一輪復(fù)習(xí)微專題 考向25 閱讀理解（原卷版）

PAGEPAGE1考向25閱讀理解（2021·浙江衢州市·中考真題）HomeForumBlogsFeedbackI’mintrouble.Lastweek,wehadafootballmatch,andwelost.Weplayedwell,butoneteammatedidn’tdohisbest,Ithink.Itwaslikehewasn’tevenonthecourt!Disappointedbyhisbehaviour,Isaidallthistomybestfriend.ButhetoldeveryoneelsewhatI’dsaid.I’mreallyangrywithmyfriend-whatshouldIsaytohim?AndshouldIsayanythingatalltomyteammate?ReplyThereisanoldAmericansaying,“Looselipssinkships.”Thismeansthatifyouspeaktoomuchaboutsomething,especiallytopeoplewhoyoudon’tknowsowell,it’llcauseallkindsoftrouble.Maybenowyou’reinthissituation.Forgetalltheseunhappythings.Like13ReplyPerhapsmostimportantly,thinkaboutyourownbehaviour.Whenfilledwithanger,youwouldsaywhatevercomestoyourmind.Youmighthurtothers.Takeadeepbreath,calmdown,andalwaysremember:thinkfirst,speaklater.Like11ReplyInmyview（觀點(diǎn)）,youshoulddowhatyourparentsask.They’remucholderthanyouandyoushouldrespectthem.It’stheirhouseyouliveinandtheirmoneyyouspend!Like10ReplyHere’swhatyouneedtodo.First,apologisetoyourteammate.Haveachatwithhim,andtellhimdirectlyandhonestlythatyouweretalkingwithoutthinking.Thentellyourfriendyou’reangrywithhimforrepeatingwhatyousaidandmakingthesituationworse,butyouhopeyourfriendshipwillmoveon.Like101．Tonypostedhisproblemsontheforuminorderto______.A．discussthematch B．showfootballskillsC．gethelpfromothers D．catchhisteammate’sattention2．WhichisLingling’sviewaccordingtothetext?______A．It’spoliteofyoutoapologiseintime.B．It’simportanttoaskyourparentsforhelp.C．It’snecessarytosaywhatevercomestoyourmind.D．It’shelpfultokeepcalmwhenyou’reangry.3．Whosereplyisnotrelevant（關(guān)聯(lián)）toTony’sproblems?______A．Betty’s. B．Lingling’s. C．MsLi’s. D．Daming’s.記敘文一、材料特點(diǎn) 人物故事類的閱讀理解是中考英語(yǔ)的?？疾牧现弧＿@類文章一般可分為人物傳記和短篇故事兩類。1.人物傳記主要涉及某人的生平事跡、趣聞?shì)W事、生活背景、個(gè)性特征、成長(zhǎng)和奮斗歷程等，其特點(diǎn)是以時(shí)間的先后或事件的發(fā)展為主線，脈絡(luò)清楚，可讀性較強(qiáng)。2.短篇故事與人物傳記不同的是，這類文章一般描述的是某一件具體事情的發(fā)生發(fā)展或結(jié)局，有人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和事件。命題往往從故事的情節(jié)、人物或事件之間的關(guān)系、作者的態(tài)度及意圖、故事前因和后果的推測(cè)等方面著手，考查考生對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的辨認(rèn)能力以及推理判斷能力。二、解題技巧1.閱讀人物傳記類文章時(shí)應(yīng)該抓住時(shí)間線索來獲取有關(guān)信息，即主人翁在某個(gè)時(shí)間做過什么，然后通過分析推理、綜合歸納的方法進(jìn)行解題。2.閱讀短篇故事類材料時(shí)，同學(xué)們一定要根據(jù)主要情節(jié)掌握文章主旨大意，同時(shí)抓住每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，設(shè)身處地地根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容揣摩作者的態(tài)度和意圖，根據(jù)情節(jié)展開想象，這樣的話即使是深層理解題也可迎刃而解。說明文＂英語(yǔ)說明文＂，顧名思義，就是一種以＂說明、解釋＂為主要表達(dá)方式的英語(yǔ)文體。它是對(duì)客觀事物的性狀、特點(diǎn)、功能和用途等作科學(xué)解說的。它既不像故事那樣重在情節(jié)的敘述和描寫，也不像議論文那樣，重在闡明主張和論點(diǎn)論據(jù)；更不像科幻作品那樣富于想象和虛構(gòu)夸張。說明文是通過解說事物、闡明事理，使人們?cè)鲩L(zhǎng)知識(shí)和技能。說明文是高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題中的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一。