoodscrosstheship'srail.
Analysis:ThetermFOBprovidesthatthetransferofriskofthegoodsshallbeonthesideoftheshipattheportof
shipment.Ifanaccidentoccurswithoutpassingtheship'srailattheportofshipment,itshallbetheresponsibility
oftheseller;ifanaccidentoccursafterpassingtheship'srailattheportofshipment,itshallbetheresponsibility
ofthebuyer.Inthiscase,thecontainerdidnotcrosstheship'srail,sothesellershouldbeheldresponsible
accordingtoFOB.
分析:賣方應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任,因?yàn)樨浳镂丛竭^船舷。FOB這個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語規(guī)定了貨物的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移應(yīng)該在裝運(yùn)
港船舷處。若在未越過裝運(yùn)港船舷時(shí)發(fā)生意外事件、則為賣方的責(zé)任,若在越過裝運(yùn)港船舷后發(fā)生意外
事件,則是買方承擔(dān)責(zé)任。此案例中,集裝箱并沒有越過船鉉,所以根據(jù)FOB,賣方應(yīng)該承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
Chapter11case2陳靖
Selleragreedtoship10,00()tonsofpotatoesFOBTacoma,Washington,toBuyerinJapan.Buyer
designatedtheSSRusseltolakedeliveryatpier7inTacoma.Ontheagreeddatefordelivery,Sellerdelivered
thepotatoestopier7,buttheshipwasnotatthepier.Becauseanothershipusingthepierwasslowinloading,
theRussethadtoanchoratamooringbuoyintheharborandSellerhadtoarrangeforalightertotransportthe
potatoesincontainerstotheship.ThelightertiedupalongsidetheRussetandacablefromtheship'sboom
wasattachedtothefirstcontainer.Asthecontainerbegantocrosstheship'srailthecablesnapped.The
containerthenfellontherail,teeteredbackandforthforawhile,andfinallycrasheddownthesideoftheship
andcapsizedthelighter.Allofthepotatoesweredumpedintothesea.BuyernowsuesSellerforfailureto
makedelivery.SupposethecontracthadbeenFASTacoma.WouldSellerbeliable?
賣方同意以華盛頓塔科馬離岸價(jià)向日本買家發(fā)運(yùn)1萬噸土豆。買方指定SSRusset在塔科馬的7號(hào)
碼頭提貨。在約定的交貨日期,賣方將土豆運(yùn)到7號(hào)碼頭,但船不在碼頭。由于使用碼頭的另一艘船裝
載速度較慢,赤褐色的船不得不停泊在港口的一個(gè)系泊浮標(biāo)上,賣方不得不安排駁船把裝在集裝箱里的
土豆運(yùn)到船上。打火機(jī)綁在赤褐色的船舷上,一根纜繩從船的吊桿上系在第一個(gè)集裝箱上。當(dāng)集裝箱開
始越過船舷時(shí),纜繩斷了。然后集裝箱掉在欄桿上,前后搖晃了-捺兒,最后撞到船舷上,把打火機(jī)弄
翻了。所有的土豆都被扔進(jìn)了海里。買方現(xiàn)在起訴賣方未能交貨。假設(shè)合同是FASTacoma。賣方有責(zé)任
嗎?
2.Suppose,inQuestion1,thecontracthadbeenFASTacoma.WouldSellerbeliable?
譯文:在題目1中,假如合同采用的是FASTacoma,那么賣方是否承擔(dān)責(zé)任呢?
分析:No.Thesellerwouldnotbeliable.
AccordingtoArticle69ofCISG,“Incasenotwithinarticles67and68,theriskpassestothebuyerwhenhe
takesoverthegoodsor,ifhedoesnotdosoinduetime,fromthetimewhenthegoodsareplacedalhis
disposalandhecommitsabreachofcontractbyfailingtotakedelivery?'
Inthiscase,thecontracthadbeenFASTacoma.Theterm4€frccalongside”or4tfrccalongsideship"requiresthe
sellertodelivergoodstoanamedportalongsideavesseltobedesignatedbythebuyerandinamanner
customarytotheparticularport.Alongsidehastraditionallymeantthatthegoodsmustbewithinreachofa
ship'sliltingtackle.Andinthiscase,theseller'slightershastakenthegoodstothebuyer'sship,andtheseller
hadaccomplishedhisobligation.Instead,itisthebuyerwhoshouldbeliablefromthatpoint.
賣方無需承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
根據(jù)《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》第六十九條:在不屬于第六十七條和第六十八條規(guī)定的情況下,
從買方接受貨物時(shí)起,或如果買方不在適當(dāng)時(shí)間內(nèi)這樣做,則從貨物交給他處置但他不收取貨物從而違
反合同時(shí)起,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到買方承擔(dān)“
在本案中,合同采用的國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語為FAS,即船邊交貨價(jià)格。當(dāng)貨物在指定的啟動(dòng)港被置于船邊或駁
船之中后,賣方即完成交貨的義務(wù)。運(yùn)輸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的分界在裝運(yùn)港買方船舶的吊鉤之下。在本案中,賣方已
用駁船將貨物集裝箱運(yùn)到船邊,完成了交付義務(wù)。貨物在買方使用吊纜裝運(yùn)貨物時(shí)發(fā)生意外,因此責(zé)任
應(yīng)由買方承擔(dān),而非賣方。
No.SellerisonlyrequiredunderanFAScontracttodeliverthegoodsalongsidethecarrierandwithinreach
ofthecarrier'stackle.ThisSellerdid.Buyerisresponsiblefromthatpointon.
