2025屆高考英語二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)與測試專題一閱讀理解第三講主旨大意題-辨主干細加工課件

第三講主旨大意題——辨主干細加工一、題型特點需了解PART01第一部分[題型分析]主旨大意題旨在考查考生歸納概括以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力，是閱讀理解中的高難度題。概括全文大意最簡單的方法就是把每段的大意串起來考慮。該類題主要考查標題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。常見的設(shè)問方式有：

1．Thebesttitleofthepassageis_____________．

2．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

3．Thepassageismainlyabout_____________．

4．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

5．Whatisthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?

6．Whatisthefirst/second/...paragraphmainlyabout?[選項特征]

1．正確選項特征涵蓋性強覆蓋全文或全段主要內(nèi)容。常含有抽象名詞或概括性詞語，一般不出現(xiàn)細節(jié)信息精確性強所使用的概括性語言不會改變意思表達的程度及色彩。不含過分肯定或絕對意義的詞范圍恰當(dāng)范圍既不太大，也不太小

2.干擾選項特征以偏概全概括的范圍過于狹窄，只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容、某些局部信息或文章主題的某一個方面斷章取義以文章中的個別信息或個別字眼作為選項的內(nèi)容，或者以次要的事實或細節(jié)替代全文的主要觀點移花接木命題者有意把屬于A的特征放在B上主題擴大歸納、概括的范圍過大，超過文章實際所討論的內(nèi)容似是而非題目中的關(guān)鍵詞好像在文章中提到了，但認真分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)它與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系二、方法技巧要知曉PART02第二部分題型一標題歸納題該類題目要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給的選項中選出適合文章的標題。注意標題的特點：精準性、概括性和新穎性。[典例1]

(2024·全國甲卷閱讀B)

Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.

Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.

Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉動物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!27．Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TipsonFindingaSmartCatB．UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC．HaveFunwithYourCatD．HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy√[解析]第一步：閱讀題干，找出關(guān)鍵詞asuitabletitleforthetext。第二步：根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞，定位到原文第一段的主題句“Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.”，可知該段介紹了貓的驚人的發(fā)聲技能；定位到原文第二段的主題句“Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.”，可知該段介紹了貓的嗅覺敏銳，能夠區(qū)分不同的環(huán)境；定位到原文第三段的主題句“Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.”，可知該段介紹了貓的令人印象深刻的取物習(xí)慣。采用主題句法，這些都屬于對貓的行為的介紹。第三步：比對選項得出答案。技法點撥：題型二文章大意題文章大意題是考查考生深層理解文章以及在速讀中準確定位文章主旨大意的能力。文章中的每一段都是圍繞某一主題展開的，把每個段落的主題句綜合起來就可以概括出全文的中心思想。[典例2]

(2024·新高考全國卷Ⅱ閱讀C)

Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer'smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.

BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.

Specifically,it'safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.

Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit'seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there'snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.

BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment，”saidaBMFemployee.31．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．BMF'smajorstrengths.B．BMF'sgeneralmanagement.C．BMF'sglobalinfluence.D．BMF'stechnicalstandards.√[解析]第一步：閱讀題干，找出關(guān)鍵詞thetextmainlytalkabout。第二步：根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞，定位到原文第一段第三句、第二段第一、二句、第三段第一句、第四段第一句以及第五段第一句可知，借助段落主題句歸納，文章從各個方面凸顯了巴比倫微農(nóng)場公司的優(yōu)勢，如縮短食物運輸距離、節(jié)約用水、無農(nóng)藥使用、減少碳排放等。第三步：比對選項得出答案。技法點撥：題型三段落大意題段落大意題主要考查考生用準確的、簡練的語言把一個段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達出來的能力?？忌谧鲱}時要特別注意“首尾兼顧”，即所問段落的首句和尾句。一是因為它們往往體現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因為利用這些信息可以迅速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架，在框架下的主旨判斷，其準確性更高。[典例3]

(2024·新高考全國卷Ⅰ閱讀B片段)

LeighTindale'sdogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack,Tindalesays,shewaspreparedtoputhimtosleep,butFarber'streatmentseasedherdog'ssufferingsomuchthatshewasabletokeephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse,Nappy,“movesmoreeasilyandridesmorecomfortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.26．Whatdoesthisparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Stepsofachiropractictreatment.B．Thecomplexityofveterinarians'work.C．Examplesofrareanimaldiseases.D．Theeffectivenessofholisticmedicine.√[解析]第一步：閱讀題干，找出關(guān)鍵詞thisparagraphmainlytalkabout。第二步：根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞，定位到原文可知，本段沒有主題句，本段主要介紹了兩個動物經(jīng)過法伯的治療后，病情有所好轉(zhuǎn)。由此可知，本段主要介紹了法伯的整體醫(yī)學(xué)療法所取得的效果。第三步：比對選項得出答案。技法點撥：課堂新體驗PART03第三部分A

(2024·廣東六校9月聯(lián)考)Whatdoyouwantfromlife?Perhapsyouwanttospendmoretimewithyourfamily,orgetamoresecurejob,orimproveyourhealth.Butwhydoyouwantthosethings?Chancesarethatyouranswerwillcomedowntoonething:Happiness.體裁主題語境難度議論文追求幸?！铩铩铩铩?/p>

Yetthereissomeevidencethattoomuchpursuitofhappinessisassociatedwithagreaterriskofdepression.Modernconceptionsofhappinessareprimarilypractical,focusingonwhatwemightcallthetechniquesofhappiness.Theconcernisnotwhathappinessis,buthowtogetit.

