2022年高考英語閱讀理解技巧 專題02閱讀推理探究（含解析）

閱讀推理探究

推理判斷的解題方法指導：

題型介紹

推理題即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎上，做出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的隱含

意義和深層意義。推理判斷題屬于主觀性極強的高層次閱讀理解題，做這類題目時，要嚴格依據(jù)作者所陳

述的細節(jié)、事實以及作者的措詞、態(tài)度和語氣，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語，然后利用

自己已獲得的相關知識進行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結論。此時應特別注意：當問及作者的看法、

意圖與態(tài)度時，不要誤認為是在問“你”（考生）的想法切忌主觀，要通過文章內容推斷作者的意圖，即作

者本人在字里行間所表述的觀點。

解題技巧

要通過文章的措辭、上下文關系以及文章的文體結構等來理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度，領會作者的言外之

意。不能用主觀臆斷代替文中作者的觀點，不能以事實代替推理，不能以具體代替抽象、以現(xiàn)象代替實質。

要特別注意那些描寫環(huán)境以及反映作者情感、態(tài)度的語句。

正確選項的特點

不是文中直接或明確說明的內容，是間接表達出來的，除符合文章主旨外，還符合邏輯，讓考生有推敲的

余地。另外，正確選項大多含義深刻，不是常識選項。注意不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點；推理的根據(jù)

一定來自于上下文。

干擾項的特點

1.夸大事實：對于原文中的細節(jié)或論斷的某方面程度進行了夸大處理。

2.無中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作為依據(jù)進行推理。

3.摻入常識：根據(jù)考生已有的常識是正確的，但是卻不是基于文章。

4.推理過頭：引申過度，使結論過于絕對化。

推理短文出處

提問方式

推理判斷題

1隱含意義的推斷

2因果推斷題

3作者意圖，目的推斷

4人物性格，態(tài)度，觀點推斷

5文章出處推斷題

推斷文章出處的設題形式有：

Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom.

Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?

Thepassageismostlikelyapartof.

解題技巧

這類問題應從文章的內容或結構來判斷其出處：

1.報紙：前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點或通訊社名稱。

2.廣告：因其格式特殊，容易辨認。

3.產(chǎn)品說明：器皿、設備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說明會告知服用時間、次數(shù)、

藥量等。

Youmaythinkthatsailingisadifficultsport,butitisreallynothardtoleamit.Youdonotneedtobestrong.

Butycuneedtobequick.Andyouneedtounderstandafewbasicrulesaboutthewind.

First,youmustaskyourself,...

Let'sstartwiththewindblowingfromthebehind.Thismeans...

Ifthewindisblowingfromtheside,itisblowingacrosstheboat.Inthiscase,youmust...

Sailingintothewindisnotpossible.Ifyoutry,thesailwillflapandtheboatwillstop.Youmaywantto...

48.Wherecanyouprobablyfindthetext?

A.Inapopularmagazine.B.Inatouristguidebook.

C.Inaphysicstextbook.D.Inanofficialreport.

Ao帆船運動是普通的一種體育運動，因此，本文很可能從流行雜志中節(jié)選。

推斷寫作意圖

提問方式

考查整篇文章的寫作目的

Thewriterwritesthispassageinorderto.

Thewriter'spurposeofwritingthispassageisto.

Whatisthepurposeofwritingthisarticle?

Inwritingthepassage,theauthorintendsto.

考查某處細節(jié)的寫作意圖

Thewriterusestheexampleof...toshowthat.

Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto.

...arementionedinthefirstparagraphto.

技巧點撥

推斷作者寫作目的和意圖題的解題方法：

1記敘文的特點，此類文章有時是單純地講述某個有意義或者令人深刻的經(jīng)歷以娛樂讀者，但更多的

時候會在首段或者末段呈現(xiàn)出高度概括性的語言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有敘事都是圍繞該哲理展開

的。

2廣告類應用文特點：里面有對某物品或者某項目詳細的介紹，并充斥著明顯支持傾向的煽動性語言。

3議論文結構：提出觀點-一進行論證一得出結論（提出解決問題的方法），閱讀這類文章要特別注意

最后一部分，因為作者的意圖和觀點往往就隱含其中。

4說明文的特點，內容涉及廣泛，有時候就是說明一種新技術的特點，有時介紹一中社會文化，有時是

談論一項研究的發(fā)展及成果。這類文章佗寫作目的有賴于文章主題的把握，閱讀時找準文章的主題句，或

很好的對主題加以歸納。

寫作意圖通?？梢愿爬橐韵滤姆N：報道（report）,警告（warming）,闡述（explain概念、原理等），

辯論（argument）.