Chapter11case3陳逸菲
Selleragreedtodeliver1,000airconditionerstoBuyerDESPortMoresby.Theairconditionerswere
transportedbyshiptoPortMoresby,wheretheywereoff-loadedtothecuntomsshedforinspection.Theship
thensentacabletoBuyerstatingthattheairconditionerswereinthecustomsshedandthatIheshipwas
proceedingonitsway.BeforeBuyercouldarrivetopaycustomsdutiesandcollecttheairconditioners,the
customsshedburneddown,destoryingalltheairconditioners.BuyersuesSellerforfallingtomakedelivery.Is
Sellerliable?
賣方同意向買方指定的目的港-莫斯比爾提供1000臺(tái)空調(diào)??照{(diào)以海運(yùn)的方式運(yùn)往莫斯比爾港,并在
該港卸貨接受海關(guān)檢查。貨輪向買家發(fā)送電報(bào)告知貨物正在進(jìn)行關(guān)檢,接下來將繼續(xù)運(yùn)輸.在買方繳納
關(guān)稅驗(yàn)收貨物前,海關(guān)失火,所有空調(diào)均被燒毀。買方控訴賣方?jīng)]有履行運(yùn)送職責(zé),賣方應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)相應(yīng)責(zé)
任嗎?
解析:賣方不需承擔(dān)響應(yīng)責(zé)任。在此案例中,賣方是否需要負(fù)責(zé)任,主要看買賣雙方的責(zé)任轉(zhuǎn)換發(fā)生
在運(yùn)輸?shù)哪囊画h(huán)節(jié)。根據(jù)2010年通則,F(xiàn)OB和FAS原則適用于海運(yùn)和內(nèi)陸水運(yùn),都是在裝運(yùn)港交貨。在
貨物裝運(yùn)上船前所產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),FOB條款下由賣方承擔(dān),FAS條款下賣方則不用承擔(dān)。賣方已經(jīng)將貨物運(yùn)送
到目的港,貨物被燒毀發(fā)生在交貨后,應(yīng)該由買家承擔(dān)此次損失。
分析:FreeOnBoard,alsoknownasFOB,isoneofthetermscommonlyusedintheinternationaltrade.Ifthe
contractisconcludedinthisterm,theBuyershalldispatchavesseltotakedeliveryofthegoods,andtheSeller
shallshipthegoodstotheBuyer'svesselwithinthestipulatedportandtimeandthenpromptlynotifytheBuyer.
Whenthegoodspassovertheship'srailduringshipment,theriskpassesfromtheSellertotheBuyer.Inthis
case,thevesselhasdeliveredthegoodstoPortMoresbyasrequiredandtheSellerhastelegraphedtotheBuyer
intime.Afterthevesselpassingtheship'srailatPortMoresby,thecostsandrisksoftransportingthegoodswill
passtotheBuyerfromtheSeller.Inthiscase,theSeller'sobligationhasbeenfulfilledandihedamageofair
conditionersisnottheSeller'sresponsibility.
FOB(FreeOnBoard),也稱“船上交貨價(jià)”,是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中常月的術(shù)語之一。按此術(shù)語成交,由買方負(fù)責(zé)
派船接運(yùn)貨物,賣方應(yīng)在合同規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)港和規(guī)定的期限內(nèi),將貨物裝上買方指定的船只,并及時(shí)通知
買方。貨物在裝船時(shí)越過船舷,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)即由賣方轉(zhuǎn)移至買方。
在本案例中,船只已按要求將貨物送到規(guī)定的莫爾茲比港且已及時(shí)發(fā)電報(bào)通知買方。以裝運(yùn)港船舷為界,
越過船炫后,賣方所負(fù)責(zé)的把貨物由產(chǎn)地運(yùn)往裝運(yùn)港的費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將轉(zhuǎn)移給買方。本案例中賣方的義務(wù)
已完成,空調(diào)被毀壞不屬于其責(zé)任。
No.UnderaDEScontract,asellerfulfillshisobligationsbydeliveringthegoodstotheportofdestination
andpayingofftheship.Thebuyerisresponsibleforclearingthegoodsthroughcustoms.
