nist -可持續(xù)性與韌性規(guī)劃的跨學科專家視角 Cross-disciplinary Expert Perspectives of Sustainability and Resilience Planning

Cross-disciplinaryExpertPerspectivesofSustainability

andResiliencePlanning

JenniferF.HelgesonKatherineXue

AppliedEconomicsOfficeEngineeringLaboratory

NISTResearchBriefNISTRB5

January2025

ResearchSummary

Ithasbecomeincreasinglyimportantforcommunityplanningtoincluderesilienceandsustainabilityconcepts,giventheonsetofincreasingweatherandclimateextremesandstressors.Thedefinitionsofresilienceandsustainabilitycontinuetobesomewhatambiguousincurrentliteratureandpolicy;someseethemassynonymsandusetheminterchangeably,whileothersseethemassomewhatintertwinedorcompletelyindependentofeachother.Thisresearchlooksattheinteractionsofdefinitionsofresilienceandsustainabilityacrossvariousphysical,social,andenvironmentaldomains.Byusingsurveydatafromexpertsworkingacrossdiverseapplicationsofresilienceandsustainability,weanalyzetheconnectionsbetweenthedomains,whichcanhelpencouragemoreefficientandeffectiveeffortstoaddressfuturehazards.Ourfindingssuggestthatwhenitcomestosustainabilityandresilience,expertsperceivethreemaindifferencesin(a)temporalapplication,withresiliencebeingshort-termandsustainabilitybeinglong-term,(b)focusareas,withresilienceashazard-orientedandsustainabilityandecosystem-oriented,and(c)theircodependence.

ResearchAdvancementDetails

Communitiesfaceincreasingrisksofextremedisturbancesandpersistentstresses,suchasextremeweatherevents,geologichazards,andtheeffectsofclimatechange(Marveletal.,2023).Bothresilienceandsustainabilityarecrucialinthesecontexts,asproactiveinvestmentsinresilienceplanningofferincreasinglycost-effectivestrategiesformitigatingandreducingpotentialdamage.Moreover,improvingthequalityoflifeinvulnerablecommunities—bothinthepresentandforfuturegenerations,withrespectto

Thispublicationisavailablefreeofchargefrom:

/10.6028/NIST

.RB.5

environmental,social,andeconomicconsiderations—requirestheadoptionofholisticsustainabilityperspectives.Resilienceandsustainabilityhavebeen,andcontinuetobe,criticalconceptsintheconversationsurroundingcommunityplanning,yettherearegapsinknowledgeandmutualunderstandingamongstdifferentexpertsandsectorsasitrelatestothetwoconcepts(Lizarraldeetal.,2015).Incurrentliterature,someexamplesofsustainabilitydefinitionsaretheneedtobalanceeconomicprosperity,socialequity,andenvironmentalquality(i.e.thetriplebottomline),ortheBrundtlanddefinitionof“theabilityofacommunitytomeetitsneedswithoutcompromisingtheneedsoffuturegenerations”.Resiliencehasalsobeendefinedinvariousways—e.g.,asystem’scapacity,capability,orabilitytoanticipate,copewith,oradapttocontingencies(Weber).

Aparadigmshiftfromlookingatresilienceandsustainabilityasindependentcharacteristicsofinfrastructure,andthesystemsinfrastructuresupports,tovaluingthesecharacteristicstogether(includingclimatechangemitigationandadaptationstrategies)canhelpdevelopmoreeffectiveandefficientplanningoptions.Trade-offsmayexistbetweensustainabilityandresilienceobjectives,suchasclimateadaptationandmitigation,economicandenvironmentalcosts,equityconsiderations,affordabilityandriskreduction,shortandlong-termconsequences,andspatialvariationsandfocus(FreyandGasbarro,2019).Thesecomplexitiesareexacerbatedbyuncertaintiesassociatedwithrisksandvaluationsacrosslongertimeframes.Decisionmakersmustactinthiscomplexspacetobalanceimpactsacrossdiverseactorswithvaryingprioritiesandconcerns,whichrequiresusingmultipledisciplinarytechniquesanddatasources(Marcheseetal.,2018,Carissimietal.,2023).Additionally,evaluatingresilienceandsustainabilityimpactsresultingfrommulti-objectivedecisionsisdifficultbecauseeachismeasuredindifferentways,andtheknowledgenecessarytofullycapturethiscomplexityisdistributedovermanydomainsofexpertise(e.g.physical,social,andenvironmental).

