recognition introduction 計(jì)算機(jī)視覺 berkeley課件

C280,ComputerVision

Prof.TrevorDarrell

trevor@

Lecture12:IntroductiontoRecognition;

Boosting,HOG,andBag-of-WordModels

Lastfewlectures...

?Feature-basedAlignment

-Stitchingimagestogether

-Homographies,RANSAC,Warping,Blending

-Globalalignmentofplanarmodels

?DenseMotionModels

-Localmotion/featuredisplacement

-Parametricopticflow

?Stereo/'Multi-view':Estimatingdepthwithknowninter-

camerapose

?/Structure-from-motion,:Estimationofposeand3Dstructure

-Factorizationapproaches

—Globalalignmentwith3Dpointmodels

RecognitionChallenges/

Overview

ObjectCategorization

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Challenges:robustness

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Challenges:contextandhumanexperience

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Challenges:contextandhumanexperience

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Imagecredit:D.Hoeim

Challenges:learningwithminimalsupervision

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Thisisa

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SlidefromPietroPerona,2004ObjectRecognitionworkshop

RBuegel,I562

SlidefromPietroPerona,2004ObjectRecognitionworkshop

Roughevolutionoffocusinrecognitionresearch

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Inputs/outputs/assumptions

?Whatisthegoal?

-Sayyes/noastowhetheranobjectpresentinimage

And/or:

-Determineposeofanobject,e.g.forrobottograsp

-Categorizeallobjects

-Forcedchoicefrompoolofcategories

-Boundingboxonobject

-Fullsegmentation

-Buildamodelofanobjectcategory

Today

?Scanningwindowparadigm

?GIST

?HOG

?BoostedFaceDetection

?Local-featureAlignment;fromRobertsto

Lowe...

?BOWIndexing

Nextthreelectures

?Thursday:learningobjectcategoriesfromtheweb

-LSAandLDAmodels

-Harvestingtrainingdatafromtheweb

-Exploitingimageandtext

?Tues.Oct.20th:Generativemodels

-Condensation

-ISM

-Transformed-HDPs

-MoreContext...

?Thurs.Oct.22nd:AdvancedBOWkernels

-Pyramidandspatial-pyramidmatch

-Multi-kernellearning

-Latent-partSVMmodels

Scanningwindows...

Detectionviaclassification:Mainidea

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Detectionviaclassification:Mainidea

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Detectionviaclassification:Mainidea

Fleshingoutthis

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Detectionviaclassification:Mainidea

?Considerallsubwindowsinanimage

>Sampleatmultiplescalesandpositions(andorientations)

?Makeadecisionperwindow:

?“DoesthiscontainobjectcategoryXornot?”

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Featureextraction:

globalappearance

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Eigenfaces:globalappearancedescription

Anearlyappearance-basedapproachtofacerecognition

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ofappearance

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Featureextraction:globalappearance

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Gradient-basedrepresentations

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Gradient-basedrepresentations

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RepresentingImageStructurewith

“GIST”

Steerable

Vectorof

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Oliva&Torralba(2001,2002,2006)

SlideCredit:OliviaNiir

WhatdoImagesStatisticssay

aboutDepth?

SlideCredit:Torralba,Olivia,J.HuangNiir

SceneScale

□''Thepointofviewthatanygivenobserveradoptsonaspecific

sceneisconstrainedbythevolumeofthescene."

□Howdoestheamountofcluttervaryagainstscenescaleinman-

madeenvironments?Innaturalenvironments?

■■■■

■■■■SlideCredit:Torralba,Olivia,J.HuangNiir

CategorizationofNaturalScenes

ConfusionMatrix(in%usingLayouttemplate):

Classificationofprototypicalscenes(400/category)Localorganization:

CoastCountrysideForestMountaincorrectfor92%images

(4similarimageson7K-NN)

Coast88.68.9

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Gradient-basedrepresentations:

Histogramsoforientedgradients(HoG)

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Slidecredit:Dalal,Triggs,P.Barnum

Person/

Input

non-person

imageclassification

Slidecredit:Dalal,Triggs,RBarnum

NormalizeWeightedvoteContrastnormalizePerson/

Input_ComputeColledHOGsLinear

aiima&—?—?intospatial&-Aoveroverlapping——?overdetection—>non-person

imagegradientsS\M

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Slidecredit:Dalal,Triggs,RBarnum

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Slidecredit:Dalal,Triggs,RBarnum

NormalizeWeightedvoteContrastnormalizeColledHOGsPerson/

InputComputeLinear

gamma&->intospatial&Aoveroverlapping->overdetection>―>non-person

imagegradientsSVM

colourorientationcellsspntialblockswindowclassification

Histogramofgradient

orientations

-Orientation-Position

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270

-Weightedbymagnitude

Slidecredit:Dalal,Triggs,RBarnum

NormalizeWeightedvoteContrastnormalizeColledHOGsPerson/

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gamma&intospatial&Aoveroverlappingoverdetection―?non-person

imagegradientsSVM

colourorientationcellsspntialblockswindowclassification

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Slidecredit:Dalal,Triggs,RBarnum

