英語專業(yè)語言學(xué)歷年真題試卷匯編

英語專業(yè)（語言學(xué)）歷年真題試卷匯編29(總分：88.00，做題時間：90分鐘)一、填空題(總題數(shù)：12，分數(shù)：24.00)1.ThestructuralapproachtotheanalysisoflanguagewasstartedbytheSwisslinguist1inthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.(中山大學(xué)研)

（分數(shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________

（對的答案：對的答案：Saussure）解析：解析：對語言的構(gòu)造性分析措施是在20世紀初，由瑞士語言學(xué)家索緒爾啟動的，他被稱為“現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)之父”和一位“使語言學(xué)走向現(xiàn)代的大師”。2.FunctionalSentencePerspective(FSP)isatheoryoflinguisticanalysiswhichdescribeshow1isdistributedinsentences.(中山大學(xué)研)

（分數(shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________

（對的答案：對的答案：information）解析：解析：功能句子觀是一套語言學(xué)分析理論，它是指用信息論的原理來分析話語或文本。3.Systemic-FunctionalGrammar,unliketraditionalgrammarwhichtakessentenceasthelargestunit,takes1asthebasicunit.(中山大學(xué)研)

（分數(shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________

（對的答案：對的答案：clause）解析：解析：與老式語法不一樣，系統(tǒng)功能語法把句子作為最大單位，把分句作為最小單位。4.InHalliday'sSystemicGrammar,asystemisalistofthingsbetweenwhichitispossibletochoose.Sotheyaremeanings,whichthegrammarcandistinguish.Theitemsinasystemarecalled1.(中山大學(xué)研)

（分數(shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________

（對的答案：對的答案：options）解析：解析：系統(tǒng)就是存在于語法中的一系列選擇。系統(tǒng)語法的目的是要闡明語言作為系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部底層關(guān)系，它是與意義有關(guān)聯(lián)的可供人們不停選擇的若干子系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。5.TheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsisL.Bloomfield,whosebook1(1933)wasonceheldasthemodelofscientificmethodology.(中山大學(xué)研)

（分數(shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________

（對的答案：對的答案：Language）解析：解析：布龍菲爾德是描述語言學(xué)的重要代表，他的著作《語言》曾被當做科學(xué)措施的典范。6.ThepublicationofSyntacticStructures(1957)markedthebeginningofthe1.(中山大學(xué)研)

（分數(shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________

（對的答案：對的答案：ChomskyRevolution）解析：解析：1957年，喬姆斯基寫了一本名為《句法構(gòu)造》的著作，這本書標志著“喬姆斯基改革時代”的到來，從此，喬姆斯基在語言學(xué)界的地位變得極為重要。7.In1979,ChomskydeliveredaseriesoflecturesPisa,Italy,whichwererevisedlaterandpublishedunderthetideof1.(中山大學(xué)研)

（分數(shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________

（對的答案：對的答案：LecturesonGovernmentandBinding）解析：解析：1979年，喬姆斯基開展了一系列的講座，之后把講座內(nèi)容寫成一本書，叫做《管轄與約束》，即修正的擴展的原則理論。8.1isanapproachthatstressestherelationshipsofelementsinasentence.ItisatypeofgenerativegrammardevelopedbyC.J.Fillmore.(中山大學(xué)研)

（分數(shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________

（對的答案：對的答案：CaseGrammar）解析：解析：格語法是美國語言學(xué)家菲爾墨在60代中期提出來的，它是著重探討句法構(gòu)造與語義之間關(guān)系的一種語法理論和語義學(xué)理論。9.1,bornin1928,isallAmericanlinguist,educator,andpoliticalactivist.Heisthefounderoftransformational-generativegrammar,asystemthatrevolutionizedmodemlinguistics.(北京郵電大學(xué)研)

（分數(shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________

（對的答案：對的答案：NormanChomsky）解析：解析：喬姆斯基，生于1928年，是美國著名的語言學(xué)家，教育家。他是轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法的創(chuàng)始人。10.ThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetween1andphonology.