Enablingcross-pollinationacrosstheseoftenfragmenteddomainsrequiresthatexpertsdevelopsharedknowledgetoidentifystandardizedplanning&designrulesthatbringtogethersustainabilityandresilienceorientedprinciples.Thus,analyzingexpertperceptionsofthesetwoconceptscanleadtogreaterclarityacrossthesedomainsthatarecriticaltostrategiesformitigatingdamagefromextremedisturbancesandpersistentstresses.

Usingadatacollectioninstrument(DCI),wecollecteddatafromindividualswithcross-disciplinaryexpertiseintheareasofresilienceandsustainability.ThisDCIistitled“Trade-offsandSynergiesinDesigningforResilienceandSustainability”andwasapprovedbytheNISTInstitutionalReviewBoardasStudy#:EL-2021-0319.ThisDCIisprovidedinAppendixA.

Thedatagatheredencompassesresponsesfrom110expertsoriginatingfromabroadspectrumofareasofexpertise.Whenitcametocategorizingoccupations,“Academia”encompassesfull-time,assistant,andadjunctprofessors;“Researcher”encompassesgovernmentandacademicresearchersinvariousfields(e.g.,engineering);“Nonprofit”

indicatesnon-profitwork;“Government”encompasseslocal,state,andfederalgovernment;“Student”encompassesalllevelsofpost-secondarystudy;and“Industry”encompassesworkdoneunderabusiness(e.g.,consulting)[Fig.1].Thedatafurtherincludeseachrespondent’spreviouspersonalandprofessionalexperiencewithsustainabilityandresilience–includingperceptionsofthetwoconcepts–aswellasdemographicandculturaldetails.

Figure1.BreakdownofRespondentsbyOccupation

Throughbothqualitativeandquantitativeanalysisofthesurveydata—includingmethodslikethematicanalysisandfrequencyanalysis—wewereabletoreachbroadconclusionsaboutthewayresilienceandsustainabilityinteract.Thisincludescommonassociationsmadebyexpertswhendefiningtheconcepts,wordsthatbelongtotheconcepts,andthecontextsinwhichtheyarementioned.Importantly,whenevaluatingthetwoconceptsindependently,mostexpertsagreethatsustainabilityisagoalwhileresilienceisanecessity.However,whenevaluatingthemtogether(e.g.,lookingforkeywordsthatapplytobothtopics)theassociationsbecomemoreholisticwiththeword"systems".Additionally,personaldatarelatingtotheexperts’occupationwasalsocollected,guidingourresearchonhowoccupationmayaffecttheinteractionbetweensustainabilityandresilience.

Discussion

Ouranalysisofsurveyresultsrevealedoverlapsinself-reporteddefinitionsofsustainabilityandresiliencebetweenexpertsofvariousfields.Mostresiliencedefinitions

collected(92.73%)focusonasystem'sabilitytowithstandandrecoverfromatemporarydisturbanceorshockinavarietyofcontexts,withthemostcommonbeingenvironmental,societal,andinterpersonal.Thisfindingiscorroboratedbyexistingliterature,whichsuggeststhatresilienceisflexibleandconcernsinteractionwithasystemacrossvariousfields(Riepponenetal.,2023),enablingittowithstandshort-termstressesandchanges(Duchek,2020).Interestingly,respondentscoalescedaroundtwomainviewsonhowthesystemfunctionedinrelationtoresilienceinthelong-term(afterashock).Fortypercentofrespondentsmentionedareturntonormalcy,while36%mentionedakeyaspectofaresilientsystembeingthatthesystemimprovedoradaptedtobecomemoreresistanttosimilarshocksinthefuture[Fig.2].Theassociationwithadaptationisparticularlyinterestingintyingresiliencetosustainability;itsuggeststhatresiliencetoshort-termdisasterscontributestothelong-termresiliencyofasystem.

