SAT備考資料：201805北美及答案

2018年5月

北美SAT真題

ReadingTest

65MINUTES,52QUESTIONS

TurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

DIRECTIONS

Eachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreading

eachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedor

impliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableor

graph).

Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingamidgildedsurroundings.Suchbon-motsareever

passage.enticingtothosewhohavealltheirdayslongedfor

30suchmaterialsurroundingsandhaveneverhadthem

ThispassageisadaptedfromTheodoreDreiser,SisterCarrie.

Originallypublishedin1900.gratified.Theyhavethecharmofshowingsuffering

underidealconditions.Whowouldnotgrieveupon

Itwasnotoftenthatshecametotheplaystirredagildedchair?Whowouldnotsufferamidperfumed

toherhearfscorebyactualities.To-dayalowsongtapestries,cushionedfurniture,andliveriedservants?

oflonginghadbeensetsinginginherheartbythe35Griefundersuchcircumstancesbecomesanenticing

Unefinery,themerriment,thebeautyshehadseen.Oh,thing.Carrielongedtobeofit.Shewantedtotake

5thesewomenwhohadpassedherby,hundredsandhersufferings,whatevertheywere,insuchaworld,

hundredsstrong,whowerethey?Whencecametheorfailingthat,atleasttosimulatethemundersuch

rich,elegantdresses,theastonishinglycolouredcharmingconditionsuponthestage.Soaffectedwas

buttons,theknick-knacksofsilverandgold?Where40hermindbywhatshehadseen,thattheplaynow

weretheselovelycreatureshoused?Amidwhatseemedanextraordinarilybeautifulthing.Shewas

ioeleganciesofcarvedfurniture,decoratedwalls,soonlostintheworlditrepresented,andwishedthat

elaboratetapestriesdidtheymove?Whereweretheirshemightneverreturn.Betweentheactsshestudied

richapartments,loadedwithallthatmoneycouldthegalaxyofmatineeattendantsinfrontrowsand

provide?Inwhatstableschampedthesesleek,45boxes,andconceivedanewideaofthepossibilitiesof

nervoushorsesandrestedthegorgeouscarriages?NewYork.Shewassureshehadnotseenitall—that

isWhereloungedtherichlygroomedfootmen?Ohzthethecitywasonewhirlofpleasureanddelight.

mansions,thelights,theperfume,theloadedGoingout,thesameBroadwaytaughthera

boudoirsandtables!NewYorkmustbefilledwithsharperlesson.Thesceneshehadwitnessedcoming

suchbowers,orthebeautiful,insolent,supercilioussodownwasnowaugmentedandatitsheight.Sucha

creaturescouldnotbe.Somehothousesheldthem.crushoffineryandfollyshehadneverseen.It

20Itachedhertoknowthatshewasnotoneofthem—clinchedherconvictionsconcerningherstate.She

that,alas,shehaddreamedadreamandithadnothadnotlived,couldnotlayclaimtohavinglived,

cometrue.Shewonderedatherownsolitudetheseuntilsomethingofthishadcomeintoherownlife.

twoyearspast—herindifferencetothefactthatshe55Womenwerespendingmoneylikewater;shecould

hadneverachievedwhatshehadexpected.seethatineveryelegantshopshepassed.Flowers,

25Theplaywasoneofthosedrawing-roomcandy,jewelry,seemedtheprincipalthingsinwhich

concoctionsinwhichcharminglyoverdressedladiestheelegantdameswereinterested.Andshe—shehad

andgentlemensufferthepangsofloveandjealousy

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scarcelyenoughpinmoneytoindulgeinsuch

routingsasthisafewtimesamonth.

Oneimportantthemeofthepassagedeveloped

Thatnighttheprettylittleflatseemeda

throughthenarrator'spresentationofCarrieisthat

commonplacething.Itwasnotwhattherestofthe

worldwasenjoying.ShesawtheservantworkingatA)naturaltalentwilllanguishifitremains

dinnerwithanindifferenteye.Inhermindwereunnourished.

