語言學(xué)-考研真題

PAGEPAGE79語言學(xué)考研真題和答案第一章語言學(xué)Fillintheblanks1.Humanlanguageisarbitrary.Thisreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthe_______itisassociatedwith.（人大2007研）meaning語言有任意性，其所指與形式?jīng)]有邏輯或內(nèi)在聯(lián)系2.Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Thisqualityislabeledas_______.（北二外2003研）displacement移位性指人類語言可以讓使用者在交際時(shí)用語言符號(hào)代表時(shí)間和空間上不可及的物體、事件和觀點(diǎn)3.Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsofthe_______levelarecomposedofelementsofthe__________levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.（北二外2006研）primary,secondary雙重性指擁有兩層結(jié)構(gòu)的這種屬性，底層結(jié)構(gòu)是上層結(jié)構(gòu)的組成成分，每層都有自身的組合規(guī)則4.Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalled_______features.（北二外2006）design人類語言區(qū)別于其他動(dòng)物交流系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)是語言的區(qū)別特征，是人類語言特有的特征。5.Theterm________originatesfromMalinowski'sstudyofthefunctionsoflanguageperformedbyTrobriandIslanders.Itreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.（中山大學(xué)2006研）phaticcommunication寒暄功能有助于確立和維持人際關(guān)系的表達(dá)，最先由Malinowski提出6.Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehas________,interpersonalandtextualfunctions.（中山大學(xué)2008研）ideational韓禮德將兒童的語言功能范圍逐漸縮小，簡(jiǎn)化成為一套高度符號(hào)化和抽象化的功能：概念、人際、語篇功能。7.Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Thisisthe________functionoflanguage.（中山大學(xué)2005研）metalingual語言的元語言功能是指語言可以用來討論語言本身。8.Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthe_______studyoflanguage.（北二外2003研）scientific9.________studieshowthespeechsoundsaremade,transmitted,andreceived,and_______studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.（人大2006研）phonetics,phonology語音學(xué)研究語音是如何產(chǎn)生，傳播以及接收的；音系學(xué)研究支配語音分布和排列的規(guī)則以及音節(jié)的形式。10._______studiesmeaninginlanguage,_______isaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences,and________isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Theyareallamongthemainbranchesoflinguistics.（人大2006研）semantics,syntax,morphology語義學(xué)研究語言的意義，句法學(xué)研究構(gòu)成句子的規(guī)則，形態(tài)學(xué)研究詞匯的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。三者都是語言學(xué)的分支。11.InSaussure'sview,therelationshipbetweensignifier(soundimage)andsignified(concept)is_______.（北二外2003）arbitrary索緒爾認(rèn)為符號(hào)的形式或聲音與其意義之間沒有邏輯聯(lián)系。12.________isthestudyofthelanguage-processingmechanisms.Itisconcernedwiththestorage,comprehension,productionandacquisitionoflanguage;________ontheotherhand,attemptstoshowtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Theybothbelongtobranchesofmacrolinguistics.（人大2006研）psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics心理語言學(xué)研究語言處理機(jī)制，如語言的記憶、理解、習(xí)得等。社會(huì)語言學(xué)研究語言與社會(huì)之間的關(guān)系。13.Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances)as________and________.Theformerreferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andthelatteristheconcretemanifestationoflanguageeitherthroughspeechorthroughwriting.（人大2006研）langue,parole索緒爾用語言和言語來區(qū)分說話者的語言能力和言語上(表達(dá)的)的實(shí)際表現(xiàn)或語料。14.________grammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage,while________grammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.Mostcontemporarylinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursnaturallyinthelanguageshouldbedescribed.（人大2006研）descriptive,prescriptive描述性語言記錄語言共同體的成員所遵循的規(guī)則，規(guī)定式的語言學(xué)目的在于為正確使用語言定下各種規(guī)則。15.Oneoftheimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsis________andperformance.（人大2006）competence語言能力指理想的語言使用者關(guān)于語言規(guī)則的語言知識(shí)，語言應(yīng)用指語言交際中關(guān)于語言規(guī)則知識(shí)的實(shí)際使用。16.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe________theory.yo-he-ho語言的起源有“汪汪”理論，“噗噗”理論和“喲嘿吼”理論o“喲嘿吼”理論語言起源于原始人共同勞動(dòng)時(shí)發(fā)出的有節(jié)奏的哼喲聲。17.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa________study.Diachroniclinguistic歷時(shí)語言學(xué)家集中研究幾十年或幾百年的時(shí)期內(nèi)兩個(gè)或比兩個(gè)更多的語言狀況的差異。