Figure2.Themesinresiliencedefinitions

Similartoresilience,themajorityofresponsesforsustainabilitydefinitions(78/110or71%)mentionedtheideaofprioritizinglong-termviabilityandkeepingasystemfunctioningforfuturegenerations.Athematicanalysisidentifiedlong-termviability,harmony,conservation,andself-sustainingasthemostprominentthemesintheresponses[Fig.3].Specifically,manyrespondentsincludedthephrasing"theabilityofacommunitytomeetitsneedswithoutcompromisingtheneedsoffuturegenerations,"citingtheUnitedNations’BrundtlandReport(Brundtland,1987).Thedifferenceintimeframebetweenthetwoconceptsalignswithexistingliterature,withresiliencebeingperceivedasshort-termandsustainabilityasalonger-termconcept,withbothbeingactive(Marcheseetal.,2018).

Figure3.Themesinsustainabilitydefinitions

Wealsoaskedrespondentstogeneratekeywordsandassociatethemwiththetopicsofresilience,sustainability,orboth.Wefoundthatthemostcommonwordsassociatedwithresilienceorienttheconceptaroundadisaster—like“recover,”“adapt,”and“robustness”[Fig.4].Thetemporalaspecttothesewordssuggestresilienceiscrucialintheshort-andmedium-terms.Whenitcomestosustainability,thewordassociationsweremorelong-term—forexample,“l(fā)ongevity”—andfocusedonbroaderthematicconcepts,like“environment,”and“economics”[Fig.5].Whenboththemesweretakenintoconsideration,theassociationsmostoftenevaluatedsystemsasawhole,withcommonwordsbeing“adapt”,“system”,and“environment”.

Figure4.Wordcloudofwords(bynumberofmentions)associatedwithresilience

2019).

Figure5.Wordcloudofwords(bynumberofmentions)associatedwithsustainability

Figure6.Wordcloudofwords(bynumberofmentions)associatedwithbothsustainabilityandresilience

Thisstudyalsocollectedexperts’responsestoaVenndiagramselectionthatbestencompassedtheirunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenresilienceandsustainability[Fig.7].TheirselectionsareshowninFigure8,withrespondentscategorizedbyoccupation.Outof110respondents,inoccupationswithover10respondents,therewerethemostinacademia(e.g.,professors)andgovernment(e.g.,UN,policymaking,etc.).Regardlessofoccupation,apluralityofexpertschoseoptionB,whichdepictedthatsustainabilityandresilienceareindependentbutnotmutuallyexclusive.Thisisanimportantconsiderationandisinalignmentwithexistingstudiesthatarguethatthetwotopicscannotbethoughtofasentirelyinterdependent,astradeoffsmayexist(i.e.,short-termresilienceactionsmayhavelong-termsustainabilityimplications)(FreyandGasbarro,2019).Therefore,abalancedintegrationofsustainabilityandresilienceframeworks,keepinginmindthattheyaremalleableconcepts,isintegral(Roostaieetal.,

Figure7.VennDiagramsincludedinthesurvey,whereSissustainabilityandRisresilience

Figure8.Venndiagramchoicesseparatedbyoccupation

Ourresearchsuggestsexpertsperceivethreemaindifferencesbetweensustainabilityandresilience,thosebeingdifferencesin(a)temporalapplication,withresiliencebeingshort-termandsustainabilitybeinglong-term,(b)focusareas,withresilienceashazard-orientedandsustainabilityandecosystem-oriented,and(c)theircodependence.OurresearchisbasedonsurveydatafromexpertsbasedinNorthAmerica;andtherefore,doesnotincludemorediverseinternationalperspectivesfromexpertsinothercountries.