65runningscenesoftheplay.ParticularlysheB)imaginedpleasureshavethepowertomake

rememberedonebeautifulactress—thesweethearteverydaylifeseemunacceptable.

whohadbeenwooedandwon.Thegraceofthis

womanhadwonCarrie'sheart.HerdresseshadbeenC)nogoalisunfeasiblesolongasitispursuedwith

allthatartcouldsuggest,hersufferingshadbeensostubbornpersistence.

70real.TheanguishwhichshehadportrayedCarrieD)relationshipsareultimatelymoreimportantthan

couldfeel.Itwasdoneasshewassureshecoulddomoneyindetermininganindividual'shappiness.

it.Therewereplacesinwhichshecouldevendo

better.Hencesherepeatedthelinestoherself.Oh,if

shecouldonlyhavesuchapart,howbroadwouldbe3

75herlife!She,too,couldactappealingly.Asusedinline1,“stirred“mostnearlymeans

A)moved.

B)angered.

Throughoutthepassage,thenarratorproxddesC)prodded.

insightintoCarrie'scharactermainlyby

D)encouraged.

A)explaininghowCarrieissimilartoacharacter

sheseesinaplay.

B)developingacontrastbetweenhowCarrie4

perceivesherselfandhowsheisperceivedbyWhatmaineffectdothewords"knick-knacks”

others.(line8)and“concoctions"(line26)haveonthe

C)comparingCarrie'sactual叩pearancetoherpassage?

perceptionsofherappearance.

A)Theyunderscorethewidespreadpopularityof

D)juxtaposingCarrie'sperceptionsofthecityandthethingsbeingdescribed.

herimpressionsatthetheater.

B)Theyprovideinsightintothecausesunderlying

Carrie'smaterialisticmind-set.

C)TheyemphasizehowlittlevalueCarrieactually

attachestothethingssheappearstocovet.

D)TheysuggestthatthethingsCarrieisobserving

oughttoberegardedastrivial.

Unauthorisedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.3CONTINUE

57

ThemainpurposeoftheseriesofquestionsintheBasedonthepassage,Carrieregardsherday-to-day

firstparagraphistolifestyleasonethathas

A)revealCarrie'signoranceofthewomen'sprivateA)notbeenconducivetohelpingherachieveher

struggles.ambitions.

B)capturethescene'sauthenticitybyprovidingB)followedarepetitivebutproductivepattern.

detaileddescriptionsofthewomen.C)allowedforinteractionwitharangeof

C)emphasizethenarratofscontemptfortheinterestingpeople.

women'sdisplaysofaffluence.D)facilitatedhergoalsasanactress.

D)developthenarrator'sportrayalofCarrie's

intenseadmirationofprivilegedwomen.

8

Wliichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe

6answertothepreviousquestion?

WhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencethattheA)lines22-24("Shewondered…expected")

narratordoesnotshareCarrie'sviewofthetypeof

playthatCarrieattends?B)lines36-39(Z/Shewanted…stage")

C)lines49-50("Thescene...height")

A)lines20-22("Itached...true")

D)lines56-68("Flowers...interested^)

B)lines28-31(/zSuch...gratified")

C)lines39-41("Soaffected…thing")

D)lines41-43("Shewas...return")

Unauthorizedcooyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.4CONTINUEJ

10

Accordingtothepassage,asCarrieviewstheplay,Accordingtothepassage,Carriejudgesthe

sheenvieswhichaspectofthecharacters/lives?performanceoftheactresswhoplayedthehero's

sweetheartas

A)Theirlackofeverydayproblems

B)TheirabilitytoforgetthepasteasilyandfocusA)inferiorincertainrespectstotheperformance

onthepresentthatshebelievesherselftobecapableofgiving.

C)TheiropportunitytobeartheirsufferingsinB)dissatisfyinginitsemphasisonphysicalgrace

fortunatecircumstancesoveremotionalauthenticity.

D)TheiropenindifferencetomaterialpossessionsC)clumsyandmelodramaticyetsuperiortothe

Otheractors'performances.

D)difficulttowatchbecauseoftheintensesuffering

itevoked.

Unauthorieedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.5CONTINUE[

Questions11-20arebasedonthefollowinglevellanguageprocessing.ThefactthatGeorgeBush

passageandsupplementarymaterial.45waslinkedtopersonalmemoryretrievalbut

Cinderellawasnotledtheresearcherstothinkthata

Thispassageandaccompanyingfiguresareadaptedfrom

GiovanniFrazzetto,Joy,Guilt,Anger,Love：WhatNsuroscienc^crucialdifferencewhenassessingrealorfictional

Can—andCan't—TellUsaboutHowWeFeel.?2013ayscenariosmightlienotsomuchinthedegreeof

GiovanniFrazzetto.realnessofthecharacterinvolved,butintheir

50relevancetoourreality.Totestthishypothesis,they

Dr.AnnaAbrahamwantedtofindoutwhetherpeeredintothebrainofnineteennewvolunteers

thebrainoperatesbydifferentmechanismswhenitiswho,asinthepreviousstudy,wereaskedtoassess

exposedtoasituationthatisrealasopposed:oonothepossibilitythatarealprotagonistcouldeither

t/nethatisentirelyfictional.Soshedesignedan

imagine,hearordreamaboutoractuallyinteract

5interestingfMRI-based】experimentthatexplored

55withasetofcharacters.However,thistimethe

z

thebrain$reactionstosituationsthatinvolvedeithercharactersinvolvedinthescenarioswererankedin

realorfictionalcharacters.threecategorieswithdifferingdegreesofpersonal

Participantswereshownone-sentencewrittenrelevancefortheparticipants:theirfriendsorfamily

scenariosinwhicharealpersonnamedPeterwas(highpersonalrelevance),famouspeople(medium

ioinvolvedinsituationsthatincludedGeorgeBushor60relevance)andfictionalcharacters(lowpersonal

Cinderella.Inonesetofsituations,Petersimplyrelevance).Aspredicted,theactivationintheamPFC

receivedinformationaboutbothcharacters.TheandPCCwasindeedproportionallymodulatedby

othersetofsituationsinvolveddirectinteractions

thedegreeofrelevanceofthecharactersdescribed.lt

withthecharacters.Whatparticipantshadtodowaswashighestinthecaseoffriendsandfamily

15simple.Theyhadtodecidewhetherthescenarios

65membersandlowestinthecaseoffictional

portrayedwerepossibleornot—thatis,iftheycould

characters.

indeedhappeninthephysicalrealityoftheworldweTheresearchersgavethefollowingexplanation.

livein.Whenyouencounterrealcharacters,evenifyou

Howdoesthebrainoperatewhenassessingthesehavenevermetthem,theywillintegrateintoawide,

20twodifferenttypesofscenarios?Theresultswere

70comprehensiveandintricatelyconnectedstructurein

intriguing.Commontobothtypesofsituationwastheconceptualstorageofyourmind.Youare

somelevelofmentalactivityinpartsofthebrain,familiarwiththeirbasicbehaviouralfeaturesas

suchasthehippocampus,thatareatworkwhenwehumanbeings.Youknowmoreorlesshowthey

ingeneralrecallfactsorevents.Suchactivitywasthink,whatkindofopinionstheymayproduce.You

25detectableregardlessofthenatureofthescenario—75areawareoftherangeofemotionsthatyoucan

thatis,whetherthescenariowasinformative(whenexpectfromthem.Bycontrast,yourmindisnot

Peteronlyheardaboutthecharacters)orinteractiveequallyfamiliarwithfictionalcharacters.Nomatter

(whenheactuallymetthecharacters).However,howmuchweknowabouttheworldofafictional

therewereafewstrikingfinerdistinctionsinactivitycharactertherewillstillbesomethingalienand

30relativetothetwoscenariosandthesedependedon

soinscrutabletousaboutthatworld.Youmayhave

thetypeofcharacterinvolved.readallthebooksaboutafictionalcharacter,butthe

WhenexposedtoscenariosfeaturingGeorgeamountofinformationyouhavegatheredaboutthat

Bush-afamousrealperson-thebraininvolvedthecharacterisstilldefinitelylimitedcomparedwiththe

anteriormedialprefrontalcortex(amPFC)andthewealthofinformationthatisavailabletoyouabout

