2022年寧夏大學(xué)英語考試考前沖刺卷九2測

2022年寧夏大學(xué)英語考試考前沖刺卷九

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1.{{BHTEXT

Theromanticimageofthetrustypostman,deliveringletterstothe

farthest-flungcornersoftheIand,makesthereformofpostaIservices

asensitivesubject.Thisisespeciallytruewhentheimpetusforreform

comesfromtheEuropeanUnion.ThismonththeEuropeanParIiamentstarts

workonadirective,drawnupbytheEuropeanCommission,toremovethe

lastmonopoIiesinpostaImarketsby2009-thefinalstageinaslowand

laboriousIiberalisationthatbeganin1992.Directivesin1997and2002

chippedawayatthecenturies-oldmonopoliesenjoyedbynationaI

operators,andtheproposednewIawwiIIopenthewholemarketto

competitionbyabolishingthe"reservedarea"onmaiIweighinglessthan

50grams.ButalthoughthelegislativewheeIsareinmotion,some

countriesareasscepticalasever.

ThecommissionsaysithasdeIiberateIypursuedpostaIIiberalisation

ataslowerpacethanothermarketopenings.Thisispartlyduetoits

technicalcompIexity.Uniikeintelecoms,posthasnophysicalnetwork

toshare.Manycountrieshadtocreateindependentregulatorsfrom

scratchinordertomonitormarketaccessandprices.Thesizeofthe

heavilyunionisedpostaIindustryaIsopromptedcaution.ItempIoyssome

5mpeopIedirectlyandindirectly,anditsturnoverisroughly1%of

Europe1scombinedGDP.

ButarguablythebiggestdragonIiberalisationisold-fashioned

resistancetoopenmarkets,plusadashofreverenceforletterwriting.

Oneopponentofthe2009deadIinetalksof"anobleindustrythatwewant

toprotect"andlaudsthevirtuesofpenandpaper.AlIpostaIoperators

recognise,however,thattheepistolaryhabithastakenahitfromthe

Internet.Withdeadeningpragmatism,thecommissionsaysIiberalisation

wiIIimprovequaIityandchoiceandreducestatesubsidies.

CountriesthathaveaIreadyopenedtheirmarkets,suchasSwedenand

Britain,agree.SinceSweden*sPostenABwasprivatisedin1993,prices

forbusinesscustomershavefaIlenby30%,thoughtheyhaverisenfor

consumers.ThepostaInetworkhasbeenextended,withnewoutIetsin

supermarketsandIongeropeninghours.Proponentsofreformarguethat

Sweden,whichhasoneoftheIowestpopuIationdensitiesintheEU,

disprovestheargumentthatruraIcountriescannotbothhaveopenmarkets

andprovideastandardserviceforeveryone.

ButFrance,Spain,Italyandothercountriesworrythatabolishing

the"reservedarea1'wi11damagethisuniversaI-serviceobiigation.Last

monthFrancoisLoos,France*sindustryminister,said2009was”an

indicativedate"forcompelitionratherthanafirmdeadIine.Aspokesman

forPostEurop,alobbygrouprepresentingEuropeanpostaloperators,says

severalcountrieswouldpreferadeadIineof2012attheearIiest,with

thewho11yimpIausibIeargumentthatmoretimeisneededtoresearchthe

impactofIiberalisation.

Thecommissionknowsadelayingtacticwhenitseesone.Operators

havehadyearstoprepareforIiberalisation.Butsomecountries,such

asGreeceandLuxembourg,seemtowanttoprotecttheirnational

monopoIiesatanycost.TheattitudesofcentralEuropeancountriesare

moredifficulttopredict.TheirgovernmentssupportedtheIiberal

servicesdirective,whichfavouredtheirmobiIe,comparativelycheap

workforces,buthaveexpresseddoubtsaboutopeningprotectedhome

marketstocompetition.

Incumbentsmayhavelesstofearfromcompetitionthantheythink,

however.Incountrieswithopenmarkets,theformermonopolistshave

remaineddominant.InBritaintheRoyalMaiIhas96.5%ofthemarket;

inSwedenPoster)ABhas91.5%.Regulatorsdonotexpectbigchangesin

eithercountry.Indeed,someadvocatesofIiberalisationworrythatopen

postalmarketswi11faiItoattractnewentrantsandthateliminating

thereservedareawi11notguaranteecompetition.