Potentialnextstepsforresearchincludeexploringthecontrastpresentindefinitionsofsustainability.Someresponseswerecenteredaroundhumanactivity,whetherinthepresentorfuture(i.e.,issuesconcernedwiththeabilityofasystemtomeethumanneedsandmaintainthosefunctions,likeintheeconomy,society,ornaturalresourcesforthenextgeneration),whileotherresponseslookedatmeasuringsustainabilityintermsofhowhumansaffectotherspecies(e.g.,sustainablebuiltsystemsnothavingalargenegativeimpactonothers).Theaxiswhichperceptionsofsustainabilityareorientedaroundareimportantareasforfutureinvestigation,asitcanhelpguidehowpolicymakersviewtheprioritiesofindustry.

ConclusionsandFutureWork

Wewereabletodiscernthatacrossoccupations(e.g.,academia,government,etc.),thevastmajorityofrespondentsviewsustainabilityasagoalandresilienceasanecessity,andbelievethatbothconceptsaresomewhatcodependentoneachother.Theresultsultimatelyfocusedonoccupation,althoughourresearchcollecteddataonexpertsfromvariousfieldsanddomains.Similardefinitionsandapplicationsarecorroboratedbytheexistingliteratureinvariousfields,likesupplychainmanagementandorganizationalmanagement.Possiblefutureareasofresearchincludelookingatresilienceandsustainabilityacrossa)timeframes,astheimpactsofsustainabilityareprimarilyseeninthelongterm,andb)spatialscales,sinceresilienceandsustainabilityhavevaryingimplicationsinbothanarrow(e.g.,individualandlocal)andbroad(e.g.,organization-wide,national,international)scale.Additionalresearchmayalsoassesstheimportancethatexpertsplaceonresilienceandsustainabilityasindependenttopics,whichcandirectprioritiesinpolicymakingspheres.

References

BrundtlandCommission.(1987).Reportoftheworldcommissiononenvironmentanddevelopment:Ourcommonfuture(p.16).UnitedNations.

/content/documents/5987our-common

-future.pdf

Carissimi,M.C.,Creazza,A.,&Colicchia,C.(2023).Crossingthechasm:investigatingtherelationshipbetweensustainabilityandresilienceinsupplychainmanagement.CleanerLogisticsandSupplyChain,7,100098.

/10.1016/j.clscn.2023.100098

Duchek,S.Organizationalresilience:acapability-basedconceptualization.BusRes13,215-246(2020).

/10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7

Frey,M.,&Gasbarro,F.(2019).Adaptationandmitigationsynergiesandtrade-offs(L.

Filho,U.Azeiteiro,Azul,AnabelaMarisa,L.Brandli,?zuyar,PinarG?kcin,&T.Wall,Eds.;pp.1-9).SpringerInternationalPublishing.

/10.1007/978-3-319-71063

-

1%E2%82%817-1

Lizarralde,G.,Chmutina,K.,Bosher,L.,&Dainty,A.(2015).Sustainabilityandresilienceinthebuiltenvironment:ThechallengesofestablishingaturquoiseagendaintheUK.

SustainableCitiesandSociety,15,96-104.

/10.1016/j.scs.2014.12.004

Marchese,D.,Reynolds,E.,Bates,M.E.,Morgan,H.,Clark,S.S.,&IgorLinkov.(2018).Resilienceandsustainability:Similaritiesanddifferencesinenvironmentalmanagementapplications.ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment,613-614,1275-1283.

/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.086

Marvel,K.,Su,W.,Delgado,R.,Aarons,S.,Chatterjee,A.,Garcia,M.E.,Hausfather,Z.,

Hayhoe,K.,Hence,D.A.,Jewett,E.B.,Robel,A.,Singh,D.,Tripati,A.,&Vose,R.S.

(2023).Climatetrends(A.R.Crimmins,C.W.Avery,D.R.Easterling,K.E.Kunkel,B.C.Stewart,&T.K.Maycock,Eds.).U.S.GlobalChangeResearchProgram.

