重難點01-5閱讀理解之議論文-2023年高考英語專練(新高考專用)(學(xué)生版)

重難點01-5閱讀理解之議論文-2023年高考英語【熱點·重點·難點】專練(新高考專用)新高考閱讀理解兩年(2021-2022)之體裁和主題內(nèi)容統(tǒng)計年份語篇卷別體裁主題內(nèi)容2022新高考卷A篇I卷應(yīng)用文文學(xué)概論課程評分辦法II卷應(yīng)用文兒童博物館團體游B篇I卷說明文以實際行動減少食物浪費II卷記敘文新型閱讀體驗C篇I卷新聞報道養(yǎng)雞提升老年人幸福感II卷說明文使用Textalyzer(短信監(jiān)控器)的技術(shù)來監(jiān)控司機在開車D篇I卷說明文飲食變化帶來發(fā)音變化II卷說明文鍛煉對于心臟的好處2021新高考卷A篇I卷應(yīng)用文羅馬的四個旅館II卷應(yīng)用文約克郡的四個活動B篇I卷記敘文介紹鋼琴翻頁的職業(yè)II卷記敘文作者照顧老虎C篇I卷說明文濕地破壞，保護環(huán)境II卷記敘文捐資助學(xué)D篇I卷說明文情商是品質(zhì)還是技能II卷說明文機器人監(jiān)測牧牛的健康狀況兩年閱讀理解考得最多的文體是“說明文”，其次為“記敘文”，再次為“應(yīng)用文”，而“議論文”則沒有涉及。在“三新(新課標新教材新高考)”背景下，2023年是否要考“議論文”體裁的閱讀理解，我們將拭目以待。不過，新高考兩年未考，不等于將來不考。本著“未雨綢繆、有備無患”的精神，對于議論文的閱讀理解解題我們還是要予以關(guān)注的。議論文是作者對某個問題或某件事情進行分析、評論，表明自己的觀點、立場、態(tài)度、看法和主張的一種文體。這類文章或從正面提出某種見解，或是駁斥別人的錯誤觀點，以說服讀者同意自己的觀點為主要目的。議論文一般有論點、論據(jù)和論證三個要素。論點明確且正確，論據(jù)充分，論證合乎邏輯，結(jié)構(gòu)層次清晰。議論文的題材多樣化、知識化，它包括社會科學(xué)的多個領(lǐng)域，涵蓋文化、歷史、文學(xué)、科學(xué)和教育等各個方面，以及和自然科學(xué)交叉的學(xué)科。議論文，有論點，有事實。作者往往根據(jù)一些很普通的事實，通過嚴謹?shù)乃季S，縝密的推理得出一個具有普遍性或前瞻性的觀點。該類文章邏輯性非常強，命題人往往從事實的有關(guān)細節(jié)以及文章的主旨或作者想表達的意圖等方面著手，考查考生的批判性思維和辯證思維的能力。議論文常見的設(shè)題方式四種題型都有可能涉及到。主旨大意題主要考查考生對議論文全篇思想內(nèi)容的理解；細節(jié)理解題雖然可以通過直接的查找的方法找出答案，但要注意選項中與文章的細微差別，避免擴大、縮小乃至于誤讀作者的本意；推理判斷題和作者觀點態(tài)度題的解答一般是建立在對議論文中心立場的基本把握上，在此基礎(chǔ)上推斷出作者的“言外之意”、未言明的思想內(nèi)涵以及篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。一、抓論點，找論據(jù)議論文體裁的閱讀理解主要考查考生對論點及論據(jù)的把握。因此在解題時，考生應(yīng)該抓主題句的方法來把握文章主旨，弄清作者的觀點。一般來說，作者的論點通常在文章的首段被引出，接著是對這一論點的邏輯推理和論證，最后得出結(jié)論。考生還應(yīng)該注意的是：作者在對論點論證的過程中，每一段的首句通常都是該段的主題句(也可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間或末尾)。把握全文論點、弄清論證各段的主題句、理解文章層次、找出中心論點的位置是理解議論文的關(guān)鍵。二、析結(jié)構(gòu)，理脈絡(luò)借助下列兩個“了解”分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)，以便厘清文章脈絡(luò)。1.了解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的組織形式。從段落組織方式上講，常見的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)有三種：總分式結(jié)構(gòu)(總→分；總→分→總；分→總)、并列式結(jié)構(gòu)(段落之間是平行關(guān)系，并且相對獨立)、對照式結(jié)構(gòu)(結(jié)構(gòu)形式上是一正一反)、遞進式結(jié)構(gòu)(幾個段落之間屬于遞進關(guān)系)；2.了解文章的論證結(jié)構(gòu)和方法。從論證結(jié)構(gòu)上講，常見的議論文結(jié)構(gòu)有以下兩類：Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion→Solvethequestion即“提出問題、分析問題、解決問題(或得出結(jié)論)”的結(jié)構(gòu)；Argument/Idea→Evidence→Conclusion/Restatingtheidea即“論點、論據(jù)、結(jié)論/強調(diào)論點”的結(jié)構(gòu)。從論證方法上講，常用的論證方法有：歸納，即通過分析個別事物，尋找共同點，再得出結(jié)論；并列，即幾個論據(jù)之間是平等的關(guān)系；遞進，即幾個論據(jù)之間是遞進的關(guān)系；對照，即把兩種事物加以對比，分析、說明，得出結(jié)論；駁論，即闡述別人的錯誤觀點，逐條批駁，闡明觀點。三、細揣摩，善推理體會文章語言特點，仔細揣摩作者寫作態(tài)度，善于進行推理判斷。能否正確把握作者的觀點和態(tài)度是體現(xiàn)閱讀能力的重要方面。一般來說，對作者的總的態(tài)度和傾向，必須在通讀全文，掌握了論點和論據(jù)后，方能做出判斷。在判斷作者觀點態(tài)度時，考生應(yīng)注意，有時候作者的觀點和態(tài)度并不是明確地表達出來的，需要我們認真體會。做推理判斷時，一定要遵循邏輯規(guī)律，以事實為依據(jù)進行合理的推理。【經(jīng)典考例1】(引用原題號，以下同)(2021·全國高考甲卷D篇)Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.Let’sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It’ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender(性別)are“really,reallysmart.”Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,reallysmart.”Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.Here’sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we’reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors(因素)likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance(毅力),andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”12.