娛樂讀者的寫作目的常見于故事類的文章。

說服讀者的寫作目的常見于廣告類的文章。在這樣的文章中，作者或是要推銷一種產(chǎn)品、一種服務（t。

sellaproductoraservice）,或是要通過對旅游景點、報刊雜志、影片,電視節(jié)目等的介紹來達到他

的寫作目的：吸引更多的游客、讀者或訂戶、觀眾等。

科普類、新聞報道類、文化類或社會類的文章多為闡述某種概念、原理，或就某觀點進行辯論，或就

某現(xiàn)象提出警告，了解這類文章的寫作目的有利于對文章主題的正確把握，閱讀時有必要找準文章的主題

句，或較好地對主題加以歸納.

Eatingtoomuchfattyfood,exercisingtoolittleandsmokingcanraiseyourfutureriskofheartdisease.But

thereisanotherfactorthatcancauseyourheartproblemsmoreimmediately:theairyoubreathe.

Previousstudieshavelinkedhighexposure（暴露）toenvironmentalpollutiontoanincreasedriskofheart

problem,buttwoanalysesnowshowthat...

Theauthorsofbothstudiesstressthattheserisksarerelativelysmallfbrhealthypeopleandcertainlymodest

comparedwithotherriskfactorssuchassmokingandhighbloodpressure.Howevsr,itisimportanttobeawareof

thesedangersbecauseeveryoneisexposedtoairpollutionregardlessoflifestylechoices.Sostricterregulationby

theEPAofpollutantsmaynotonlyimproveenvironmentalairqualitybutcouldalsobecomenecessarytoprotect

publichealth.

56.Theauthor'spurposeofwritingthetextismostlikelyto.

A.informB.persuadeC.describeD.entertain

Ao本文是一篇說明文，主要意思是說明人們所呼吸的空氣和心臟病的發(fā)病率之間的關系，由此可知作者的

寫作目的是告知人們一個事實。

推斷作者態(tài)度

提問方式

Thewriter'sattitudetoward...is.

Thewriterthoughtthat.

Accordingtotheauthor,.

干擾選項

化類試題的干擾項通常具有以下特點：或是自己的某種看法或觀點，或是社會的一種普遍的傾向，或

是與本文無關或與作者相反的觀點或看法等。

解題技巧

WhenFridaKahlo'spaintingswereonshowinLondon,apoetdescribedherpaintingsas“aribbon（絲帶）

aroundabomb^^.SuchcommentsseemtosuggestKahlohadabiginfluenceontheartworldofhertime.Sadly,she

isactuallyamuchbiggernametodaythanshewasduringhertime.

Bornin1907inavillagenearMexicoCity,Kahlosufferedfrompolio（小兒麻痹癥）...

Unfortunately,herworksdidnotattractmuchattentioninthe1930sand1940s,eveninherhomecountry

Whatisauthor'sattitudetowardKahlo?

A.DevotionB.SympathyC.WorryD.Encouragement

Bo態(tài)度推理題，bomb,sadly和Unfortunately告訴我們這是一個悲劇，aribbon告訴我們主人公很積極

樂觀，說明作者是同情的態(tài)度。

推斷結論

提問方式

結論推斷題常以infer,imply,suggest,conclude,learn,intend等詞提問，提問中往往含有表示推測的情態(tài)

動詞，如can,could,would,should等以及其他表示可能性的詞probably,mostlikely等。例如：

Fromthetest,itcanbeinferredthat.

Thepassagesuggeststhat.

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes...?

解題技巧

要求考生根據(jù)語篇關系，推斷具體細節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物關系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根

據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識進行判斷推理。

推斷細節(jié)題的方法

1）尋讀，首先通過尋讀找到相關的信息點。

2）研讀，不但要理解相關信息的字面意義，而且要由表及里，由淺入深的分析推理，在文中提供的信息為

依據(jù)，結合語境和嘗試，在字面意義的基礎上進行符合邏輯的推斷，從而理解作者的言外之意。

Whilehouseholdrobotstodaydothenormalhousework,socialrobotswillbemuchmorelikecompanions

thanmeretools.Forexample,theserobotswillbeabletodistinguishwhensomeoneishappyorsad.Thisallows

themtorespondmoreappropriatelytotheuser.

