種豬選育新技術(shù)課件

種豬選育新技術(shù)

SwineProduction

養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)Genetics遺傳BiologicalPotentialforProduction生物生產(chǎn)潛力Growth,Reproduction,Carcass,Disease,MeatQuality,etc.生長,繁殖,胴體,疾病,肉質(zhì)等Nutrition營養(yǎng)Health健康Environment環(huán)境Management管理=EfficientProductionofQualityPork優(yōu)質(zhì)豬肉的高效生產(chǎn)SwineBreedingPyramid

豬育種金字塔Selection選擇群Multiplication擴(kuò)繁群SlaughterGenerationProduction商品代長白豬

長白母豬約克夏杜洛克美國華都豬種TraitLeaderforMLI

最好母系指數(shù)公豬Conceptofpurebreedsandbreedersbecomingextinct!

純種和純種育種者的概念逐漸消失Specialized Sire& DamLines專門化 父系和 母系Selectionfor:Growth Littersize, &carcass Growth&carcass選擇:生長和胴體產(chǎn)仔數(shù),生長和胴體SwineGenetics

豬的遺傳Simpletwo-stageprocess簡單的兩步法SELECTGENETICALLYSUPERIORANIMALS

選擇遺傳上優(yōu)秀個體DifferentialReproduction特異的繁殖性能IncreaseFrequencyofFavorableGenes增加優(yōu)良基因頻率USEAPPROPRIATEMATINGSYSTEMS

應(yīng)用適宜的繁殖體系Howselectedanimalsaremated選擇的個體如何選配Arrangegenesinfavorablecombinations使基因得到最佳組合MethodsofImprovingProductionEfficiency

提高生產(chǎn)效率的方法Management管理Genetics遺傳Selection選擇MatingSystems選配系統(tǒng)Rapid快Slow漫Rapid快Temporary暫時Permanent永久Temporary暫時OperatingExpense管理成本CapitalInvestment資金投入LittleExpense成本低Mustpurchasestockofthehighestgeneticpotentialavailable

必須購買供選的最大遺傳潛力的種畜Selection選擇Keyequation:重要公式Response =heritabilityxselectiondifferentialtoselection generationinterval選擇的響應(yīng)=遺傳力x選擇差/世代間隔Heritability=proportionofgeneticsuperioritypassedontooffspring遺傳力=傳給后代的遺傳優(yōu)勢的比例Selectiondifferential=differenceinperformancebetweenselectedindividualsandpopulationmean選擇差=選擇群與大群性能均值之差Generationinterval=timebetweengenerations世代間隔=世代間的時間MaximizingResponsetoSelection

最大的選擇響應(yīng)Selectforlimitednumberoftraits

選擇較少的性狀Selectfortraitswithmoderatetohighheritabilitythatcanbemeasuredintheliveanimal

選擇中高遺傳力且能活體測定的性狀Maximizeselectiondifferentials

選擇差最大Testlargenumbersofanimals測定大量個體Selectsmallnumberofreplacements選擇少量后備豬Minimizegenerationintervals世代間隔最小Replacebreedingstockrapidly快速更換種畜豬肉品質(zhì)Whatshouldweselectfor?Traitsofeconomicimportance

我們應(yīng)選擇什么?重要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀BreedingFemale:種母豬Ageatpuberty初情期Breedingregularity配種規(guī)律性Gestationlength妊娠長短Longevity壽命Littersize產(chǎn)仔數(shù)Growing/finishingpig:生長/肥育豬On-farmperforamnce

場內(nèi)性能Growthrate生長速度Feedefficiency飼料報酬Carcassquality胴體品質(zhì)Tissuecomposition組織組成Tissuedistribution組織分布Meatquality豬肉品質(zhì)Visualappeal–color肉色評分Driploss滴水損失Eatingquality食用品質(zhì)General:整體Structuralsoundness(Legsandlocomotion,Teatnumber)

形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)(腿和運(yùn)動,奶頭數(shù)Diseaseresistance?;Behavior?抗病性,行為Heritabilityestimatesforsomeimportanttraitsinswine