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors’standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub?A.They’reunfair. B.They’reconservative.C.They’reobjective. D.They’restrict.13.WhatcanweinferaboutgirlsfromthestudyinScience?A.Theythinkthemselvessmart. B.Theylookuptogreatthinkers.C.Theyseegenderdifferencesearlierthanboys. D.Theyarelikelytobeinfluencedbysocialbeliefs14.Whyaremoregeniusesknowntothepublic?A.Improvedglobalcommunication. B.Lessdiscriminationagainstwomen.C.Acceptanceofvictors’concepts. D.Changesinpeople’ssocialpositions.15.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.GeniusesThinkAlike B.GeniusTakesManyFormsC.GeniusandIntelligence D.GeniusandLuck【經(jīng)典考例2】(2020·天津卷D篇)Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.Together,thesedeephumanurges(驅(qū)策力)countformuchmorethatambition.GalileowasnotmerelyambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltotheground.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentdon’thavetobelearned.Wearebornwiththemandneedonlyrecapturethem.“Thegreatman,”saidMencius(孟子),“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.”Yetmostofusdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresrestfulaverage.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecorner,toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.Mostofusmeetnewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethinkhowterribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn’tarrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Howsheisoneoftheexperts,writingbooksonflowerarrangement.Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses.Youhaven’tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon’t;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven’tanytime?That’sgood,becauseit’salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthingsdone.HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTom’sCabinwhilecooking.You’retooold?RememberthatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedherfirstpictureswhenshewas78.Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou’llneverbemorealivethanyouareatthismoment.51.InwritingParagraph1,theauthoraimsto_______.A.proposeadefinition B.makeacomparison C.reachaconclusion D.presentanargument52.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus?A.Trialanderrorleadstothefindingoftruth. B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious.C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority. D.Greatnesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.53.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent?A.Observetheunknownaroundyou. B.Developaquestioningmind.C.Leadalifeofadventure. D.Followthefashion.54.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?A.Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.D.Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.55.Whatcouldbethebesttileorthepassage?A.CuriousMindsNeverFeelContented B.ReflectionsonHumanNatureC.TheKeystoAchievement D.NeverTooLatetoLearn(題目序號高考真題用原序號，其余仿新高考閱讀理解D篇)每篇答題時間不超過8分鐘Passage1(2022·北京卷D篇)Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.31.RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels_______.A.sympathetic B.unconcerned C.doubtful D.excited32.WhatleadstoTaylor’soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?A.Hisdominanceinphysics. B.Thecompetitioninthefield.C.HisconfidenceinPyQuantum. D.Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Open. B.Cool. C.Useful. D.Resistant.