18.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure'slangueandChomsky's________.Competence索緒爾的語言與喬姆斯基的語言能力相似，因?yàn)槎叨贾赋橄蟮恼Z言知識(shí)，不是實(shí)際使用中的語言MultipleChoices1.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?（大連外院2008研）BA.Languageisameansofvocalcommunication.B.Languageisinstrumental.C.Languageissocialandconventional.2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafrequentlydiscusseddesignfeature?（大連外院2008研）BA.Arbitrariness B.Convention C.Duality3.By_______wemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.（西安外院2006研）A.arbitrariness B.dualityC.creativity D.displacementC創(chuàng)造性指語言的能產(chǎn)性，能早出和理解無窮的長(zhǎng)句，其中大半是從未聽說過的4.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?（西安交大2008研）AA.tree B.crashC.typewriter D.bangCrash是個(gè)縮略語，typewriter是復(fù)合詞，bang是擬聲詞，5.ThefunctionsoflanguagedoNOTinclude________.（大連外院2008研）CA.informativefunctionB.interpersonalfunctionC.metacognitivefunction語言的主要功能是寒暄功能、指示功能、信息功能、疑問功能、表達(dá)功能、施為功能和勸說功能6.Themostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguageisthe_______function,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.（西安外院2006研）B A.performative B.interpersonal C.phaticD.metalingual7.Saussuretooka(n)________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma______pointofview.（西安交大2008研）AA.sociological...psychological B.psychological...sociologicalC.applied...pragmatic D.semantic...linguistic索緒爾的語言指語言社團(tuán)中的語言，所以是從社會(huì)的角度研究語言。喬姆斯基是從使用者本身掌握的語言知識(shí)研究語言，是從心理角度研究語言。8.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,_______referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.（西安交大2008研）C A.parole B.performance C.langueD.Language9.Thestudyofphysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeechiscloselyconnectedwith______.（大連外院2008研）B聲學(xué)語音學(xué)研究語音的物質(zhì)特質(zhì)A.articulatoryphonetics B.acousticphonetics C.auditoryphonetics10.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn'tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.B寒暄功能 A.Emotive. B.Phatic. C.Performative. D.Interpersonal.11.________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.CA.Linguisticgeography B.SociolinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics D.Comparativelinguistics12.Verbaldueling,theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,ismainlytodowiththe_______,functionoflanguage.（武漢大學(xué)2011研）D為了開心好玩，所以選娛樂功能A.performative B.interpersonal C.informative D.recreationalTrueorFalse1.Thephaticfunctionreferstolanguagefunctionforestablishingormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas.（清華2011研）T寒暄功能是指建立與保持社交聯(lián)絡(luò)而不是交換信息2.Syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage.（大連外院2008研）T3.“Competence”and“performance”aretwodistinctivetermsproposedbySaussure.（北二外2005研）F是喬姆斯基提出的4.Theconceptcompetenceoriginallyreferstothegrammaticalknowledgeoftheideallanguageuserandhasnothingtodowiththeactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.（南開2004研）T5.Prescriptivelinguisticsismorepopularthandescriptivelinguistics,becauseitcantellushowtospeakcorrectlanguage.F這是兩種不同的方法，不能淡出說誰好誰壞6.Bydiachronicstudywemeantostudythechangesanddevelopmentoflanguage.T7.Onomatopoeicwordsaretotallyarbitrary.F擬聲詞不是完全任意的ExplaintheFollowingTerms1.arbitrariness（四川大學(xué)2006研）2.duality（四川大學(xué)2006研）3.displacement（南開2010研，清華2001研）4.performativefunction（武漢大學(xué)2004研）5.parole（北師大2004研）6.descriptivestudyoflinguistics（四川大學(xué)2007研）7.langue（北外2010研）1.