41.Howaresocialrobotsdifferentfromhouseholdrobots?

A.Theycancontroltheiremotions.

B.Theyaremorelikehumans.

C.Theydothenormalhousework.

D.Theyrespondtousersmoreslowly.

首先根據(jù)題干的信息“socialrobotsdifferentfromhouseholdrobots",定位文章“muchmorelike

companionsthanmeretools”，結合后面例子中的等內容，可以判斷出答案為B。A項提到情感，但沒有

提到“控制情感”，理解有偏差；C項沒提到差別；D項appropriately和slowly有區(qū)別。

2017（新課標I）C

Someoftheworld'smostfamousmusiciansrecentlygatheredinParisandNewOrleanstocelebratethefirst

annualInternationalJazzDay.UNESCO（UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization）

recentlysetApril30asadaytoraiseawarenessofjazzmusic,itssignificance,anditspotentialasaunifying（聯(lián)合）

voiceacrosscultures.

Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU.S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthe

musichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.

It'sJasonMoran'sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter'sartisticadviserfbrjazz,Moranhopesto

widentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.

“Jazzseemslikeit'snotreallyapartoftheAmericanappetite,“MorantellsNationalPublicRadio'sreporter

NealConan."WhatI'mhopingtoaccomplishisthatmygenerationandyoungerstarttoreconsiderandunderstand

thatjazzisnotblackandwriteanymore.It'sactuallycolor,andit'sactuallydigital.M

Moransaysoneoftheproblemswithjazztodayisthattheentertainmentaspectofthemusichasbeenlost.

“Themusiccan'tbepresentedtodaythewayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausetheway

theworldworksisnotthesame,“saysMoran.

Lastyear,MoranworkedonaprojectthatarrangedFatsWaller'smusicfbradanceparty,4lJusttokindofput

itbackinthemindthatWallerisdancemusicasmuchasitisconcertmusic,"saysMoran.uForme,ifsthe

recontextualization.Inmusic,wheredoestheemotion（情感）lie?Arewe,ashumans,gaininganyinsight（J^1§）on

howtotalkaboutourscivcsandhowsomethingasabstractasaCharlieParkcrrecordgetsusintoadialogueabout

ouremotionsandourthoughts?Sometimeswelosesightthatthemusichasawidercontext,"saysMoran,“soI

wanttocontinuethosedialogues.ThosearethethingsIwanttofoster.5,

30.V/hatcanweinferaboutMoran'sopiniononjazz?

A.Itwilldisappeargradually.

B.Itremainsblackandwhite.

C.Itshouldkeepupwiththetimes.

D.Itchangesevery50years.

2017（新課標I）D

Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸播器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswherethe

liquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it'sanexcellent

watercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou.sinceit'sallbutimpossibleto

findnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5'x5sheetofclearorslightlymilky

plastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer-perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescan

befoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.

Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Tryto

maketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher,sproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthe

hole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup——and

out—thesideofthehole.

Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet's

centerdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone（圓錐體）with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpoint

ofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.

Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates（蒸發(fā)）andcollects

onthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontaineris

full,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon'thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneed

adrink.

32.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?

A.It'sdelicate.B.It,sexpensive.

C.It'scomplex.D.It'sportable.

33.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher“inparagraph2referto?

A.Thetube.B.Thestill.C.Thehole.D.Thecup.

35.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupform

A.theplastictubeB.outsidethehole

C.theopenairD.beneaththesheet

2017新課標IIB

IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968,whenGeorgeRoyHill,thedirectorofButchCassidyandtheSundanceKid,

introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidn'twantmefbrthefilm-itwantedsomebodyaswellknown

asPaul-hestoodupfbrme.Idon'tknowhowmanypeoplewouldhavedonethat;theywouldhavelistenedto

theiragentsorthestudiopowers.

ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootin

thefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.Wcwere

respectfulofcraft（技藝）andfocusedondiggingintothecharactersweweregoingtoplay.Bothofushadthe

qualitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors:humorous,aggressive,andmakingfunofeachother-but

alwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealsoatthecore（核心）ofourrelationshipoffthescreen.

Wesharedthebriefthatifyou'refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback-hewith

hisNewman'sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsfbrkidswhoareseriouslyill,andmewithSundanceand

theinstituteandthefestival.PaulandIdidn'tseeeachotherallthatregularly,butsharingthatbroughtustogether.

Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.

Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago.He'dbeeninandoutofthehospital.HeandIbothknewwhatthedealwas,

andwedidn'ttalkaboutit.Ourswasarelationshipthatdidn'tneedalotofwords.

26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?

A.Theirbelief.B.Theircareforchildren.

C.Theirsuccess.D.Theirsupportfbreachother.

2017新課標II（D）

Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn'tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIan

Baldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboring

plantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplants

pumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.

ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.\fsaplant'swayofcrying

out.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighboursreact.

Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpout

perfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarcnaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetables

areturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.

Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymore

seriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknew

whattodo.

Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon'tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryof

painorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighbors

justhappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn'tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.

CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate（親密的）thantheworld

wecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.Thereisawholelotgoingon.

35.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.Thewordischangingfasterthanever.

B.Peoplehavestrongersensesthanbefore

C.Theworldismorecomplexthanitseems

D.PeopleinDarwin'stimeweremoreimaginative.

2017江蘇卷D

OldProblem,NewApproaches

Whilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarningwillcontinueforsomedecadesafter

CO2emissions（排放）peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallenge

ofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.

Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearetherefore

nottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard,buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy,inpartat

least,（heUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat:"Thereisno'one-sizefitsall*adaptation.Nevertheless,

therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.

Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways,especiallyinsomepoorcountries.Floodshave

becomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssaw

onlydisaster.Hisnot-fbr-profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries,schools,andhealth

clinics,andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommunicatingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloating

connectivity連體）toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel:

hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondspreventstarvationduringthewetseason.

ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesinamountainous

regioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers（冰川）thereduetoglobalwarming

representsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhenit

candamagecrops.Norphel5sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.

Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsofice

supplyperfectlytimedirrigalion（灌溉）water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphelcalculatesthathehas

storedabout200,000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess,soNorphePsicereserveswillnotlast

forever.Warmingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,be

abletofindothermeansofadapting.

IncreasingEarth'sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseofgreenhouses

（whichreflectlightbacktospace）haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally,andactuallycooledtheregion.While

Spainasawholeisheatingupquickly,temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexampleshouldact

asaninspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.

InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehave

begunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-giving

ice.Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitsof"100ideastosavethe

planet".

Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.Afriendofmineownsanareaoflandin

westernVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeentoowetfbrcropping.Butduringthepastdecade

decliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmanycountriesarcalsoadaptinglike

this-citherbygrowingnewproduce,orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.Thisiscommonsense.Butsome

suggestionsfbradaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbon

pollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.

Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.Butthemost

sensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall,ifweadapt

inthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.

65.TheunderlinedpariinParagraph2implies.

A.adaptationisanever-changingprocess

B.thecostofadaptationvarieswithtime

C.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationforms

D.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging

68.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?

A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.

B.Theglobalwarmingtreadcannotbestopped.

C.Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.

D.Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.

2017天津卷B

Fifteenyearsago,ItookasummervacationinLecceinsouthernItaly.Afterclimbingupahillforapanoramic（全

景的）viewofthebluesea,whitebuildingsandgreenolivetrees,Ipausedtocatchmybreathandthenpositioned

myselftotakethebestphotoofthispanorama.

Unfortunately,justasItookoutmycamera,awomanapproachedfrombehind,andplantedherselfrightin

frontofmyview.Likeme,thiswomanwasheretostop,sighandappreciatetheview.

PatientasIwas,afterabout15minutes,mycamerascanningthesunandreviewingtheshotIwould

eventuallytake,Igrewfrustrated.WasittoomuchtoaskhertomovesoIcouldtakejustonepictureofthe

landscape?Sure,Icouldhaveaskedher,butsomethingpreventedmefromdoingso.Sheseemedsocontentinher

observation.Ididn'twanttomesswiththat.

Another15minutespassedandIgrewbored.Thewomanwasstillthere.Idecidedtotakethephotoanyway.

AndnowwhenIlookatit,Ithinkherpresenceinthephotoiswhatmakestheimageinteresting.Thelandscape,

beautifulonitsown,somehowcomestolifeandbreathesbecausethiswomanisengagingwithit.

Thisphoto,withtheuniquebeautythatunfoldedbeforemeandthatwomanwho“ruined"it,nowhangsona

wallinmybedroom.Whatwouldshethinkifsheknewthatherfigureiscaptured（1?E）andfrozenonsome

stranger'sbedroomwall?Abedroom,afterall,isaveryprivatespace,inwhichsomewomanIdon'tevenknowhas

beenimmortalized（使...永存）.Insomeways,shelivesinmyhouse.