（分數(shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________

（對的答案：對的答案：phonetics）解析：解析：布拉格學(xué)派重要的奉獻是對音系學(xué)的研究和對音系學(xué)與語音學(xué)的辨別。11.ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements,thatisa1,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.

（分數(shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________

（對的答案：對的答案：hypothesis-maker）解析：解析：喬姆斯基的語言習(xí)得機制由3個元素構(gòu)成：對語言的假想，語言的普遍性和評價。12.Systemic-FunctionalGrammartakestheactualusesoflanguageastheobjectofstudy,whileChomsky'sTGGrammartakestheidealspeaker'slinguistic1astheobjectofstudy.

（分數(shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________

（對的答案：對的答案：competence）解析：解析：系統(tǒng)功能語法把實際中的語言現(xiàn)象當做其研究對象，而喬姆斯基的轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法把理想說話者的語言能力作為研究對象。二、判斷題(總題數(shù)：6，分數(shù)：12.00)13.Functionalgrammarisanapproachtolinguisticsthatgoesinthroughmeaning.(對外經(jīng)貿(mào)研)

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A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：功能語法的基礎(chǔ)是語言系統(tǒng)及其成分由它們所提供的作用和功能所決定，而非其意義。14.Accordingtotheinnatenesshypothesis,infantsarebornabletospeakalanguage.(北二外研)

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A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：喬姆斯基的天賦假設(shè)是說，小朋友與生俱來擁有一種語言學(xué)習(xí)的能力，叫做“語言習(xí)得機制”。即小朋友天生擁有語法關(guān)系及語法范圍的知識，而不是說孩子天生就會說話。15.IntheClassicaltheory,Chomsky'saimistomakelinguisticsascience.Thistheoryischaracterizedbythreefeatures:(1)emphasisonprescriptionoflanguage;(2)introductionoftransformationalrules;and(3)grammaticaldescriptionregardlessoflanguageformation.(南開大學(xué)研)

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A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：喬姆斯基的古典理論有三個特點：(1)重視語言的生成能力，而非規(guī)定性；(2)轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則的簡介；(3)語法描述，不研究意義，而非不研究語言形式。16.Generativegrammarisasystemofrulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell-definedwayassignsstructuraldescriptionstosentences.(南開大學(xué)研)

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A.真

√

B.假解析：解析：喬姆斯基用“生成語法”這一概念來指“一套用來給句子進行構(gòu)造描寫，定義明確嚴格的規(guī)則系統(tǒng)”。17.AmericanStructuralismisabranchofdiachroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.

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A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：美國構(gòu)造主義是共時語言學(xué)的一種分支，獨立地誕生于二十世紀初的美國，它并不是歷時語言學(xué)的分支。18.Iftwosentenceshaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions,theywouldbethesameintermsoftextualcoherence.

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A.真

B.假

√解析：解析：概念功能和人際功能完全相似的兩個句子可以有不一樣的語篇功能。三、單項選擇題(總題數(shù)：5，分數(shù)：10.00)19.Accordingto______theory,grammarreferstotheinitialstateofthehumanlanguagefaculty.(西安外國語學(xué)院研)

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A.Saussure's

B.Bloomfield's

C.Chomsky's

D.Halliday's

√解析：解析：韓禮德認為，人類語言能力的最初形式即是對語法知識的理解。20.______rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.(西安交通大學(xué)研)

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A.Generative

B.Transformational

√

C.X-bar

D.Phrasestructure解析：解析：喬姆斯基的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則會變化一種句子的句法構(gòu)造。21.Generallyspeaking,the______specifieswhetheracertaintagmemeisinthepositionoftheNucleusoroftheMargininthestructure.

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A.Slot

√

B.Class

C.Role

D.Cohesion解析：解析：派克認為，語言的三種等級系統(tǒng)中的每一種層次都具有軌位、類別、作用和接應(yīng)這四個特點的語言單位。軌位決定了法位在構(gòu)造中是處在關(guān)鍵還是邊緣位置。22.ThemostimportantcontributionofthePragueSchooltolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof______.