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbenonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative;aconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Forexample,itisunabletoexplainwhyabookiscalleda/buk/andapena/pen/.2.Dualityreferstothefactthatinalllanguagessofarinvestigatedtherearetwolevelsofstructureorpatterning.Atthefirst,higherlevel,languageisanalyzedintermsofcombinationsofmeaningfulunits(suchasmorphemes,wordsetc.);atthesecond,lowerlevel,itisseenasasequenceofsegmentswhichlackanymeaninginthemselves,butwhichcombinetoformunitsofmeaning.Forexample,asyllableisthesmallestunitthatisnormallyspokenbyitself,andscoresofsyllablesbecomethecarriersofhundredsofmeaningfulsegmentsofwordsthatarecalledmorphemes.3.Languagecanbeusedtorefertowhatispresent,whatisabsent,whathappensatpresent,whathappenedinthepast,whatwillhappeninthefutureorwhathappensinafar-awayplace.Thispropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace.Forexample,scientistscanpredictthe"future"ofcertainplanetsthatareseveralbillionsoflightyearsawayfromus.4.Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersonsanditcanextendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligiousoccasions.Thekindoflanguageemployedinperformativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandevenritualized.Forexample,inChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowlthehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosaysuisuipingan(everydaybesafeandhappy)asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlives.5.Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Itvariesenormouslyaccordingtoindividuals.Thespeeches,theidiosyncraticutterancesmadebyindividualsareallexamplesofparole.6.Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivestudyistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherolestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,ornorms,ofcorrectness,whichareinthescopeofprescriptivelinguistics.7.Languereferstoabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstoparticularrealizationoflangue.ShortAnswerQuestions1.Citeanexampletoexplainsynchroniclinguistics.（人大2005研）2.Howwell,inyouropinion,doestheword“communication”representthefunctionofhumanlanguage?（北二外2008研）3.Whatarelinguisticcompetenceandcommunicativecompetence?（武漢大學(xué)2007研）4.Oneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguageiscreativity.Whatisit?Andwhatmakesitpossible?（浙江大學(xué)2007研）5.Whatisthedirectivefunction?（西安交大2008研）第一章簡(jiǎn)答答案1.SynchronicLinguisticsisthedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.Itfocusesonthecharacteristicsofthelanguageatacertaintime.Forexample,whenwestudyEnglish,welearnaboutthevocabulary,thelanguagepointsandoralEnglishetc.Atthistime,wearelearningEnglishofcurrenttimeinsynchronicmethod.2.Weuselanguageforanalmostinfinitenumberofpurposes,fromwritingletterstogossipingwithourfriends,makingspeechesandtalkingtoourselvesinthemirror.Buttheprimaryfunctionoflanguageoflanguageistotransmitinformationandtoconveycommands,feelingsandemotions.Thatis,languageisatoolofcommunication.Theterm“communication”canbeusedtocovermuchofthefunctionoflanguage.Thisfunctioncanbefurtherdividedintomorespecificfunctions,suchasphaticfunction/communion,directivefunction,informativefunction,interrogativefunction,expressivefunction,evocativefunction,performativefunctionetc.3.LinguisticcompetencewasoriginallyproposedbyNoamChomsky.Itisdefinedasalanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemorrules.InChomsky'sview,thenativespeaker'scompetencecanbecharacterizedasasetofrulesforproducinganunderstandingofsentencesinhislanguage.Toacquirethenativespeaker'scompetenceistoobtaintheabilityofrecognizingandproducinggrammaticalsentencesinalanguage.Communicativecompetence,ontheotherhand,wasproposedbyDellHymesasanefforttorefinetheoriginalnotionbyChomsky.HepointedoutthatChomsky'scompetenceisnecessarybutnotsufficientforalearnertocommunicatewithotherssuccessfullyinaspeechcommunity.Inadditiontogrammaticalaccuracy,asuccessfulcommunicationrequiresappropriacyinthesensethatheknowswhenhespeakswhattowhom.Thusheextendedthenotionofcompetencebyincorporatingthepragmaticabilityforlanguageuse.Thisextendedideaofcompetenceiscalledcommunicativecompetence.4.Thecreativityoflanguagemeansthatuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Creativityisapropertyuniquetohumanlanguage.Itcombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverheardbefore.Humanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Thespeakerisabletounderstandthesentencesbeforeproducedorheard.Thefactthathumanlanguageisrecursivecouldbeshowninthatwordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatwordbefore.Forexample,Icouldmakeasentencelike“Themanwhoiswaitingfortheladywhoistalkingtotheboywhoisplayingwithagirl,ismyuncle.”5.Directivefunctionisoneoffunctionsoflanguage.Languageisusedtogetthehearertodosomething.Mostimperativesentencesareofthisfunction.Forexample,thesentence“Closeyourbookandlistentomecarefully!”performsadirectivefunction.Othersyntacticstructuresorsentencesofothersortscan,accordingtoJ.AustinandJ.Searle's“Indirectspeechacttheory”atleast,servesthepurposeofdirectiontoo,e.g.,“IfIwereyou,Iwouldhaveblushedtothebottomofmyears!”EssayQuestions1.Linguisticsisnottheonlyfieldconcernedwithlanguage.Otherdisciplinessuchassociology,psychology,ethnographyarealsopreoccupiedwithlanguage.（中山2008研）本題答案：Sincelanguagehasbothindividualandsocialaspects,itisnaturallyofinteresttopsychologistsandsociologistsamongothers.Manypsychologistsareinterestedtoinvestigatetheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample,languagedevelopmentinthechild,suchasthetheoriesoflanguageacquisition;biologicalfoundationsoflanguage,andabigtopic—therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognition,sotherearepsycholinguistics.Socialistswhoareinterestedintherelationsbetweenlanguageandsocietydoresearchesconcernedbothsociologyandlinguistics,includingthesocialfunctionsoflanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers.Whenanthropologistsenlistedthehelpoflinguiststostudyunwrittenlanguages,anthropologyandlinguisticsbecamecloselyassociatedintheearlydaysofanthropologicalfieldwork.Incontrastwithotherlinguists,anthropologicallinguistsareinterestedprimarilyinthehistoryandstriKlureofformerlyunwrittenlanguages.Theyareconcernedwiththeemergenceoflanguageandalsowiththedivergenceoflanguagesoverthousandsofyears.Therefore,itisnotsurprisingtherearesomebranchesofmacrolinguisticsthatshowaninterdisciplinarynature.2.Therearetwokindsofgrammarbasedondifferentlinguisticpointsofview.Theyareprescriptivegrammaranddescriptivegrammar.Agrammarmaydescribehowlanguageisactuallyspokenand/orwritten,andmaynotstateorpostulatehowitoughttobespokenorwritten.Butagrammarmayalsostatetherulesforwhatisconsideredthebestormostcorrectusage.Whichgrammarisdescriptivegrammar,andwhichgrammarisprescriptivegrammar?Citesomeexamplestogiveyourreasons.（北師大2003研）本題答案：Thefirstoneistypicalofdescriptivegrammar,whilethesecondoneisprescriptivegrammar.Thedescriptivegrammaraimstodescribehowpeoplespeakanddetailtheunderlyingknowledge.Itisbelievedindescriptivegrammarthatwhateveroccursinnaturalspeech,suchashesitation,incompleteutterance,shouldbedescribedintheanalysis,andnotbemarkedasincorrect,abnormal,orcorrupt;modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.Whereas,theprescriptiveapproachaimstoteachpeoplehowtospeak,read,andwriteaparticularlanguage;inthe18thcentury,allthemainEuropeanlanguageswerestudiedprescriptively.Forexample,thestatementthat“instandardEnglish,adoublenegativeisrarelyused”isadescription,showinghowthelanguageisusedinstandardEnglish,regardlesswhetheritiscorrectornot.“Youshouldneveruseadouble-negative”isatypicalgrammarrulethatprescribeswhatshouldbegrammaticallycorrectintheStandardEnglish.Asforthespelling,prescriptionsays“judgment”iscorrect,butdescriptionaccuratelypointsoutthat“judgment”isconsideredbyEditedEnglishtobecorrecttoo,andadescriptiveaccountforthesetwodifferentspellingswillshowhowthelateroneisusedandwhousesit.3.Saussureputsforwardtheconceptoflangueandparole,andChomskyputsforwardtheconceptofcompetenceandperformance.Pleasedwelluponthedifferencesandsimilarities,ifany,ofthetwopairs:langueandparolevs.competenceandperformance.