說明文具有與自己特點(diǎn)相適應(yīng)的說明方法，因此說明文結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)多，易于拉開考生分?jǐn)?shù)檔次，便于高校分層次選拔人才。然而對(duì)于考生來說說明文抽象度高，解題難度大。高考對(duì)說明文的考查多為科普知識(shí)，動(dòng)植物特性、自然現(xiàn)象和新產(chǎn)品、新工藝介紹以及人文地理、風(fēng)土人情等方面的說明文，文中解釋性、定義性、說明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握說明文的命題特點(diǎn)，敘述方式，以冷靜的心態(tài)閱讀原文，重點(diǎn)突破長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和邏輯關(guān)系，以便對(duì)其做出準(zhǔn)確的語(yǔ)意理解。說明文閱讀理解的特征一般說來，英語(yǔ)說明文與其他文體一樣，文章所涉及的內(nèi)容不外乎以下幾個(gè)方面，即who→what→when→where→how→why。1.who：?jiǎn)柕氖沁@篇文章的主體是誰(shuí)？（即所要說明和描述的人或事物）2.what：?jiǎn)柕氖侵黧w做了什么事情？（即主體表現(xiàn)出的特性、功能和用途）3.when和where：是在何時(shí)何地發(fā)生的？（即何時(shí)何地所表現(xiàn)出的特性、功能和用途）4.how：通過什么方式表現(xiàn)出來的？5.why：這種特性功能用途的原因是什么？做說明文閱讀理解題的時(shí)候，一定要記住上面的wh-word。邊閱讀，邊搜記，牢記要點(diǎn)，把握全文。議論文議論文往往有觀點(diǎn)，有事實(shí)，邏輯性強(qiáng)，命題往往從事實(shí)的有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)及文章的主旨或作者的表達(dá)意圖等方面著手，考查我們的思維能力和判斷能力。所以考生要培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文猜詞的能力，或者說根據(jù)情境能揣測(cè)作者的意圖。議論文的閱讀同其他體裁文章的閱讀理解一樣，可以有主旨大意、細(xì)節(jié)理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測(cè)等幾種出題方式。二、解題方法：一、重視文章標(biāo)題，找準(zhǔn)全文主題句，把握文章主旨標(biāo)題往往是全文的主題，審視標(biāo)題，有利于理解全文，提高解題效率。主題句對(duì)全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用。根據(jù)主題句既可以知道文章議論的是什么，也可以知道作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。議論文題材偏難，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用總—分—總的結(jié)構(gòu)，交替使用正面和反面的論證方式。通常，先總說現(xiàn)象或觀點(diǎn)；其次，正面陳述、反面論證；最后作者表明自己的態(tài)度，再次總結(jié)文章。通常主題句會(huì)出現(xiàn)在文章的首句或句末，在這些地方要多留意表示歸納的詞匯，也可以在具體事例之后或之前的表示觀點(diǎn)的陳述句中尋找。二、細(xì)讀文章，注意文章細(xì)節(jié)理解除主旨題外，細(xì)節(jié)理解題也是閱讀理解題中的基礎(chǔ)題，它主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文中的具體事例、數(shù)字、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等的理解。經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)排序題(按事情發(fā)展順序排序)，圖表題(按文章內(nèi)容找出正確圖形)，正誤題(依據(jù)文章內(nèi)容對(duì)所列的陳述進(jìn)行正誤判斷)。對(duì)這種題型，無(wú)論細(xì)節(jié)題如何變化形式，立足點(diǎn)都應(yīng)是從文章中找出相應(yīng)詞句作為依據(jù)。雖然答案中有的細(xì)節(jié)在文中很清楚，但可能與問題無(wú)關(guān)。細(xì)節(jié)題的破解一般用尋讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、分析、對(duì)比，有根據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。假如問題采用的是反向思維，題中含有not或except等表示否定意義的詞，則需要更加留意。此法可以加強(qiáng)閱讀的針對(duì)性，提高做題的準(zhǔn)確率。做此類題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系。三、理解整體語(yǔ)篇，掌握作者意圖做推理判斷題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語(yǔ)篇的同時(shí)，對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的推理判斷，站在作者的視角，而不是主觀臆斷、憑空想象，從而走入誤區(qū)。英語(yǔ)文章講究使用主題段與主題句，段與段之間通常有過渡性詞語(yǔ)連接，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫。有時(shí)文章還會(huì)在時(shí)間順序、空間順序或邏輯推理上運(yùn)用較高級(jí)的手段進(jìn)行組編。要想準(zhǔn)確、深刻地理解文章，必須對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握全篇的文脈，即句內(nèi)、句間和段落間的修辭手段或邏輯關(guān)系。