Person/

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non-person

imageclassification

Slidecredit:Dalal,Triggs,RBarnum

Person/

Input

non-person

imageclassification

Slidecredit:Dalal,Triggs,RBarnum

Person/

Input

non-person

imageclassification

Slidecredit:Dalal,Triggs,RBarnum

Slidecredit:Dalal,Triggs,RBarnum

BoostedFaceDetection

withGradientFeatures

Gradient-basedrepresentations:

Rectangularfeatures

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ioosting

?Buildastrongclassifierbycombiningnumberof"weak

classifiers”，whichneedonlybebetterthanchance

?Sequentiallearningprocess:ateachiteration,adda

weakclassifier

?Flexibletochoiceofweaklearner

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AdaBoost:Intuition

Considera2-dfeature

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AdaBoost:Intuition

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AdaBoost:Intuition

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?Givenexampleimages(J；I,,(^n,?/n)where

yi=0,1fornegativeandpositiveexamplesrespec-

tively.AdaBoostAlgorithm

?Initializeweights=for仍=0,1respec-Startwith

tively,wheremandIarethenumberofnegativesanduniformweights

positivesrespectively.ontraining

?Forf=1,...,T:examples

1.Normalizetheweights.

ForTrounds

sothatwtisaprobabilitydistribution.

Evaluate

2.Foreachfeature,j,trainaclassifierhjwhich

isrestrictedtousingasinglefeature.Theweightederror

errorisevaluatedwithrespecttowt,e；=foreachfeature,

皿電(g)-yi\.pickbest.

3.Choosetheclassifier.In.withthelowesterroret.

4.Updatetheweights:

Re-weighttheexamples:

-+i,t=皿,iB；CiIncorrectlyclassified->moreweight

whereei=0ifexampleXiisclassifiedcor-Correctlyclassified->lessweight

rectly,a=1otherwise,and仇=y1七■.

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Example:Facedetection

?Frontalfacesareagoodexampleofaclasswhere

globalappearancemodels+aslidingwindow

detectionapproachfitwell:

>Regular2Dstructure

>Centeroffacealmostshapedlikea“patch"/window

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Featureextraction

“Rectangular”filters

Featureoutputisdifference

betweenadjacentregions

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Largelibraryoffilters

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AdaBoostforfeature+classifierselection

?Wanttoselectthesinglerectanglefeatureandthreshold

thatbestseparatespositive(faces)andnegative(non-

faces)trainingexamples,intermsofweightederror.

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?Givenexampleimages(J；I,,(^n,?/n)where

yi=0,1fornegativeandpositiveexamplesrespec-

tively.AdaBoostAlgorithm

?Initializeweights=for仍=0,1respec-Startwith

tively,wheremandIarethenumberofnegativesanduniformweights

positivesrespectively.ontraining

?Forf=1,...,T:examples

1.Normalizetheweights.

ForTrounds

sothatwtisaprobabilitydistribution.

Evaluate

2.Foreachfeature,trainaclassifierh)which

isrestrictedtousingasinglefeature.Theweightederror

errorisevaluatedwithrespecttowt,與=foreachfeature,

皿陶(g)一詞.pickbest.

3.Choosetheclassifier,lit,withthelowesterrore.t.

4.Updatetheweights:

Re-weighttheexamples:

Wt+l,i=皿，俐"Incorrectlyclassified->moreweight

wheree/=0ifexamplexiisclassifiedcor-Correctlyclassified->lessweight

?Thefinalstrongclassifieris:

Finalclassifieriscombinationofthe

i￡屋1。也(1)>}E?=i

h[x)=

0otherwiseweakones,weightedaccordingto

errortheyhad.

whereat=logJ-Freund&Schapire1995

AdaBoostforEfficientFeature

Selection

?ImageFeatures=WeakClassifiers

?Foreachroundofboosting:

-Evaluateeachrectanglefilteroneachexample

-Sortexamplesbyfiltervalues

-Selectbestthresholdforeachfilter(minerror)

?Soiledlistcanbequicklyscaimedfortheoptimalthreshold

-Selectbestfilter/thresholdcombination

-Weightonthisfeatureisasimplefunctionofen*orrate

-Reweightexamples

ViolaandJones.Robustobjectdetectionusingaboostedcascadeofsimplefeatures.CVPR2001

?Evenifthefiltersarefasttocompute,each

newimagehasalotofpossiblewindowsto

search.

?Howtomakethedetectionmoreefficient?

Cascadingclassifiersfordetection

Forefficiency,applyless

accuratebutfasterclassifiers

firsttoimmediatelydiscard

windowsthatclearlyappearto

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Viola-JonesFaceDetector:Summary

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Viola-JonesFaceDetector:Results

Firsttwofeatures

selected

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