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A.function

√

B.meaning

C.signs

D.system解析：解析：布拉格學(xué)派將語言看作是在所屬語言群體中發(fā)揮一系列功能的工具，這是其對語言學(xué)界的一大奉獻。23.Chomskyfollows______inphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.

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A.empiricism

B.behaviourism

C.rationalism

√

D.mentalism解析：解析：喬姆斯基在他的研究中運用了心理學(xué)中的理性主義和哲學(xué)中的心靈主義。四、簡答題(總題數(shù)：6，分數(shù)：12.00)24.WhyisSaussurehailedasthefatherofmodemlinguistics?(四川大學(xué)研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：Saussureoccupiessuchanimportantplaceinthehistoryoflinguisticsthatheisoftendescribedas"fatherofmodernlinguistics":(1)ThebookCourseinGeneralLinguistics(1916),whichisthemostimportantsourceofSaussure'sideas,markedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.(2)Saussurewasthefirsttonoticethecomplexitiesoflanguage.Hebelievedthatlanguageisasystemofsigns,calledconventions.Heheldthatthesignistheunionofthesignifierandthesignified.(3)Byprovidinganswerstoquestionsconcerningmanyaspectsoflanguage,Saussuremadecleartheobjectofstudyforlinguisticsasascience.Hisideasonthearbitrarynatureofsign,ontherelationalnatureoflinguisticunits,onthedistinctionoflangueandparoleandofsynchronicanddiachroniclinguistics,etc.pushedlinguisticsintoabrandnewstage.)解析：25.WhatarethethreeimportantpointsofthePragueSchool?(北交大學(xué)研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：ThethreeimportantpointsdevelopedinPragueSchoolare:(a)Itwasstressedthatthesynchronicstudyoflanguageisfullyjustifiedasitcandrawoncompleteandcontrollablematerialforinvestigationbutnorigidtheoreticalbarrieriserectedtoseparatediachronicstudy.(b)Therewasanemphasisonthesystemiccharacteroflanguage.(c)Languagewaslookedonasfunctionalinanothersense,thatis,asatoolperforminganumberessentialfunctionsortasksforthecommunityusingit.)解析：26.WhatarethemajorconcernsofthePragueSchooltheory?(北航研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：ThreepointsofthePragueSchooltheoryareofspecialimportance.First,itwasstressedthatthesynchronicstudyoflanguageisfullyjustifiedasitcandrawoncompleteandcontrollablematerialforinvestigation.Second,therewasanemphasisonthesystemiccharacteroflanguage.Third,languagewaslookedonasfunctionalinanothersense.Basedontheseideas,thePragueSchoolpracticedaspecialstyleofsynchroniclinguistics,andmadegreatcontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology.Itsmostimportantcontributionisthatitseeslanguageintermsoffunction.)解析：27.WhatisyourunderstandingofSystemicFunctionalGrammar?(北航研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：Systemicfunctionalgrammar,developedbyM.A.K.Halliday,isasociallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproachandoneofthemostinfluentiallinguistictheoriesinthetwentiethcentury.Systemicfunctionalgrammarisbasedontwofacts;Languageusersareactuallymakingchoicesinasetofsystemsandtryingtorealizedifferentsemanticfunctionsinsocialinteraction.Languageisinseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman.Thus,ittakesactualusesoflanguageastheobjectofstudy.Onepointtonoticeisthatittakesclauseasthebasicunit.Itconsistoftwoinseparableparts:systemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammar.)解析：28.Whatisbehaviourism?

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對的答案：(對的答案：Behaviourismisaprincipleofscientificmethod,basedonthebeliefthathumanbeingscannotknowanythingtheyhavenotexperienced.Behaviourisminlinguisticsholdsthatchildrenlearnlanguagethroughachainof"stimulus-responsereinforcement",andtheadult'suseoflanguageisalsoaprocessof"stimulus-response".)解析：29.WhatistherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsandbehaviorismaccordingtoBloomfield?

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對的答案：(對的答案：ForBloomfield,linguisticsisabranchofthepositivisticbrandofpsychologyknownas"behaviourism".WhenthebehaviouristmethodologyenteredlinguisticsviaBloomfield'swritings,thepopularpracticeinlinguisticstudieswastoacceptwhatanativespeakersaysinhislanguageandtodiscardwhathesaysaboutit.Thisisbecauseofthebeliefthatalinguisticdescriptionwasreliablewhenbasedonobservationofunstudiedutterancesbyspeakers;itwasunreliableiftheanalysthadresortedtoaskingspeakersquestionssuchas"Canyousay...inyourlanguage?")解析：五、名詞解釋(總題數(shù)：7，分數(shù)：14.00)30.FerdinanddeSaussure(中山大學(xué)研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：FerdinanddeSaussureisaSwisslinguistwhoisoftendescribedas"fatherofmodernlinguistics".Thegreatwork,CourseinGeneralLinguistics,whichwasbasedonhislecturenotes,markedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.Saussure'sideaonthearbitrarynatureofsign,onetherelationalnatureoflinguisticunits,onthedistinctionoflangueandparoleandofsynchronicanddiachroniclinguistics,etc.pushedlinguisticsintoabrandnewstage.)解析：31.Textualfunction(西安外國語學(xué)院研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：Textualfunction:Thetextualfunctionisoneofthethreemeta-functionslanguageiscomposedof.Itreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingmessagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.)解析：32.TheLondonSchoolofLinguistics(中山大學(xué)研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：TheLondonSchoolgenerallyreferstothekindoflinguisticscholarshipinEngland.ThemanwhoturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritainwasJ.R.Firth.)解析：33.Surfacestructure(四川大學(xué)研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：Surfacestructure:Itisatermusedingenerativegrammartorefertothefinalstageinthesyntacticrepresentationofasentence,whichprovidestheinputtothephonologicalcomponentofthegrammar,andwhichthusmostcloselycorrespondstothestructurewearticulateandhear.Forinstance,"Johniseasytoplease."and"Johniseagertoplease."aretwosentenceswiththesamesurfacestructure.)解析：34.Transformational-Generativegrammar(浙江大學(xué)研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：Transformational-generativegrammarisproposedbyNoamChomsky.Hepostulatedasyntacticbaseoflanguage(calleddeepstructure),whichconsistsofaseriesofphrase-structurerewriterules,i.e.,aseriesof(possiblyuniversal)rulesthatgeneratestheunderlyingphrase-structureofasentence.Theendresultofatransformational-generativegrammarisasurfacestructurethatisidenticaltoanactualsentenceofalanguage,afterthemediatingofaseriesofrules(calledtransformations)thatactuponthedeepstructures.)解析：35.LanguageAcquisitionDevice(LAD)(武漢大學(xué)研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：LanguageAcquisitionDevice:LADreferstoaninnatefacultyoflanguageingeneralwithwhichchildrenareborn.ItispositedbyChomsky,whoarguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements;ahypothesis-maker,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.)解析：36.Innatenesshypothesis