35precuneusandposteriorcingulatecortex(PCC).The

85membersofyourfamily,friends,orfamousreal

amPFCandthePCCaremedialpartsofthebrainpeoplewhoarepartofyourimmediateandpast

thatareinvolvedinautobiographicalmemoryexperience.Basically,inordertounderstanda

retrievalaswellasself-referentialthinking.fictionalcharacter,youneedtodigdeeperintoyour

Whenfictionalcharacterswerefeatured,thebrain

imagination,becauseheorsheisbounduptofewer

40respondedsomewhatdifferently.Partsofthelateral

90nodesofreferenceinyournetworkthanarereal,or

frontallobe,suchastheinferiorfrontalgyrus(IFG),

relevant,peopleir.yourlife.

weremoreactive.TheIFGisthoughttoprovide

mirroringcapacities,butisalsoinvolvedinhigh-1fMRIisshortforAfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging?

Unauthorizedcooyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.6CONTINUE

Figure111

PercentChangeinActivityThemainpurposeofthepassageisto

inthePrecuneusandPosteriorCingulate

A)advocateformoreresearchonhowthebrain

Cortex(PCC)inExperimentalScenariosconnectsrealandfictionalevents.

B)informthereaderabouttheresultsof

experimentsonbrainfunction.

C)explorehowthebrainprocessesfactual

information.

D)arguethatthewaythebrainprocessesfictional

situationsiswidel?ymisunderstood.

12

Asusedinline19,“operate“mostnearlymeans

叼realpeople/informativescenario

A)manipulate.

■realpeople/interactivescenario

B)exercise.

□fictionalcharacters/informativescenarioC)function.

□fictionalcharacters/interactivescenarioD)conduct.

Figure2

Whichchoicebestsupportstheclaimthatthereare

PercentChangeinActivity

importantsimilaritiesbetweenhowthebrain

intheInferiorFrontalGyrus

respondstoscenariosinvolvingrealpeopleandhow

(IFG)inExperimentalScenarios

itrespondstothoseinvolvingfictionalpeople?

(A)lines21-24("Common…events")

求

)

XB)lines28-31(^However...involved")

T

P

MC)lines71-76("Youare...them")

o

eD)lines80-87("Youmay...experience")

￡

3

g

u

e

v

u

區(qū)realpeople/informativescenario

■realpeople/interactivescenario

□fictionalcharacters/informativescenario

□fictionalcharacters/interactivescenario

Unauthorisedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.7CONTINUE

1417

ItcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatAccordingtothepassage,thebrainstores

theresultsofAbraham'sexperimentsshowedthatinformationaboutfamousrealpeople

A)interactivescenariosresultedinfinerdistinctionsA)inordertoallowefficientretrievallater.

inbrainactivitythandidinformativescenarios.B)exactlyasitstoresinformationaboutclose

B)bothinteractiveandinformativescenariosfriendsorfamilymembers.

requiredmemoryrecall.C)indifferentareasdependingonthetypeof

C)informativescenariosweremorelikelytobecontactonehaswiththem.

consideredpossiblethanwereinteractiveD)inanetworkofmemoriesbroaderinscopethan

scenarios,memoriesaboutfictionalpeople.

D)allscenariosyieldedsomeunclassifiablebrain

acdvity.

18

Asusedinline79,“alien“mostnearlymeans

15

A)inconsistent.

ThegreatestincreaseinactivityintheamPFCofa

researchsubject'sbrainwouldmostlikelybeB)foreign.

observedinscenariosinwhicharealprotagonistC)extraterrestrial.

A)hasaconversationwitharealpersonwhoisD)complex.

unknowntothesubject.

B)interactswithrealpeoplewhowerechildhood

friendsofthesubject's.

C)encountersafictionalcharacteraboutwhomthe

subjectisquiteknowledgeable.

D)istoldaboutarealpersonthesubjecthas

previouslymet.

16

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe

answertothepreviousquestion?