（北京交通大學(xué)2007研）本題答案：AccordingtoF.deSaussure,languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity;whileparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.ForChomsky,afundamentaldistinctionbetweenlinguisticcompetenceandperformanceshouldbemade.Alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledlinguisticcompetence.Andperformancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Inlightwiththis,competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.Aspeaker’scompetenceisstablebuthisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors,andthuswouldinvolveimperfectionssuchasslipsoftongue,falsestarts,unnecessarypauses,andsoon.Thus,thepointisthataspeaker’sperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchhiscompetence.Saussure’sdistinctionissomewhatsimilarwithChomsky’sinthesensethattheybothrefertotheconstantfactorwhichunderliestheutterancesthatconstituteparole/performance.However,theirdifferenceisquiteobvious.Saussue’slanguageisasocialproduct,asetofconventionsforaspeechcommunity.Chomskyregardscompetenceasapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.SaussruelooksatlanguagemorefromasociologicalpointofviewwhileChomskylooksatitmorefromapsychologicalpointofview.4.Examinethefollowingtwostatementsaboutlanguage,anddiscussthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthem.Doyouagreewiththetwostatements?Explainyouranswer.(1)Sapir(1921:Language);“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”(2)BlochandTrager(1942:OutlineofLinguisticAnalysis):“Alanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsbymeansofwhichasocialgroupco-operates.”本題答案：Similarities:(1)Bothdefinitionssticktothefactthatlanguageisprimarilyamatterofspeechbecausetheprimarymediumoflanguageissound.SapirillustratesthisideabyimplyingthattheproducedsymbolsareauditoryandBlochandTragerbyexplicitlyusingtheword‘vocal’.(2)Bothdefinitionsalludetothefactthattheassociationbetweenthewordsandthethingsthattheydenotedisrarelyinherent,Sapirbyusingtheword‘symbols’andBlochandTragerbyplacingemphasison‘a(chǎn)rbitrary’and‘symbols’.Differences:(1)Sapir’sdefinitionemphasizethatlanguagerelatestocommunicationbetweenhumanbeings.Itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsofothercreatures,suchasbirdsongsandbeedances.BlochandTragerdonotclearlyindicatethisproperty,onlysayingthatitispossessedbyasocialgroup.(2)Sapiralsoconsidersthatlanguageis‘non-instinctive’and‘voluntarilyproduced’.Thusforhimlanguagedoesnotincludesuchinstinctiveformsofcommunicationassmilingandcriesofpain,etc.However,BlochandTrager’sdefinitiondonotincludethisfeature.(3)Theelement‘system’inBlochandTrager’sdefinitionreflectsthefactthatlanguageprovidesuswiththeframeworkforgeneratingappropriateutterancesratherthanprovidinguswithaninfinitestoreofready-madeutterances.Stillelementsoflacunaearecombinedaccordingtorules.(4)Thefunctionoflanguageisindicateddifferentlyintwodefinitions.Sapirseeslanguageasforcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesires,whileBlochandTragerconsidersitforasocialgroup'sco-operation.Sapir’sdefinitionproposes‘communication’astheprincipalfunctionoflanguageandspecifieswhatiscommunicated;BlochandTrageronlyvaguelypointsoutthatlanguagecanbeusedforco-operation.Eachofthetwodefinitionshasitsownspecialemphasisanditnottotallyfreefromlimitations.Wethinkthetwodefinitionsgraspsomedefiningpropertiesoflanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication,forexample,‘vocal’,‘a(chǎn)rbitrary’,‘symbol’,‘purelyhuman’,‘a(chǎn)system’.Buteitherhassomelimitation.AsforSapir’sdefinition,whetheroneconsiderslanguagetobeinstinctiveornotisanissue.Languageisinstinctiveinsofarasweareallbornwithapredispositiontospeak,weallacquirealanguagewithouttuitionandwhenwespeakwedonotconsciouslyconvertourthoughtsintospeech.Languageis,however,non-instinctiveinthatwecanchoosewhattosayorwhethertosayanythingatall.Boththedefinition'sdescriptionoflanguage'sfunctionisnotprecise.Sapir’sdefinitionconfineslanguageonlytocommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesires,andBlochandTrager’sdefinitiondoesnotpointitoutatall.5.Itiswidelyknownthatanimalshavetheirownwaysofcommunicatingwitheachother.Forexample,beescandanceverycomplicateddancesandsomebirdscansingverycomplicatedsongs.Itisalsogenerallyagreedthattherearefundamentaldifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandotheranimals'waysofcommunicating.i.Whatisyourviewonthispoint?ii.Ifyoualsothinkthattherearefundamentaldifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandotheranimals'waysofcommunicating,accordingtoyou,whatarethedifferences?Pleasegiveshortexplanations.Ifyoudon'tthinkthattherearefundamentaldifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandotheranimals’waysofcommunicating,pleasealsodefendyourposition.Illustrateyourpointswithexamplesifnecessary.本題答案：i.There’refundamentaldifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandotheranimal’swaysofcommunicating.Allcreatures,notonlythe“clever”oneslikeapesanddolphinsbutalsosuch“l(fā)ower”onesasbeesandbirdsareabletocommunicatewitheachother.Wehavebeencarefulinusingtheterm“animalcommunicationsystem”toindicatethisability.Butlanguageishuman-specificwhichisnotmerelyatoolusedtotransmitinformationbutalsoameansofsocialcommunication.Linguistsmadealistof“designfeatures”,whicharefoundutterlyabsentinanimalcommunicationandthusdistinguishhumanlanguagefromanimal’scry.ii.Therearefundamentaldifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandotheranimals’waysofcommunicating,suchasthe“designfeature”coulddistinguishhumanlanguagefromothersystemsofcommunication.Forinstance,1)Duality,animalsthatusevocalsignalshaveastockofbasicsoundswhichvaryaccordingtospecies.Acowhaslessthanten,achickenhasaroundtwenty,butmostanimalscanuseeachbasicsoundtostandforonethingonly,sothecommunicativepowerofanimallanguageishighlylimited.However,humanlanguagehasanumberofsoundunits,orphonemesandeachphonemecanbecomemeaningfulwhenitiscombinedwithotherphonemes,sowesayhumanlanguageoperatesontwolevelsofstructures.2)ProductivityorCreativity,itmeansthathumanbeingscanproducenovelutteranceswhenevertheywant.Therobiniscreativeinitsabilitytosingthesamethinginmanyways,butnotcreativeinitsabilitytousethesameunitsofthesystemtoexpressmanydifferentmessageswithdifferentmeanings.3)Displacement,itisapropertyoflanguageenablingpeopletotalkaboutthingsbeingremoteeitherinspaceorintime.Mostanimalscanonlycommunicateaboutthingsintheimmediatesituation.本題考查語言的本質(zhì)特征。結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)和自己對(duì)這一組特征的理解，先給出自己的觀點(diǎn)，再闡釋動(dòng)物語言系統(tǒng)和人類語言系統(tǒng)的區(qū)別6.Whydowesaylinguisticsisascience?（北二外2011研）本題答案Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Ittriestoanswerthebasicquestions"Whatislanguage?"and"Howdoeslanguagework?"Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,e.g.English,Chinese,Arabic,andLatin,butitstudieslanguagesingeneral. Itisascientificstudybecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguisthastodofirstistocollectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharcfoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem;thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Butthehypothesesthusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.Inlinguistics,asinanyotherdiscipline,dataandtheorystandinadialecticalcomplementation;thatis,atheorywithoutthesupportofdatacanhardlyclaimvalidity,anddatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheoryremainamuddledmassofthings.本題考查語言學(xué)作為一門學(xué)科，其科學(xué)性，為開放試題。從其研究?jī)?nèi)容和方法角度作答即可。7.WhatarethethreemetafunctionsofSystemicFunctionalGrammar?Illustrateeachofthemwithspecificexamples.（武漢大學(xué)2011研）本題答案：AccordingtoHalliday,theadult'slanguagebecomesmuchmorecomplexandithastoserveman-ymorefunctions,andtheoriginalfunctionalisgraduallyreducedtoas