/10.7930/NCA5.2023.CH2

Riepponen,T.,Moilanen,M.,&Simonen,J.(2023).Themesofresilienceinthe

economicsliterature:Atopicmodelingapproach.RegionalSciencePolicy&Practice,15,2.

/10.1111/rsp3.12612

Roostaie,S.,Nawari,N.,&Kibert,C.J.(2019).Integratedsustainabilityandresilienceassessmentframework:Fromtheorytopractice.JournalofCleanerProduction,232,1158-1166.

/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.382

Weber,M.M.(2023).TherelationshipbetweenresilienceandsustainabilityintheorganizationalContext—Asystematicreview.Sustainability,15,22.

/10.3390/su152215970

AppendixA:CompleteSurvey

Trade-offsandsynergiesindesigningforResilienceandSustainability

ConsentText:

Youareselectedtoparticipateinthisresearchstudygivenyourprofessionalexpertise.Inthisprojectyouwillanswersurveyquestions,generateindividualconceptmaps,anddiscussyourperspectivesand

disciplinaryunderstandingsofrelativetrade-offsandsynergiesindesigningforresilienceandsustainability.

Yourresponseswillleadtogreaterclarityacrossthesedomainsthatarebothcriticaltostrategiesfor

mitigatingdamagefromextremedisturbancesandpersistentstresses,suchasextremeweathereventsandcontinuedclimatechangeimpacts.Inthisstudyyouwillbeaskedquestionsaboutyourbackground,fieldofexpertise,andunderstandingofresilienceandsustainabilityconcepts.Pleaseknowthatthere

arenorightorwronganswerstoanyofthesequestions,wejustwantyourexperienceandopinions.

Theconceptmappingactivitywillbecompleted,individually,throughonlineworkshopsandtakeno

morethanonehourofyourtime.Becausetheworkshopswilleachincludemultipleparticipants,otherparticipantswillhearyourquestionsandcomments.Theworkshopsfacilitatorswilltrytolimit

discussionswithyouaboutthespecificcontentofyourconceptmaptoone-on-onediscussionsinbreak-outroomstoprotectconfidentiality.Therewillbeanoptionalfocusgrouptowhichyoucanparticipate,wherethegroup’saggregatedconceptmapwillbepresentedforvalidationandfurtherdiscussions.

Ifyoufeeluncomfortableansweringanyofthequestions,youcanskipthem,orstopparticipationatanytime.Yourparticipationisvoluntaryandwithoutcompensation.Ifyoudecidetoparticipateinthestudy,youmaywithdrawyourconsentandstopparticipationatanytimewithoutpenalty.

Yourresponseswillneverbelinkedtoyourindividualidentity.Instead,findingswillbeattributedtocharacteristicsassociatedwithyourbackgroundandfieldofexpertise.ThedeidentifiedinformationcollectedinthisstudymaybesharedwithresearchersattheNationalInstituteofStandardsand

Technology(NIST)orwithresearchersoutsideNIST.Theinformationthatyouprovidemaybeusedinfutureresearch.Anyfutureresearchwillensuretoprotecttheconfidentialityoftheinformationwegatherfromyou.Wedonotanticipateanyrisksfromparticipatinginthisstudy.

Wehopetogainmoreknowledgeonhowsustainabilityandresilienceareconceptualizedtobetter

guideallocationofresourcesthatcanhelpresearchers,practitioners,andgovernmentrefineplanningforfutureextremeweatherandclimatechangeassociatedimpacts.

Toconsent,pleaseclick“Yes”andcompletethisbriefoptionalsurvey.Attheendofthesurvey,youcanscheduleatimetocompletetheconceptmappingactivity.