Chapter11case4賀子康
SellerinSydney,Australia,agreedtoshipgoodsonorbeforeDecember31underaCIFSydney
contracttoBuyerinHonolulu.Thesellerwasunabletoassemblethegoodsfordeliveryintimetoreachthe
shipinSydneyandhadtotransshipthegoodsbyrailtoMelbourne,wheretheshipwastakingongoodson
January3.SellerdidloadthegoodsaboardrailwaycarsinSydneyonDecember29andreceivedabill
ofladingfromtheship,andtogetherwithaninvoiceandamarineinsurancepolicy,tenderedbothbillsof
ladingtoBuyer.BuyerrefusedtoacceptthedocumentsortopaySeller.Sellersuestoenforcethecontract.Will
Sellerwin?
澳大利亞悉尼的賣方同意在12月31日或之前根據(jù)CIF悉尼合同向檀香山的買方發(fā)運(yùn)貨物。由于
賣方未能及時(shí)將貨物送達(dá)悉尼的裝運(yùn)船上,不得不通過鐵路將貨物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到墨爾本,該裝運(yùn)船于1月3日
在墨爾本接收貨物。12月29日賣方確實(shí)在悉尼的鐵路車上裝貨,從該船收到提單,并附上發(fā)票和海上
保險(xiǎn)單,向買方提交提單。買方拒絕接受文件或向賣方付款。賣方起訴以執(zhí)行合同。賣方會(huì)勝訴嗎?
Analysis:Thesellerwillnotwinthecase.AccordingtoIncoterms2010,theseller'sdeliverytimeunder
CIFisthetimewhenthegoodsareloadedontotheship.Inthiscase,thesellerdeliveredthegoodsin
MelbourneonJanuary3,andtheseller'sdeliverytimeagreedinthecontractisonorbeforeDecember31,the
sellerfailedtodeliverontime,andthebuyerhastherighttorefusetoacceptthedocumentsorpaytheseller.
分析:賣方不會(huì)勝訴,根據(jù)《2010國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》對(duì)于CIF術(shù)語的解釋,CIF下賣方交貨
時(shí)間即貨物裝上船的時(shí)間,在本案中,賣方于1月3日在墨爾本將貨物裝上船,而合同中約定的賣方交
貨時(shí)間是12月31日或之前,賣方未按期裝船,買方有權(quán)拒絕接受文件或向賣方付款
分析:賣方不會(huì)贏。在CIF條件下,該悉尼的賣方應(yīng)根據(jù)合同在12月31日或之前將貨物送至悉尼的船
并開始運(yùn)送貨物,但是買方1月3日才將貨物運(yùn)至墨爾本交貨上船,CIF下的交貨時(shí)間是裝上船的時(shí)間,
因此賣力并沒有履行其交付貨物、確保貨物與合同相符的職貢,買方有權(quán)拒絕接受貨物。
Itdependsonwhetherornotthegoodshadbeenclearedfromimportationbycustoms.Iftheyhad,then
Buyerwouldbeliablefortheloss.Ifnot,thenSellerwouldbeliable.
Chapter11case5閉思君
SellerinSanFranciscoagreedtoshipgoodstoBuyerinLondonunderaCIFSanFranciscocontract.After
thegoodswereloadedboardtheship,butbeforeitdepartedfromSanFrancisco,Sellertenderedthedocuments
requiredbythecontracttoBuyerandaskedtobepaid.Buyerrefused,assertingthatithadarighttoinspectthe
goodsupontheirarrivalinLondon,andthatitdidnothavetopayuntilitdidsoandwassatisfiedthatthegoods
wereincompliancewiththecontract.Sellersuesforimmediatepayment.WillSellerwin?
舊金山的賣方同意向倫敦的買方裝運(yùn)貨物,合同規(guī)定CIFSanFrancisco。在貨物被裝上船之后,在
船舶離開裝運(yùn)港口之前,賣方根據(jù)合同的規(guī)定將單據(jù)提交買方,要求付款。買方拒絕付款,聲稱其有權(quán)
在倫敦驗(yàn)貨,只有貨物沒有問題的情況下,買方才能付款。賣方起訴,要求買方立即付款。賣方能夠勝
訴嗎?
解析:Thesellerwillwin.ACIFcontractrequiresthesellertoarrangetheforthecarriageofgoodsbysea
toaportofdestinationandtoturnovertothebuyerthedocumentsnecessarytoobtainthegoodsformthe
carrierortoassertaclaimagainsttheinsurerifthegoodsarelostordamaged.Thethreedocumentsthatthe
seller(asaminimum)hastoprovide--theinvoice,theinsurancepolicy,andthebilloflading-irepresentthe
threeelementsofthecontract:cost,insurance,andthefreight.Theseller'sobligationsarecompletedwhenthe
documentsaretenderedtothebuyer.Althatlime,thebuyerisobligedtopaytheagreed-uponprice.Inthiscase,
thesellerhasalreadytenderedthedocumentsrequiredbythecontract,sothebuyerhastomakeimmediate
payment.
賣方能夠勝訴。C1F合同要求賣方將貨物海上運(yùn)輸至目的港并向買方移交從運(yùn)輸方獲得貨物或貨物
有丟失或損害時(shí)提出索賠所需的文件。賣方(至少)必須提
溫馨提示
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