Thedebateovermarketopeningisanopportunitytofindoutwhat

peopIereaIlywantfromtheirpostaIservicesandachancetorethink

howtheywork,saysMichaelOritelIi,thebossofPitneyBowes,acompany

thatmakespostaIequipmentandsoftware.SomepeopIemight,forexample,

choosetohavedomesticmaiIdeliveredtotheirofficesonweekdays,he

suggests.Butsuchinnovationswi11happenonlyifnationalgovernments

canbediscouragedfromstampingthecommission1sproposals"returnto

sender".

Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethepassage

A.ThereformofpostalservicesisundergoinginEurope.

B.ProtectionismhampersthereformofEurope*spostalservices.

C.Monopoliesofpostalservicesaretobebrokenup.

D.TheEuropeanmarketofpostalservicesisopentocompetition.

2.{{BJJTEXTD{{/B})

IfthebiddingfrenzyoverSafewaywereanyindication,you'dthink

thatbiggrocerystoreshadbecomeluxurycollectibles.Everyoneof

Britain*stopretailers-Tesco,Wal-MartownedAsda,Morrisonsand

Sainsburys-aremakingaplayforSafeway,whichbecameatakeovertarget

whensalesstartedIaggingatits480stores.ButthereaIappeaIof

Safewayhaslittletodowiththevalueofitsstores:it'saboutthe

Iandtheysiton.There*snowsoIittIepropertyavaiIableforcommerciaI

deveIopmentinBritain,orinWesternEurope,thatbuyingoldstoresis

thefastestwaytofindspacefornewones.

ThisexpIainswhyEuropeanretaiIisoneofthefewindustriesanywhere

onthegIobethathavebeengeneratingasteadystreamofdeaImakingbuzz.

AtatimewhenglobalmergersandacquisitionshavefaIlen81percent

froma2,000peakof$3.4triIIion,theSafewaydeaIhasbeengenerating

headIinessinceJanuary.Thebids,whichstartedat￡22.9billion,are

nowunderreviewbyBritain*sCompetitionCommission,thenationaI

trustbuster.Itsrecommendationcoulddecidethewinner.

Thecommercial_1andshortageislargelyaresultofthecampaignto

preventtheWaI-MartificationofEurope.Inrecentyearsauthoritieshave

imposedstiffIimitsonthegrowthofsuperstores,effectiveIyblocking

theopeningofnewonesincountriesfromBritaintoFrance,Germanyand

theNetherlands.SafewayhasbecomeaparticuIarlyhotcommodityinpart

becausemanyofitsstoreshavethecombinationofsizeandIocationthat

big-boxretaiIerscrave."ThereareSafewaystoresinthisportfoIiothat

wiIIhavedirectorsoftheothercompaniessalivating,"saysDavid

SouthweI,spokesmanfortheBritishRetaiIConsortiumtradegroup.

Gonearethedaysofthe'70sand'80s,whenlaxzoninglawsmade

iteasytobuiIdnewstoresinBritain,andtownsgenerallyweIcornedthe

taxrevenueandjobs.AccordingtoIGD,afoodand-grocery-industrythink

tank,thenumberofsuperstoresinBritainshotupfrom403in1985to

990in1995butsIowedthenextyear,afterpassageofnewdeveIopment

rules.Designedtoprotecttheeconomicvitalityoftowncenters,the

1996rulesrequiredeveloperstodemonstratethatasuperstoreisneeded

outsidetown,andtherearenoavaiIabIeaIternativesinthecenter."Most

ofthezoninglegislationhasgottheretailersbythethroat,"saysHaIey

Meyers,headofEuropeanretaiIresearchatLondonbasedMintelResearch.

Intheearly1990sTescoforesawtheendofthebuiIdingbinge,and

begansnatchinguplandaIreadyapprovedforretaiIdeveIopment.ByNland

banking"inthisway,saysSafewayspokesmanKevinHawkins,bigretailers

couldkeepbuiIdingthroughthe1990sandsidesieptheredtape.Butwhen

landbanksrundry,thereislittlechoicebuttobuyotherchains.Last

October,FretaiIgiantCarrefouracquiredafurther20percentstakein

Spain'slargestretaiIer,CentroCommercial?Carrefour,for1billion.