作者往往在構(gòu)思語(yǔ)篇前會(huì)進(jìn)行預(yù)先設(shè)定：讀者知道什么，不知道什么，讀者可能與自己共同擁有什么樣的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)、思想見地和需求欲望等，然后設(shè)計(jì)一些隱藏在語(yǔ)篇深層的＂潛臺(tái)詞＂。因此，這類試題要求考生利用主題句進(jìn)行推測(cè)，揣摩文字背后作者的意圖，運(yùn)用背景知識(shí)去挖掘文章的深層含義，從而正確理解作者的言外之意，同時(shí)認(rèn)真體會(huì)文章的語(yǔ)氣與感情基調(diào)。四、多讀多背，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，掌握猜詞技巧由于當(dāng)今的閱讀文章題材廣泛，體裁多樣，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一詞多義，甚至出現(xiàn)沒學(xué)過的詞匯。許多學(xué)生感到困擾很大，有的甚至煩躁得難以堅(jiān)持閱讀下去。要解決閱讀中的生詞問題，一是要擴(kuò)大英語(yǔ)詞匯量，二是要學(xué)習(xí)并掌握一些猜測(cè)生詞詞義的方法，如：利用同義、反義、上義、下義、詞的集合、詞的搭配等關(guān)系；利用照應(yīng)、替代、省略、定義、舉例等情境關(guān)系；利用詞綴、轉(zhuǎn)化、合成等構(gòu)詞法；利用后置定語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)；利用前后對(duì)比或因果推理法等?？傊?，想要提高閱讀能力，尤其是對(duì)考生來說難度較大的議論文閱讀，學(xué)生應(yīng)能從篇章和試題雙方面入手。通過觀察、體驗(yàn)、探究等積極主動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)方法，優(yōu)化閱讀理解中議論文的解題思路和方法策略，提高學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力。應(yīng)用文閱讀理解之應(yīng)用文包含廣告、招聘、咨詢和建議、通知等類型的文章。滿分技巧 縱觀歷年各省市的中考題可以看出廣告圖表類的文章在閱讀理解中占有相當(dāng)大的比重，一般四篇閱讀理解中至少有一篇是廣告圖表類。廣告圖表類的文章屬于應(yīng)用文的行列。考生在閱讀這類材料時(shí)，主要從兩方面入手：一是了解圖表的主題，確定圖表的主要內(nèi)容，二是推敲圖畫上的文字或數(shù)字，找出它們之間的關(guān)聯(lián)或試圖表達(dá)的含義。AWhatamIreading?Technologyhasgivenusachancetomoreinformationthaneverbeforeinhistory.Butthischancecomeswithgreatresponsibility.It’snotenoughtojustreadthenews-wehavetoknowhowtocriticallyevaluate(批判性地評(píng)估)it.Andthat’swhyIthinkpublicschoolsshouldoffermedialiteracycourses.Medialiteracyreferstotheabilitytoread,understandandevaluateanykindofmedia.Beingabletotellwhetheranewsstoryistrueorfalseisanimportantpartofmedialiteracy.Unfortunately,itisaskillthatmanypeopledon’tseemtohave.Thislackofmedialiteracycanbeeasilyseenonsocialmedia.In2016,afake(假的)storyaboutawomanwinningthelottery(彩票)wassharedmorethan1.77milliontimesonFacebook.Thisisjustoneexampleofhowfarandwidefalseinformationcanspreadwhenpeopledon’thavemedialiteracy.▲Ifmedialiteracyistaughtinschools,kidswillgettheskillstheyneedtolookthroughadigitalworldfullofdisinformationandmisleadingstories.Manyoftheseskillsaresimple-forexample,beingabletotakealookatanewswebsiteandimmediatelytellifithasacertainkindofbias(偏見).Itisimportantthatkidslearntheseskillsfromanearlyage,asthemediafuturewillonlygetmorecrowdedastimegoesby.Learningtoseparatefactfromfiction(假想)willhelpkidsstayproperlyinformed(了解情況的)astheygrowupandlearnmoreabouttheworld.1．Whatismedialiteracyaccordingtothepassage?________A．Thehabittolookthroughnewwebsites.B．Areadingskillthatmanypeopledon’thave.C．Amethodtoreadandunderstandanykindofmedia.D．Theabilitytotellwhetheranewsstoryistrueorfalse.2．Theexampleinparagraph3isgiventoshow________.A．howterribletheonlineworldis B．howwidefalseinformationcanspreadC．howtheonlineinformationinfluencesus D．