Perhapsweallliveineachothers*spaces.Perhapsthisiswhatphotosarefbr:toremindusthatweall

appreciatebeauty,thatweallshareacommondesireforpleasure,forconnection,forsomethingthatisgreaterthan

us.

Thatphotoisareminder,acapturedmoment,anunspokenconversationbetweentwowomen,separatedonly

byathinsquareofglass.

44.Ihephotoonthebedroomwallenablestheauthortobetterunderstand.

A.theneedtobeclosetonature

B.theimportanceofprivatespace

C.thejoyofthevacationinItaly

D.thesharedpassionforbeauty

2017天津卷C

Thismonth,Germany'stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomous

vehicles（自主駕駛車輛）.Theywoulddefinethedriver'sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformin

crasheswherelivesmightbelost.

Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyarea

betweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.

Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosesproperty（財產(chǎn)）damageoverpersonalinjury;thatit

neverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthe

drivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar'smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.

“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,MsaysDobrindt.Itwillputfully

driverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.

Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.

“Theliability（法律責任）issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,“saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.

AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“be

watchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.

Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.uWhenyousay'driverless

cars',peopleexpectdriverlesscars."Meratsays."Youknow—nodriver.”

Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomated

withoutoperation.

Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloat

StanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovernment-provideddriverless

vehiclesarcbeinglaunched.

ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.uTheideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscars

andtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,"saysCalo.

47.TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto.

A.stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrules

B.helppromotefullyautomaticdriving

C.protectdriversofallagesandraces

D.preventseriouspropertydamage

2017浙江卷A

BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalentforartwhenhewasonlysixyearsofage.

Buthedidnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortoldhimheneededone.Inthosedays,abrushwasmadefrom

cameFshair.Therewerenocamelsnearby.Benjamindecidedthatcathairwouldworkinstead.Hecutsomefi.ir

fromthefamilycattomakeabrush.

Thebrushdidnotlastlong.SoonBenjaminneededmorefur.Beforelong,thecatbegantolookragged（蓬

亂）.Hisfathersaidthatthecatmustbesick.Benjaminwasforcedtoadmitwhathehadbeendoing.

Thecat'slotwasabouttoimprove.Thatyear,oneofBenjamin'scousins,Mr.Pennington,cametovisit.Hewas

impressedwithBenjamin'sdrawings.Whenhewenthome,hesentBenjaminaboxofpaintandsomebrushes.He

alsosentsixengravings（版畫）byanartist.ThesewerethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpaintandbrushesBenjamin

hadeverseen.

In1747,whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold,Mr.Penningtonreturnedforanothervisit.Hewasamazedat

whatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.HeaskedBenjamin'sparentsifhemighttaketheboytoPhiladelphiafora

visit.

Inthecity,Mr.PenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.Theboybeganalandscape（風

景）painting.Williams,awell-knownpainter,cametoseehimwork.WilliamswasimpressedwithBenjaminand

gavehimtwoclassicbooksonpaintingtotakehome.Thebookswerelonganddull.Benjamincouldreadonlya

little,havingbeenapoorstudent.Buthelatersaid,“Thosetwobooksweremycompanionsbyday,andundermy

pillowatnight."Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks,theywerehisintroductiontoclassical

paintings.Thenine-year-oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.

22.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph3suggest?

A.Thecatwouldbecloselywatched.

B.Thecatwouldgetsomemedicalcare.

C.Benjaminwouldleavehishomeshortly.

D.Benjaminwouldhaverealbrushessoon.

2017浙江卷C

FLORENCE,Italy—SvetlanaCojochrufeelshurt.TheMoldovanhaslivedheresevenyearsasacaregiverto

Italiankidsandtheelderly,butinordertostayshe'shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatestwhichrequires

hertowriteapostcardtoanimaginaryfriendandanswerafictionaljobad.

ItalyisthelatestWesternEuropeancountrytryingtocontrolagrowingimmigrant（移民）populationby

demandinglanguageskillsinexchangeforworkpermits,orinsomecases,citizenship.

Someimmigrantadvocatesworrythatashardfinancialtimesmakeitmoredifficultfornativestokeepjobs,

suchmeasureswillbecomemoreavehicleforintolerancethanintegration（融合）.Otherssayit,sonlynaturalthat

newcomersteamthelanguageoftheirhostnation,seeingitasaconditiontoensuretheycancontributetosociety.

OtherEuropean