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?C.WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?Passage2(2022·吉林省吉林市模擬預(yù)測)Nobusinesswouldwelcomebeingcomparedtogambling(賭博).Yetthatiswhatishappeningtomakersofvideogames.Foryearsparentshavecomplainedthattheirchildrenare“addicted”totheirvideogamesandsmartphones.Today,however,evenmoredoctorsareusingtheterm.OnJanuary1thisyear,“gamingdisorder”—inwhichgamesareplayeduncontrollably,despitecausingharm—gainedrecognitionfromtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).Aregamesreallyaddictive?Psychologistshavedifferentopinions.Thosewhodon’tthinksosaythatthisisjustanothermoralpanic.Similarwarningshavebeengivenabouttelevision,rock’n’roll,jazz,comicbooks,novelsandevencrosswordpuzzles,butitturnsoutthattheyarenotasharmfulasexpected.However,supportersarguethatgamesdevelopershavethemotivationandthemeanstodesigntheirproductstomakethemextremelyattractive.Foronething,thebusiness-modelhaschanged.Intheolddaysgameswereboughtonceandforall.Butthesedays,gamesarefreeandmoneyisearnedfrompurchasesofin-gamegoods,whichtiesplaytimedirectlytorevenue(收益).Foranother,games-makerscombinepsychologicaltheoryanddata,whichhelpsthemmaximizetheplaytime.SmartphonesandmodernvideogamemachinesusetheirpermanentInternetconnectionstosendgameplaydatabacktodevelopers.Inthiswayproductsareconstantlyadjustedtoencourageplayers’spending.Thebiggestspendersareknownas“whales”,atermthatoriginatedincasinos(賭場).Thegamingindustryshouldrealizethat,intherealworld,ithasaproblem,andthatproblemisgrowing.NowthatgamingaddictioncomeswithanofficialWHOrecognition,diagnoseswillbecomemorecommon.Anyway,beingputtogetherwithgamblinginthepublicmind,whetheritisfairlyornot,willnotdotheindustryanygood.32.WhatdoweknowfromParagraph1?A.Itisnotsuitabletocomparevideogamestogambling.B.Parentscomplainabouttheirchildren’saddictiontogambling.C.Moredoctorsareagainsttheuseoftheterm“addicted”.D.Gamingaddictionwasofficiallyrecognizedasadisease.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedwords“moralpanic”inParagraph2mean?A.Wrongjudgmentonhowharmfulsomethingis.B.Troublecausedbysomeone’simmoralbehavior.C.Socialprogresscausedbyscienceandtechnology.D.Panicduetothegapbetweentherichandthepoor.34.Whatdogamesdevelopersdotomakegamesattractive?A.Theydon’tchargeplayersforin-gamegoods.B.Theyadjustproductsbasedonreceiveddata.C.Theykeepplayers’videogamemachinesupdated.D.Theyrewardbigspenderswithauniquetitle.35.Inthelastparagraph,theauthoraimsto_______.A.offerasuggestion B.makeaprediction C.giveawarning D.putforwardasolutionPassage3(2022·上海市復(fù)興高級中學(xué)高三期中)Weareencounteringreal-worldexamplesofhowAIcanharmhumanrelations.AsdigitalassistantssuchasAlexaorSiribecomepopular,wearebecomingaccustomedtotalkingtothemasthoughtheywerealive;writinginthesepageslastyear,JudithShulevitzdescribedhowsomeofusarestartingtotreatthemasfriendsandtherapists.ShulevitzherselfsayssheconfessesthingstoGoogleAssistantthatshewouldn’ttellherhusband.Ifwegrowmorecomfortabletalkingtoourdevicesaboutoursecrets,whathappenstoourhumanmarriagesandfriendships?Designersandprogrammerstypicallycreatedeviceswhoseresponsesmakeusfeelbetter—butmaynothelpusbeself-reflectiveorthinkoverpainfultruths.AsAIgoesdeeperintoourlives,wemustfacethepossibilitythatitwillpreventouremotionsanddeephumanconnects.Besides,wewillfightwithsomeotherchallenges.Theageofdriverlesscars,afterall,isuponus.Thesevehiclespromisetosubstantiallyreducetheexhaustionanddistractionthatputhumandriversindanger,thuspreventingaccidents.Butwhatothereffectsmighttheyhaveonpeople?Drivingisaverymodernkindofsocialinteraction,requiringhighlevelsofcooperation.Iworrythatdriverlesscars,bytakingawayfromusanoccasiontoexercisethisability,couldcontributetoitsdecline.Notonlywillthesevehiclesbeprogrammedtotakeoverdrivingdutiesandhencetoremovefromhumansthepowertomakemoraljudgments(forexample,aboutwhichpedestriantohitwhenacrashisinevitable),theywillalsoaffecthumanswithwhomthey’vehadnodirectcontact.Forinstance,driverswhohavesteeredawhilealongsideanautonomousvehicletravelingatasteady,invariantspeedmightdrivelessattentively,thusincreasingtheirlikelihoodofaccidentsoncethey’vemovedtoapartofthehighwayoccupiedonlybyhumandrivers.Alternatively,experiencemayrevealthatdrivingalongsideautonomousvehiclestravellinginperfectaccordancewithtrafficlawsactuallyimproveshumanperformance.Eitherway,weshouldbecarefultolaunchnewformsofAIwithoutfirsttakingsuchsocialspillovers—orexternalities,asthey’reoftencalled—intoaccount.Wemustapplythesameeffortthatweapplytothehardwareandsoftwarethatmakeself-drivingcarspossibletomanagingAI’spotentialeffectsonthoseoutsidethecar.Afterall,weinstallbrakelightsonthebackofyourcarnotjust,orevenprimarily,foryourbenefit,butforthesakeofthepeoplebehindyou.32.Whatcanbeinferredabouthumanrelationshipsfromthefirstparagraph?A.Wewillfeelcomfortablespeakingtoothersonline.B.AIwillleadtoshallowinter-personalrelationships.C.AIwillenablepeopletocommunicatemorewithothers.D.Wewillbemoreself-reflectiveininteractionthankstoAI.33.Inparagraph2,thephrase“itsdecline”referstothedeclinein_______.A.drivers’interactionwiththecarsB.drivers’exhaustionanddistractionC.ourabilitytocooperatewithotherswhiledrivingD.ourabilitytodealwithemergencieswhiledriving34.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofdriverlesscars?A.Theymaybebetteratmakingmorejudgmentsthanhumandrivers.B.Theyneedtovarytheirspeedtomakecontactwithhumandrivers.C.Theymaymakehumandriversinothercarsdrivemoresafely.D.Theyneedtoforcehumandriverstoconcentrateinthecar.35.Whichofthefollowingisthewritermostlikelytoagreewith?A.Brakelightsonthebackofourcarareinstalledmainlytowarnusofdanger.B.Weshouldfigureouthownewtechnologyaffectspeoplebeforedevelopingit.C.Itishardtosaywhysocialspilloverswillworkintermsofself-drivingcars.D.Moreeffortshouldbemadetoadvancethehardwareandsoftwareofdriverlesscars.Passage4(2022·湖南高三階段練)Asmanyofficeworkersadapttoremotework,citiesmayundergofundamentalchangeifofficesremainunder-utilized.Whowillbenefitifworkingfromhomebecomesthenorm?Employersarguetheymakeconsiderablesavingsonrealestatewhenworkersshiftfromofficetohomework.However,thesesavingsresultfrompassingcostsontoworkers.Unlessemployeesarefullycompensated,thiscouldbecomeavariantofparasitic(變異的)capitalism,wherebycorporateprofitsincreasinglyrelyonextractingvaluefromthepublic-andnowpersonal-realm,ratherthanongeneratingnewvalue.Thoughemployersarebackedbyachorusofremoteworkadvocates,othersnotetheloneliness,reducedproductivityandinefficienciesofextendedremotework.Ifworkingfromhomebecomespermanent,employeeswillhavetodedicatepartoftheirprivatespacetowork.Thisrequirespurchasingdesks,chairsandofficeequipment.Italsomeanshavingprivatespacededicatedtowork:thespacemustbeheated,cleaned,maintainedandpaidfor.Thatdependsonmanythings,butforpurposesofillustration,I