"ThefoodandgeneralretaiIsectorhasrecentlyseenagooddegreemore

mergeractivitythanothersectors,"saysTimAtten,retaiIanalystat

BNPParibas."It'sdifficultfortheseplayerstoexpandinmanycountries

inWesternEuropewithoutbuyingotherstores.”

It'sevenmoredifficultontheContinentthaninBritain.German

lawessentiallyprohibitsstoreslargerthan1,200squaremetersifIocaI

authoritiesobject.Frenchlawrequiresstrictreviewsofstoreslarger

than300squaremeters,andstatesthatpreservingthenation*seconomy,

Iifestyleandculturemustbeweighedagainstanynewproject."It's

virtuallyimpossibletoopenahypermarketinFrance,"saysJohanna

Water-ous,directoratMcRinseyConsu11ing."TheplanninglawsinFrance

maketheonesintheU.K.lookIiketheAmericanMidwest."

TherealmegastoreactionismovingoutsideWesternEurope.Tescois

now"placingemphasisonotherpartsoftheworld,"saysaspokesman.

Carrefourisheadinginthesamedirection:in2002,itopenedone

hypermarketinFranceandfourinPoland.

（暫缺第26題）

Accordingtothepassage,theauthor

A.ismadatBritain'spreventionofsuperstores.

B.isinfavorofFrance*srestrictionsonbigstores.

C.isimpartialandmakesnotendentiousstatements.

D.hasmadesomefavorablecommentsonretailers.

3.{{BJJTEXTC{{/B}}

Marriagemaybeaboutlove,butdivorceisabusiness.ForgIobaI

couples-bornindifferentcountries,marriedinathird,nowworking

somewhereelseandwithchiIdren,pensionsandotherassetssprinkled

overtheworId-acontesteddivorceisblissforlawyersandanightmare

forothers.

DivorcelawsvarywiIdly,fromcountries(suchasMaIta)thatstill

forbidittoIslamicstateswhereforthehusband,atleast-itmaybe

obtainedinminutes.Rulesonthedivisionofpropertyandfuture

financialobiigationsvaryhugeIytoo.Franceexpectsthepoorerparty,

usuallythewife,tostartfendingforherselfalmostimmediateIy;

EnglandandsomeAmericanstatesinsistonIifelongsupport.Somesystems

lookonlyatthe"acquest";otherscountthelot.Afew,IikeAustria,

stillIinkcashtobIame.JapanoffersatemptingIyquickcheapbreak,

but-forforeigners-IittIeornoenforceablecontactwiththekids

thereafter,notesJeremyMorley,aNewYork-based"internationaIdivorce

strategist".Otherplacesmaybemum-friendlywhenitcomestomoneybut

dad-friendlyonchildcustody.

TheEuropeanUnionistryingtotidyupitsdivorcelaws.Areform

in2001calledBrusseIs11triedtostopforumshopping,inwhicheach

partysoughtthemostfavourablejurisdiction,byrulingthatthefirst

courttobeapproacheddecidesthedivorce.Thatworked-butatthecost

ofencouragingtrigger-happyspousestokiIItroubIedmarriagesquickIy,

ratherthantryingtopatchthemup.This,saysDavidHodson,aspeciaIist

ininternationaldivorcelaw,favoursthe"wealthier,moreaggressive,

moreunscrupulousparty".Itgoesagainstthegeneraltrendtowards

counseIIing,mediationandout-of-courtsettlement.

AnEllmeasurecalledRomeIIIfnowundernegotiationandpenci11edin

tocomeintoforcein2008,triestoensurethatthemarriageisended

bythelawthathasgoverneditmostclosely.ItmaybeeasyforaDutch

courttoapplyBelgianlawwhendealingwiththeuncontesteddivorceof

aBelgiancouple,butlesssoforaSpanishcourttoapplyPolishrules,

letaloneIranianorIndonesian,andespeciallynotwhenthedivorceis

contested.