(fromClevelandetal.1986)重要性狀的遺傳力估值Traits性狀Heritability(h2)遺傳力Littersurvivaltoweaning斷奶成活窩0Numberfarrowed產(chǎn)仔數(shù)0.10Numberweaned斷奶數(shù)0.10Birthweight出生重0.20Weaningweight斷奶重0.20Feedefficiency飼料報酬0.25Growthrate生長速度0.30Ageatpuberty初情期0.35Backfatthickness(probed)背膘厚(超聲)0.40Yieldofleancuts瘦肉率0.40Loineyearea眼肌面積0.45Backfatthickness(carcass)背膘厚(胴體)0.50SelectionProgramsinSwine

豬的選擇方案Maximumprogresswillbemadeifselectionisforafewtraitswith:如選少數(shù)選擇可獲最大進(jìn)展Moderatetohighheritabilities

中到高遺傳力thatcanbemeasuredintheliveanimal,beforepuberty

初情期前可在活體度量Emphasizemaleselection強(qiáng)化公豬選擇Testmany–selectfew測得多-選得少Replacebreedingstockquickly快速更換種畜Historicallythemajoremphasiswas(andstillis)onselectionfor:歷史上且至今主選性狀是

GROWTHandCARCASSTRAITS生長和胴體性狀I(lǐng)ndirectMeasurementofCarcassCompositionintheLiveAnimal

胴體組成的活體間接測定

Liveweight活重Visualassessment主觀評價Bodydimensions體型Liveanimalprobes活體測定Photogrammetry

攝影測量Density密度Ultrasound超聲波A-modeA型Real-time實(shí)時Velocity速度B超測定和稱重Identifyinggeneticallysuperioranimals

鑒別遺傳上優(yōu)秀個體Phenotypic

= Genetic+EnvironmentPerformance ComponentComponent表型性能=遺傳分量+環(huán)境分量Toidentifygeneticdifferencesbetweenanimalsneedstoeliminateoradjustfortheeffectoftheenvironmentonperformancee.g.Nutrition,Climate,Disease

鑒別個體將遺傳差異需校正環(huán)境如營養(yǎng),氣候和疾病等對性能的影響RemovingEnvironmentalVariation

消除環(huán)境變異Compareanimalstestedinthesameenvironment

在相同測定環(huán)境下比較個體差異Centraltesting中心測定Contemporarycomparison同期比較Useadjustmentfactorsestimatedfromotherdatae.g.adjustfortheeffectsofseason,parity,weightetc.應(yīng)用來自其它數(shù)據(jù)估計的校正因子校正季節(jié),胎次和體重的影響Havecommongenotypestestedinallofthedifferentenvironmentsinwhichtestingisbeingcarriedoutandusethisdatatocorrectforenvironmentaleffects在不同環(huán)境下采用相同基因型,以校正環(huán)境影響PerformanceTesting

性能測定Animalsevaluatedonthebasisoftheirownperformance

自身性能為基礎(chǔ)估測個體Bestmethodfortraitsofmoderateorhighheritabilitythatcanbemeasuredintheliveanimal對于能活體測定的中或高遺傳力性狀是最好方法Usedforgrowthandcarcasscharacteristics

用于生長和胴體性狀TestingPigs–MeasuringFeedIntake

測定豬-測定采食量Measuresoffeedintakearerequiredtoestimatedfeedconversionefficiency(receivesthemostemphasisinselectionprograms)

采食量的測定是用于估計飼料報酬(在選育計劃中最重要Historicallyboarsforevaluationwerepennedindividuallytomeasureindividualfeedintake

以前公豬單圈飼養(yǎng)來測定個體的采食量

Expensiveintermsofbuildingandlaborcosts

建筑和勞工成本高 Relationshipbetweenperformanceofpigspenned individuallyandingroupsisnotstrong.

單圈飼養(yǎng)與群養(yǎng)豬間性能相關(guān)不大 Genesassociatedwithimprovedgrowtharedifferent forindividualandgrouppenning.