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對的答案：(對的答案：The"InnatenessHypothesis"ofchildlanguageacquisitionwasproposedbyNoamChomsky,whostatesthatlanguagearesomewhatinnateandthatchildrenarebornwithwhathecallsalanguageacquisitiondevice,whichisauniquekindofknowledgethatfitsthemforlanguagelearning.)解析：六、1舉例闡明題(總題數(shù)：8，分數(shù)：16.00)37.AdiscussiononSaussureasthefatherofmodernlinguistics.(武漢大學(xué)研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：Saussurewasthefirsttonoticethecomplexitiesoflanguage.Hebelievedthatlanguageisasystemofsigns.Tocommunicateideas,signsmustbepartofasystemofsigns,calledconventions.Heheldthatthesignistheunionofaform(signifier)andanidea(signified),anditisthecentralfactoflanguage.Byprovidinganswerstoquestionsconcerningmanyaspectsoflanguage,Saussuremadecleartheobjectofstudyforlinguisticsasascience.Saussureexertedtwokindsofinfluenceonmodernlinguistics.First,heprovidedageneralorientation,asenseofthetaskoflinguisticswhichhasseldombeenquestioned.Second,heinfluencedmodernlinguistics.Manyofthedevelopmentsofmodernlinguisticscanbedescribedashisconcepts,i.e.hisideasonthearbitrarynatureofsign,ontherelationalnatureoflinguisticunits,onthedistinctionoflangueandparoleandofsynchronicanddiachroniclinguistics,etc.Saussure'sfundamentalperceptionisofrevolutionarysignificance,anditishethatpushedlinguisticsintoabrandnewstageandalllinguisticsinthetwentiethcenturyisSaussureanlinguistics.That'swhySaussureisconsideredbeingthefatherofmodernlinguistics.)解析：38.WhataretheuniquefeaturesofHalliday'ssystemiclinguistics?(北航研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：Halliday'sSystemicGrammarisdifferentfromotherlinguistictheoriesinthefollowingaspects.First,itattachesgreatimportancetothesociologicalaspectsoflanguage.Secondly,itviewslanguageasaformofdoingratherthanaformofknowing.Itdistinguisheslinguisticbehaviorpotentialfromactuallinguisticbehavior.Thirdly,itgivesarelativelyhighprioritytodescriptionofthecharacteristicsofparticularlanguagesandparticularvarietiesoflanguages.Fourthly,itexplainsanumberofaspectsoflanguageintermsofclines(i.e.ungrammatical→moreunusual→lessunusual→lessusual→grammatical).Fifthly,itseeksverificationofitshypothesesbymeansofobservationfromtextsandbymeansofstatisticaltechniques.Lastly,ithasasitscentralcategorythecategoryofthesystem.)解析：39.HowdoesHallidayrelatethefunctionsperformedbylanguagetoitsstructures?(北京郵電大學(xué)研；中山大學(xué)研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：AccordingtoHalliday,structureistheoutwardformofthesystem,whichliesbehindtheformer.Structure,therefore,islessabstract,andclosertothe"surface".Bystudyingtheconstituencystructureofgrammar,itisassumedthatthesemanticsystemaboveitcouldbecomeplausible.Intheconstituencystructure,elementsarerecognizedwithreferencetotheirfunctionsinrelationtothewhole.Therefore,in"Thehugetigerclimbedatree",onlyelementslike"thehugetiger"not"the"or"thehuge"couldberecognized,sinceitisthewholesequencethatplaysaroleintheclause,andinthissentence,theroleisSubject.ThisisthewayofbracketingusedinSystemic-FunctionalGrammar.Thisstepisfollowedbylabeling,whichistorevealthespecificfunctionofthatelementinrelationtothewhole.Forexample,bylabeling"thehugetiger"afunctionallabel;"Subject",wegettoknowtheinterpersonalfunctionthatelementplays.Itisthroughthesetwostepsthestructuresarerelatedtothefunctionsperformedbylanguage.)解析：40.Chomskysetsupthreedifferenttargetstoaimat:observationaladequacy,descriptiveadequacyandexplanatoryadequacy.Defineanddiscussthem.(浙江大學(xué)研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：AccordingtoChomsky,observationaladequacyrequiresagrammartobeabletoproducecorrectexplanationsforrawlinguisticdata;thatis,itshouldbeabletocapturespeakers'intuitionsaboutgrammaticality.Onthesecondlevel,thatis,onthelevelofdescriptiveadequacy,agrammarshouldnotonlyproducecorrectexplanationsforrawlinguisticdata,butalsoproducecorrectexplanationsforthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandhearer;thatis,itshouldreflectspeakers'competence.Onthethird,andthehighest,level,i.e.explanatoryadequacy,agrammarthatissufficientlydescribedshouldreveallinguisticcompetenceandthenrelateitwithuniversalgrammarsinordertoberelatedtotheinitialstateofthehumanmindforthepurposeofrevealinghumancognitivesystems;thatis,itshouldaccountforthelearnabilityoflanguage.InChomsky'spointofview,itisfarfromadequateforagrammartomerelydistinguishthosestringsofwordswhicharesentencesofthelanguagefromthosewhicharenotsentencesofthelanguageinquestion.Neitherisitforagrammartoassignstructurestosentencesthatmatchnativespeaker'sintuitionaboutstructureandmeaning.However,thisiswheretheStructuralisticapproachstops.Therefore,Chomskyarguesforagenerativegrammarsinceitisabletoexplainhowthefactsarethewaytheyareandhowtheyariseinthemindofthespeakerandhears.Anditisaftersuccessfuldescriptionsofmanylanguagesandsubsequentgeneralizationsofuniversalfeaturesofhumanlanguagethatitispossibletoexploretheinitialstateofthehumanmindthatcontainsuniversalgrammars.)解析：41.TherolesofTransformational-GenerativelinguisticsandFunctionallinguisticsinlanguageteachingandlearning.(武漢大學(xué)研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：(1)IntheframeworkofTransformational-Generativelinguistics,languageisnotlearntbyinnate.Whileacquiringhismothertongue,hecompareshisinnatelanguagesystemwiththatofhisnativelanguageandmodifieshisgrammar.Therefore,languagelearningisanactivityofbuildingandtestinghypothesis.Althoughtheinfluenceofsuchaformalandabstractgrammarremainslimitedinthefieldoflanguageeducation,therearestillvariousattemptstoapplyTGgrammartolanguageteaching.Indesigningteachingmaterials,forexample,sentencepatternswiththesamedeepstructurecanbecloselyrelated,suchastheactiveandthepassive.Transformationalrulesmayassisttheteacherintheteachingofcomplexsentenceconstruction.Intheteachingofliterature,TGgrammarprovidesanewinstrumentforstylisticanalysis.(2)TheFunctionallinguisticsseeslanguagelearningfromasemantic-sociolinguisticperspective.Inparticular,Systemic-Functionallinguistics,whichwasproposedbyHalliday,seestheformalsystemoflanguageasarealizationoffunctionsoflanguageinuse.Itsscopeisbroaderthanthatofformallinguistictheories.Inthefieldoflanguageteaching,itleadstothedevelopmentofnotion/function-basedsyllabuses,whichhaveattractedincreasingattention.)解析：42.WhatarethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanstructuralism?(武漢大學(xué)研)

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對的答案：(對的答案：AmericanstructuralismisabranchofsynchroniclinguisticsthatdevelopedinaverydifferentstylefromthatofEurope.WhilelinguisticsinEuropestartedmorethantwothousandyearsago,linguisticsinAmericastartedattheendofthenineteenthcentury.WhiletraditionalgrammarplaysadominatingroleinEurope,ithaslittleinfluenceinAmerica.WhilemanyEuropeanlanguageshavetheirownhistoricaltraditionsandcultures,EnglishisthedominatinglanguageinAmerica,wherethereisnosuchatraditionasinEurope.Inaddition,thepioneerscholarsinAmericawerefacedwiththeurgenttaskofrecordingtherapidlyperishingnativeAmericanIndianlanguagesbecausetherewasnowrittenrecordofthem.However,theselanguageswerecharacterisedbyfeaturesofvastdiversityanddifferenceswhicharerarelyfoundinotherpartsoftheworld.Torecordanddescribetheseexoticlanguages,itisprobablybetternottohaveanypresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflanguageingeneral.Thisexplainswhytherewasnotmuchdevelopmentinlinguistictheoryduringthisperiodbutalotofdiscussionondescriptiveprocedures.Structuralismisbasedontheassumptionthatgrammaticalcategoriesshouldbedefinednotintermsofmeaningbutintermsofdistribution,andthatthestructureofeachlanguageshouldbedescribedwithoutreferencetotheallegeduniversalityofsuchcategoriesastense,moodandpartsofspeech,Firstly,structuralgrammardescribeseverythingthatisfoundinalanguageinsteadoflayingdownrules.However,itsaimisconfinedtothedescriptionoflanguages,withoutexplainingwhylanguageoperatesthewayitdoes.Secondly,structuralgrammarisempirical,aimingatobjectivityinthesensethatalldefinitionsandstatementsshouldbeverifiableorrefutable.However,ithasproducedalmostnocompletegrammarscomparabletoanycomprehensivetraditionalgrammars.Thirdly,structuralgrammarexaminesall