Butmaximizingpleasureisn'ttheonlyoption.Everyhumanlife,eventhemostfortunate,isfilledwithpain.Painfulloss,painfuldisappointments,thephysicalpainofinjuryorsickness,andthementalpainoflong-sufferingboredom,loneliness,orsadness.Painisanunavoidableconsequenceofbeingalive.Allthegoodthingsinlifeinvolvesuffering.Writinganovel,runningamarathon,orgivingbirthallcausesufferinginpursuitofthefinal,joyousresult.

Thereareotherfactorsaswell.IntheeyesofAristotle,wegethappinessbyexercisingouruniquehumancapabilitiestothinkandreason.Butthinkingandreasoningareasmuchsocialactivitiesastheyareindividual.Happinessrequiresothers;itisnotanemotionalstatesomuchasitistheexcellenceoftherelationswecultivatewithotherpeople.

Buteventhatcannotguaranteehappiness.Aristotlerecognisedthatourhappinessishostage(人質(zhì))tofortune.Eventsbeyondanyindividual'scontrol—war,poverty,andglobalpandemics—willoftenmakehappinessimpossible.Happinessisnotamentalstatethatcanbepermanentlywon,butinsteadit'sapracticewhichwehone(磨煉),imperfectly,incircumstancesonlypartlyofourmaking.

Recognisingthiswillnotsecureagoodlife,butitwillavoidtheillusory(虛幻的)hopeofpermanentcontentment.Nolifeworthlivingshouldmeettheonlystandard.Instead,aimwithAristotletoembracethosefaultsandtoflowerinspiteofthem.【語篇解讀】文章對追求幸福進行了闡述，最終得出的結(jié)論是：人們對幸福的追求并不是完美的。1．Wherecanyoufindnegativeeffectsoffocusingtoomuchon“happiness”？A．Inparagraph2. B．Inparagraph3.C．Inparagraph4. D．Inparagraph5.A

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Yetthereissomeevidencethattoomuchpursuitofhappinessisassociatedwithagreaterriskofdepression.”可知，在第二段可以找到過于關(guān)注“幸福”的負面影響?！?．Howdoestheauthorprovethatpainisanunavoidableresultofbeingalive？A．Bymakingcomparisons. B．Byanalyzingcauses.C．Bygivingexamples. D．Bytellingstories.C

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Painfulloss,painfuldisappointments,thephysicalpainofinjuryorsickness,andthementalpainoflong-sufferingboredom,loneliness,orsadness...”可知，作者通過舉例來證明痛苦是活著不可避免的情緒狀態(tài)?！?．WhatisAristotle'sviewonhappiness?A．Happinessisastableemotionalstate.B．Goodpersonalrelationshipsleadtohappiness.C．Takingpartinsocialactivitiesguaranteeshappiness.D．Happinesspromotesindependentthinkingandreasoning.B

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Happinessrequiresothers...wecultivatewithotherpeople.”可知，在亞里士多德看來，幸福并不是個體的情感狀態(tài)，因此我們需要與他人培養(yǎng)良好的關(guān)系?！?．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Happinessiswhathumanspursueforever.B．Happinessliesintheprocessofpursuingit.C．Ourpursuitofhappinessmaybeimperfect.D．Depressionandhappinessareequallyimportant.C

主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章指出現(xiàn)如今人們過分追求幸福而產(chǎn)生負面影響，過分追求幸福、將幸福最大化并不會帶來真正的快樂。因此，人們對幸福的追求并不是完美的?！藼

(2024·青島二模)Thestudentsstandonapier(碼頭)

overtheHarlemRiverinNewYorkCity.Theystaredown

intothebrownwater.Theirteacher,Mr.Rodman,pullsalongropeoutoftheriver.Fastenedtotheendoftheropeisametalcageandinsideareoysters(牡蠣).體裁主題語境難度說明文牡蠣回歸大自然★★★★☆Takingturns,thestudentsmeasurealltheoysters,andthencomparenotes.Thebiggestoysterisover2incheslong,muchbiggerthanahealthysizeforitsage!Theyalsomeasurethelevelofoxygen.Asmoreoystersgrow,thewatershouldbecomeclearerandholdmoreoxygen.Also,otheranimalsshouldmovein.

Oystersaresoft-bodiedanimals,andsharetheunderwatercommunitywithplants,fish,andotherlife.Theyarefoodforcrabsandotheranimals.Asnewoystersgrow,theyattachtheirshellstoolderones,formingbigreefswithmanysmallspaceswhereotheranimalslive.Oysterseatalgae(藻類).Ifalgaegrowtoofast,theycandecreaseoxygenfromthewater—andevenfishneedoxygentobreathe!

Butwhathappenedtotheoysters100yearsagoinNewYorkHarbor?Beforethen,lotsofoysterslivedinthesewaters.Theywereshippedtorestaurantsaroundtheworld.Bytheearly1900s,peoplewereeatingthemfasterthantheycouldgrow.Pollutionwaspouringintothewaters.Theharborbecameseriouslypolluted.Sincethe1970s,newlawshavehelpedreducepoisonouswaste.Somefishstartedtoswimthroughagain.Butoysterswerestillmissing—untilrecently.

TheBillionOysterProjectbeganin2014tohelpbringoystersbacktoNewYorkHarbor.Theprojecthasrecruited(招募)morethan6，500studentsatmorethan100middleschoolsandhighschoolstohelpgrow,distribute,andstudytheoysters.

Finally,thestudentsputtheoystersbackinthecage.Mr.Rodmanlowersthecageintotheriver.Inafewmonths,theywillcheckthecageagain