單圈飼養(yǎng)與群養(yǎng)豬提高生長的基因不同

ElectronicFeedIntakeRecordingEquipment

采食量自動記錄儀

Measuresthefeedintakeofindividualanimalswithinagroup –upto15pigspergroup測定群養(yǎng)中每個豬的采食量－每組15頭Pigidentification,timeandhopperweightsareautomaticallyrecordedeverytimeapigvisitsthefeeder.每當(dāng)豬只吃料，其豬號，時間和飼槽重量將被自動記錄Measuresfeedingbehavior:測定采食行為Timeofentryandexitfromfeeder進(jìn)入和離開喂料機(jī)的時間Timeofvisit吃料時間Feederweightonentryandexit進(jìn)入和離開的飼槽重量Mealsizes進(jìn)食量Feedconsumptionrates飼料消耗率Usinginformationfromrelatives

應(yīng)用親屬資料Progenytesting,familyindexing

后裔測定,家系指數(shù)Usedforsex-limitedtraits用于性連鎖性狀e.g.milkproduction,littersize

如產(chǎn)奶量,產(chǎn)仔數(shù)Usedfortraitsthatcan’tbemeasuredintheliveanimal用于活體不能度量的性狀e.g.meatquality

如肉質(zhì)AnimalUltrasoundSystemsCVTFAT-O-MEATER豬胴體分級技術(shù)研究1、名山縣魯梅克斯肉食品公司測定5821頭豬不同等級各性狀的平均值等級頭數(shù)比重P2(mm)RF(mm)RM(mm)瘦肉率(%)反射值胴體重P107918.5428.9934.1733.4136.4733.9356.45O173529.8022.2826.8133.9142.6835.2251.11R202934.8617.3621.4234.5747.2935.9747.08U85414.6712.7816.3836.6251.9038.7242.76E1212.089.3112.3642.8756.4844.2640.69S30.057.6710.3358.3361.4055.3341.37總體582110020.1424.4634.6444.7835.9549.24RF、RM:倒數(shù)三、四肋之間的背膘厚度和眼肌厚度屠宰加工生產(chǎn)線Heritabilityestimatesforeatingqualitytraits

食用品質(zhì)性狀的遺傳力估值Heritabilityestimates遺傳力估值A(chǔ)uthors作者Tenderness嫩度Juiciness多汁性Flavor風(fēng)味Acceptability可接收性Jensenetal.,1967-0.190.58-Scheper,19790.37---Cameron,19900.230.180.140.16Loetal.,19920.450.120.130.34Heritabilityestimatesforintramuscularfat

肌內(nèi)脂肪含量的遺傳力估值

Heritabilityestimates遺傳力估值A(chǔ)uthor作者Breed品種h2estimates遺傳力估值Duniecetal,1961LargeWhite大白0.50Jensenetal,1967Various多種0.86Arganosaetal,1969Various多種0.42Scheper,1979Landrace長白0.35Schworeretal,1987Landrace長白LargeWhite大白0.550.49CameronandEnser,1991Duroc&Landrace杜洛克和長白0.53Loetal.,1992Duroc&Landrace杜洛克和長白0.52Majoreconomiccomponentsofporkquality

豬肉品質(zhì)的主要經(jīng)濟(jì)成分Musclecolorandwater-holdingcapacity

肌肉顏色和系水力Eatingquality?

食用品質(zhì)?色度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)31級和3級大理石紋ThePorkQualityTarget(NPPC,2000)

豬肉品質(zhì)目標(biāo)Attribute性狀 Target目標(biāo) Comment注釋Color肉色 3.0–5.0 Utilizinga6-point scale 采用6分制pH酸度 5.6–5.9Tenderness嫩度 <7lb.(3.2kg) UtilizingWBSat7days <7磅(3.2千克)

第7天采用WBS測定Flavor風(fēng)味 Robustporkflavor (nooff-flavor)

健康的豬肉風(fēng)味 無怪味Intramuscularfat 2to4%肌內(nèi)脂肪(“marbling”大理石紋)2到4%DripLoss滴水損失 Nottoexceed2.5%