A)lines11-14("Inone...characters")

B)lines45-49(/zHowever...personalrelevance")

C)lines55-61("Aspredicted...described")

D)lines71-73("Youare...beings")

Unauthorizedcooyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.8CUE:

1920

Accordingtofigure1,thepercentincreaseintheAccordingtofigure1andfigure2,thehighest

activityofthePCCinsubjectsreactingtoascenariopercentchangeinactivityinanyofthestudiedareas

inwhichsomeonehasaconversationwitharealofthebrainwasinthe

personisapproximately

A)PCCwhenthesubjectswereexposedtoan

A)0.05%.interactivescenarioinvolvingrealpeople.

B)0.1%.B)IFGwhenthesubjectswereexposedtoan

C)0.13%.interactivescenarioinvolvingfictionalpeople.

D)0.18%.C)PCCwhenthesubjectswereexposedtoany

scenarioinvolvingfictionalpeople.

D)IFGwhenthesubjectswereexposedtoan

interactivescenarioinvolvingrealpeople.

Unauthorieedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.9CONTINUE

Questions21-30arebasedonthefollowing45revealed281genesthatshowsignsofrapidor

passage.numerousgeneticchanges—ahallmarkofrecent

selections—indomesticcats.Someappeartobe

ThispassageisadaptedfromDavidGrimm,“TheGeresThat

involvedinhearingandvision,thesensesthatfelines

TurnedWildcatsintoKittyCats."?2014byAmerican

AssociaiionfortheAdvancementofScience.relyonmost.Othersplayaroleinfatmetabolism

soandarelikelyanadaptationtocats'highly

Placeahousecatnexttoitsdirectancestor,thecarnivorouslifestyle.

NearEasternwildcat,anditmaytakeyouaminuteButthemostintriguingfindingscamewhenthe

tospotthedifference.They'reaboutthesamesizeteamsequencedthegenomesof22domesticcats—

Uneandshape,and,well,theybothlooklikecats.Buttherepresentingawidevarietyofbreedsandlocations-

5wildcatisfierceandferal,whereasthehousecat,55andcomparedthemwiththegenomesoftwoNear

thankstonearly10,000yearsofdomestication,isEasternandtwoEuropeanwildcats.Theresearchers

tameandadaptableenoughtohavebecometheuncoveredatleast13genesthatchangedascats

world'smostpopularpet.Nowscientistshavebegunmorphedfromferaltofriendly.Someofthese,based

topinpointthegeneticchangesthatdrovethisonpreviousstudiesofknockoutmice[genetically

ioremarkabletransformation.Thefindings,basedon

GOengineeredmice],seemtoplayaroleincognition,

thefirsthigh-qualitysequenceofthecatgenome,includingfearresponsesandtheabilitytolearnnew

couIdshedlightonhowothercreaturesbecometame.behaviorswhengivenfoodrewards.Z/Thatjibeswith

“Thisistheclosestthingtoasmokinggunwe'vewhatweknowaboutthedomesticationofcats,“

everhad/saysGregerLarson,anevolutionaryMontaguesays,becausetheywouldhaveneededto

isbiologistattheUniversityofOxfordintheUnited65becomelessfearfulofnewlocationsandindividuals,

Kingdomwhohasstudiedthedomesticationofpigs,andthepromiseoffoodwouldhavekeptthem

dogs,andotheranimals."We'remuchclosertostickingaround.”

understandingthenitty-grittyofdomesticationthan“Thisismyfavoritepartofthepaper/'savs

wewereadecadeago/7KerstinLindblad-Toh,aleadingcomparative

20Catsfirstenteredhumansocietyabout9z500years70genomicistatUppsalaUniversityinSwedenwhowas

ago,notlongafterpeoplefirsttookupfarminginthenotinvolvedinthework.Shenotesthatafewofthe

MiddleEast.Drawntorodentsthathadinvadedgenestheteamidentifiedcodeforglutamate

grainstores,wildcatsslunkoutofthedesertsandreceptors,whichplayakeyroleinlearningand

intovillages.There,manyscientistssuspect,theymemoryandmayhavebeenselectedinhumansas

25mostlydomesticatedt