howmanypeopleneedthemedialiteracy3．Whichofthefollowingcanbeputinthe▲inparagraph4?A．However,therearewaystofixthis. B．However,it’shardtolearntheskill.C．Sopeoplealwayshaveabiastowardsnews. D．Soit’snecessarytospreadrealinformation.4．Thewriterwrotethepassageto________.A．showusthedisadvantagesofthetechnologyB．suggestkidslearnabouttheworldfromanearlyageC．encourageustolearnmoreaboutonlineinformationD．callonschoolstoteachkidstocriticallyevaluateonlineinformationBLifeartisastudent-runorganizationfoundedbyoneofmybestfriendsatmyschoolinBoston,US.Itsellsartworkandraisesmoneyforcancerresearch.Tocollectmoremoney,wesetoutontothestreetsofBostontosellourartworktothepubliclastspring.Wesetourselvesupneartheentranceofasubwaystationsothatwecouldgetmorecustomers.Itwasquitehardatfirst.Itwaswindythatday,soourcanvas(畫布)keptfallingoverandthepricelabelskeptbeingblowingaway.Allofuswerequiteshyandwereabitafraidtoaskpeopleiftheywouldconsiderbuyingourartwork.Wewerealsoworriedaboutbeingdrivenaway.Oneofourgirls,Luna,triedtotalktoourfirstcustomer.Althoughhedidnotbuyanything,itgavesomecouragetotherestofus.Witheverynewcustomer,Lunabroughttoourlittlestand(攤位),wehadmorecourage.IalsosteppedforwardandtalkedtoaSouthKoreanwomanpassingby.Ifeltabitembarrassed(尷尬的)whenshesaidthatshedidn’thavetime.Butthankstothisshortconversationwithastranger,mycouragegrew.Ikepttalkingtomorepeople,includingsomeChinesepeople.Attheendoftheday,wesoldabout20piecesofart.Itmightnotbeasmuchaswehadexpected,butthecouragewegainedmadeupfortheday’sshortcomings(缺點(diǎn)).5．Whydidthewriterandhisfriendsselltheirartwork?________A．Becausetheywantedtofoundastudent-runorganization.B．Becausetheywerewillingtosharetheirworkswithothers.C．Becausetheywereaskedtotalktostrangersinthestreet.D．Becausetheyplannedtoraisemoneyforcancerresearch.6．Howdidtheyfeelatfirstwhensellingtheirartwork?________A．Excited. B．Confident. C．Nervous. D．Tired.7．Whomadethewriterkeeptalkingtomorepeople?________A．ThatgirlcalledLuna. B．Theirfirstcustomer.C．ASouthKoreanwoman. D．AChinesevisitor.8．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A．ThegirlsarepleasedwiththemoneytheyraisedatlastB．Thewriterwon’tfeelembarrassedanymoreinthefutureC．Thestudent-runorganizationwillbepopularwithyoungpeopleD．ThewritermaybemoreconfidenttocommunicatewithstrangersCThewidespreaduseofInternettechnologyhasmadeourliveseasierbutcausesabigchallengetoseniorcitizens(年長(zhǎng)者),whoarenotalwayscomfortablewithsmartphonesandsomanynewapps.Onlyafewseniorcitizensareabletoenjoytheadvantagesthatnewtechnologiesoffer.AccordingtotheNationalBureauofStatistics,thenumberofpeopleaged60andabovewas255millionin2020,about17.9%ofChina’spopulation.Butonly23%ofthemwereabletousetheInternet.Thatmeansmorethanthree-fourthsoftheseniorcitizensarenotabletoenjoythedigital(數(shù)字的)advantages.Manyseniorcitizenswhocan’tusesmartphonesarefacingdifficultiesduringthispandemic(疫情).EvenwithasmartphoneinhandandtheInternet,manyofthemstillfeelhelpless.Theydon’tknowhowtocallataxithroughtheapps.Itisreportedthatmanyshopsrefusedtoserveelderswhodon’tknowhowtopaybysmartphones,insteadoflettingthempayincash(現(xiàn)金).Worsestill,astheydon’tknowhowtogettheInternet-basedhealthcode(健康碼),theyarerefusedtoentermanypublicplaces.Newtechnologiesbecomepopularbecausetheyareoftenofgreatuseinourdailylives.Butmanyseniorcitizens,especiallythosewholiveinthecountrysideorthosewhosegrown-upchildrendon’tlivewiththem,arenotabletousetheInternetorsmartphones.Therearedifferentreasonsforthis.Someseniorcitizenscan’taffordsmartphones.Othersmayfeelitdifficulttolearnnewthingslikeusingsmartphones.Thedigitalgap(差距)betweentheelderlyandtheyoungisbecomingbigger.However,theelderlyshouldnotbecomeasilentgroupwhoarekeptawayfromnewtechnologies.Itisourresponsibilitytohelpthembridgethedigitalgap,andbepatientwiththemwhentheyfacedifficultiescatchingup.9．ThenumbersinParagraph2showthat_________.A．threefourthsoftheelderscan’taffordsmartphonesB．thereareasmallnumberofseniorcitizensinChinaC．only17.9%oftheseniorcitizenscanusethesmartphonesD．manyeldersfailtoenjoytheconvenienceofnewtechnologies10．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?________A．Mosteldersneedhelpinhowtousetheapps.B．It’samustforeveryonetohaveasmartphone.C．CashisnolongeracceptedintheshopsinChina.D．Manyshopsrefusetoofferservicetoseniorcitizens.11．Accordingtothepassage,thewritermayfeel_________aboutthesituationofseniorcitizens.A．Excited B．worried C．surprised D．a(chǎn)ngry12．Whatisthewriter’spurposeinwritingthispassage?________A．Toshownewtechnologiestoseniorcitizens.B．Toencourageseniorcitizenstolearnnewtechnologies.C．Toraisemoneyforpoorseniorcitizenstobuysmartphones.D．Tocallonpeopletohelpseniorcitizenswithnewtechnologies.DWhilemotherslookforwardtoMother’sDay,sellersexpecttheholidayevenmore.That’sbecausethemoneyspentonmeals,flowers,andotherpresentsaddsuptobillionsofdollars,andthespendingkeepsincreasingyearafteryear.Notsurprisingly,giftslikeringsandnecklacestopthelistwith$4.6billion.Tripscomeinsecondof$4.4billion.$2.6billionwillgotowardsbuyingflowers.Othersincludeclothing($2.1billion),electronics($2.1billion),andpersonalservices.Thoughmotherhoodhasbeencelebratedacrosstheworldforcenturies,thisofficial(官方的)USholidaystartedbecauseofthehardworkofAnnaJarvis.Shecameupwiththeideain1905tohonormomsforthehardworktheydofortheirfamilies.Thefirstcelebrationin1908ataMethodistchurchinGrafton,WestVirginia,wassuchasuccessthatJarvismadeuphermindtomaketheholidayanationalholiday.Toachievehergoal,shestartedawritingcampaign(運(yùn)動(dòng))tonewspapersandlawmakersabouttheimportanceofaspecialdaytohonormothers.Whilemanystates,towns,andchurcheshadacceptedtheholidayby1912,ittookanothertwoyearsforPresidentWo