不超過2.5%PietrainEffectofRNgeneonmeatquality

RN基因?qū)θ赓|(zhì)的影響

Numberofstudies研究次數(shù)Av.difference(RN--rn+rn+)基因型差異Range范圍最終pH值

滴水損失,%

Napole

產(chǎn)量

EEL肌肉反射值

InfluenceofproportionofDurocgenesoncarcassandeatingqualitytraits(MLC,1991)杜洛克基因的比例對胴體和食用品質(zhì)的影響PercentageDuroc杜洛克比例0 25 50 75P2backfatdepth,mm背膘厚10.2a 11.2b 11.7b 12.8Intramuscularfat,%肌內(nèi)脂肪.70a .86a 1.08c 1.27dPSEcarcasses,%PSE比例8.3a 5.4ab 1.6bc 0.10cTastepanell:品味測定Tenderness嫩度4.96a 5.03a 5.32b 5.38bJuiciness多汁性4.09a 4.11a 4.18a 4.38bPorkflavor風(fēng)味3.88 3.99 3.96 3.9818-pointscale;lowervalues=poorerquality8分制;分低=質(zhì)差Selectionforlittersize

產(chǎn)仔數(shù)的選擇Problems:問題Lowheritability低遺傳力 -Phenotypepoorindicatorofgenotype

表現(xiàn)型與基因型差異大 -Slowprogress進(jìn)展慢Sex-limited性連鎖 -Onlyexpressedinfemale僅在母豬中表現(xiàn) -Progenytestingofmalesineffective

公豬后裔測定無效

Selectionforlittersize

產(chǎn)仔數(shù)的選擇Use:采用Largepopulations大群Maximizeselectiondifferentials選擇差最大化Combineinformationfromrelatives(Familyindexing)綜合親屬資料(家系指數(shù))Increaseaccuracyofselection增加選擇精度Large-scalecomputingpower

大規(guī)模計算能力PROGRESS=+0.25pigsborn/litter/year進(jìn)展=+0.25產(chǎn)仔數(shù)/窩/年Herd12500sows

Herd22500sowsHerd32500sowsHerd42500sowsHerd5群體52500sows母豬GroupNucleusBreedingProgram

核心群組育種計劃AICenter人工授精中心SelectedboarsreturnedtoAIcenter選擇的公豬回到人工授精中心Replacementfemalesselectedwithinherd后備母豬群內(nèi)選留工作站工作站工作站主服務(wù)器副服務(wù)器交換機(jī)

遺傳評估中心

中國公用分組交換網(wǎng)豬場1豬場N電話線電話線專線或中繼線場內(nèi)遺傳評估接入Internet區(qū)域性(場間)遺傳評估，發(fā)布育種信息Estimatedgeneticimprovement(%)Past,presentandfuture

過去，現(xiàn)在和將來遺傳改進(jìn)的估計1980-19901990-19951995-20002000-?Growthrate生長率15162020Carcassleancontent瘦肉率4835105Feedefficiency飼料報酬37303030Littersize產(chǎn)仔數(shù)0192525Leanquality肉質(zhì)001515Diseaseresistance抗病0005SomeSingleGenesAssociatedwithSwinePerformance

一些與豬生產(chǎn)性能有關(guān)的單基因Locus位點(diǎn) TraitAffected影響的性狀Halothane氟烷基因 Leancontent,littersize,stressrelated mortality,musclecolorandwaterholding

瘦肉率，產(chǎn)仔數(shù)，應(yīng)激死亡，肉色和系水力RN(acidmeat)酸豬肉Processingyields,musclecolorandwater holding加工產(chǎn)量，肉色和系水力K88 Ecoliresistance抵抗大腸桿菌SLA豬白細(xì)胞抗原 Littersize,pigletsurvival,growth,backfat

產(chǎn)仔數(shù)，仔豬成活，生長，背膘Transferrin

運(yùn)鐵蛋白 Littersize產(chǎn)仔數(shù)Estrogenreceptor雌激素受體基因 Littersize產(chǎn)仔數(shù)alpha-lac Milkyield產(chǎn)奶量Growthhormone生長激素 Growthandcarcass生長和胴體etc.等雌激素受體(ESR)基因多態(tài)性研究

總產(chǎn)仔數(shù)和產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)的最小二乘均數(shù)和基因效應(yīng)ESR

基因型頭胎經(jīng)產(chǎn)總產(chǎn)仔數(shù)產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)總產(chǎn)仔數(shù)產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)AA8.33337.5000