oYes,Iagreetoparticipateinthisstudy

oNo,Ideclineparticipationinthisstudy

BriefSurvey:Trade-offsandsynergiesindesigningforResilienceandSustainability

AFederalagencymaynotconductorsponsor,andapersonisnotrequiredtorespondto,norshalla

personbesubjecttoapenaltyforfailuretocomplywithaninformationcollectionsubjecttothe

requirementsofthePaperworkReductionActof1995unlesstheinformationcollectionhasacurrentlyvalidOMBControlNumber.TheapprovedOMBControlNumberforthisinformationcollectionis0693-0078.Withoutthisapproval,wecouldnotconductthisinformationcollection.Publicreportingforthisinformationcollectionisestimatedtobeapproximatelyeightminutesperresponse,includingthetimeforreviewinginstructions,searchingexistingdatasources,gatheringandmaintainingthedataneeded,andcompletingandreviewingtheinformationcollection.Allresponsestothisinformationcollectionarevoluntary.Sendcommentsregardingthisburdenestimateoranyotheraspectofthisinformation

collection,includingsuggestionsforreducingthisburdentotheNationalInstituteofStandardsand

Technologyat:100BureauDrive,Gaithersburg,MD20899,Attn:Dr.JenniferHelgeson,Associate

ProgramManagerfortheNISTCommunityResilienceProgram,NISTEngineeringLaboratory;orcontactatjennifer.helgeson@.

Section1:Definitionsandkeywords

1.InyourownwordsdefineRESILIENCE.Pleasewriteashortdefinition.

2.InyourownwordspleasedefineSUSTAINABILITY.Pleasewriteashortdefinition.

3.Pleaseprovideupto10keywordsforresilienceand/orsustainability(Pleaseaddaminimumoffivekeywords).

RelevanttobothResilienceand

Sustainability

RelevanttoResilience

4.Pleaseorganizeyourkeywordsintothefollowingcategories(youcandraganddrop):

RelevanttoSustainability

Section2:SustainabilityandResiliencerelationships

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoyouagreewithmost?Selectonlyone.

a.resilienceofthesystemisnecessary,butnotsufficient,forsustainability

b.resilienceofthesystemissufficient,butnotnecessary,forsustainability

c.resilienceofthesystemisneithernecessarynorsufficientforsustainabilityd.resilienceisbothnecessaryandsufficientforsustainability

2.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatements?

a.SystemsthatareresilientmaynotbesustainableT/F/unsureb.SystemsthatarenotresilientarenotsustainableT/F/unsurec.SystemsthatarenotsustainablemayberesilientT/F/unsure

3.Whichofthefollowingdiagramsmostaccuratelydescribestherelationshipbetweenresilientandsustainablesystems?(Notes:R=ResilientsystemsandS=Sustainablesystems)

E)Noneoftheabove(Pleaseexplain)

Section3:Demographics,Discipline,Edubackground,profession

1.Pleaseconfirmyourpreferredemailaddress:

2.Whichofthefollowingcategoriesmostaccuratelydescribesyourcurrentposition(s)?Selectallthatapply

●Student(undergraduate)

●Student(Graduate)

●Teaching/Researchassistant

●Postdoctoralresearcher

●Adjunctprofessor

●Associateprofessor

●Privateindustry

●Consulting

●Government(Federal)

●Government(State)

●Government(Local)

●Other.Pleasespecify:

3.Whichofthefollowingcategoriesmostaccuratelydescribesyourarea(s)offormalexpertise?Selectallthatapply

●Performingarts

●Visualarts

●History

●Languagesandliterature●Law

●Philosophy

●Theology

●Anthropology

●Archaeology

●Economics

●Geography

●Politicalscience

●Psychology

●Sociology

●Socialwork

●Biology

●Chemistry

●Earthscience

●Spacescience

●Physics

●Computerscience

●Mathematics

●Agriculture

●Architectureanddesign

●Urbanplanning/Townplanning

●Business

●Divinity

●Education

●Engineeringandtechnology

●Environmentalstudiesandforestry

●Ecology

●Familyandconsumerscience

●Humanphysicalperformanceandrecreation

●Journalism,mediastudies,andcommunication

●Libraryandmuseumstudies

●Medicineandhealth

●Militarysciences

●Publicadministration/policy

●Other.Pleasespecify.

4.Howmanyyearshaveyoubeenworkingonissuesrelatedtoresilienceand/orsustainability?[Enteranumber]

Pleaseexplainhowyourw