SuchsnagsmakeRomeIII"laughablyidiotic-arecipeforincreasing

costsn,accordingtoJohnCornwe11,aLondonlawyer.BritainandIreland

saytheywiIIoptout.That,saysMr.Hodson,wiIIgiveafurtheredge

toLondon.Sinceajudgmentin2000entrenchedtheprincipleof"equality"

indivisionofmarital,assets,England,hometohundredsofthousands

ofexpatriates,hasbecomea"Meccaforwives",saysLouiseSpitzof

Manches,aLondonlawfirm.DavidTruex,whorunsaspecialist

internationaldivorceoutfit,reckonsthatatleastafifthofdivorce

casesregisteredinLondon,shighercourtsnowhaveaninternational

eIement.

ForthetypicalgIobaIcoupIeysuchhigh-profiIe,big-moneycases

matterlessthanthethreebasic(anddeeplyunromanticfactors)in

marriageplanning.AccordingtoMr.Truex,arichmanshouldchoosehis

bridefromacountrywithastingydivorcelaw,suchasSwedenorFrance,

andmarryherthere.Second,heshoulddrawupapre-nuptialagreement.

ThesearebindinginmanycountriesandhavebeguntocounteveninEngIand.

Third,oncedivorcelooms,awifemaywanttomovetoEngIandorAmerica

(butshouIdavoidno-alimonystatessuchasFlorida)Iforhusbands,

stayingincontinentaIEuropeiswise.

OutsideEurope,thecountry——orAmericanState-deemedthemost

"appropriate'*intermsofthecouple9sfamilyandbusinessconnections

wiIInormaIlygettohearthecase.Butheretoounilateralactionmay

bedecisive.WhenEarISpencer,brotherofPrincessDiana,divorcedhis

firstwifehesurprisedherbyissuingproceedingsinSouthAfricawhere

theywerethenIiving.InEngland,wheretheyhadbeendomiciled,she

mighthavegotabetterdeal.Sheendedupsuingherlawyers.

ThelessonforcouplesHowyouIivemaydeterminetheIengthand

happinessofyourmarriage.WhereyouIiveisIikeIytodeterminehow

itends.

Rome111isquestionedbysomepeopIebecause

A.itisnotapplicable.

B.itcostsahugesumofmoney.

C.somecountriesareopposedtoit.

D.itisridiculous.

4.

({BJJTEXTA{{/B}}

Exceptatnight,theyhardlyeverhavetimetogether.Heoftensits

aloneinthehousewaitingforJulie-Julietocomehome.Itwouldbenice

tohavekidstoplaywithwhenonecomeshomefromwork.But,Oh,the

houseistoosmaIIrKappy-Pappydear.Weneedtosaveandmovetoabigger

placebeforewecanstartafamily.

Kapsakneverunderstandsthat.Whatdoesabighousehavetodowith

havingchiIdrenWhenheandEkaUdohadchiIdren,didtheyhaveabig

houseButtheydied,didn'ttheyAndthedoctorlatersaidsomething

aboutcrampedIivingconditionsmakingiteasyformalariatovirtua11y

wipeouthisfamily.SomaybeJulie-JuIiehasapoint.AlIhischiIdren

haddiedbecauseofbeingcoopedupinoneroom.AlIexceptUdo.UdoKapsak

wouldnotordinarilyadmititbutthetruthishemissestheboysomuch.

Udo'sfulI-facedsmile.Hisquirky-chirpyways.Hisinnocentprobing

manner.OhUdo!He'IIbeapproachingfivenow.Five!Abigbaby!

Sighingnoisily,Kapsaktriestoputthoughtsofhissonoutofhis

mind.Hehasnotseentheboyinoverthreeyears.Andmaybehehasgone

thewayhisbrotherandsisterswent.No.NotIikely.Awadamotowould

havetoldhim.Awadamoto.It'sbeenalongtimesinceKapsaksawhim.

Throwingonashirt,Kapsakhurriesofftothetaxirankinthebusiness

district."Kapsak,Kapsak!"AwadamotocheersashischiIdhoodfriend

approaches."Awadamoto!Youhaveabandonedme!""UsethatwordIightIy,

Kapsak.Youknowwhohasdonethemostabandoningbetweenmeandyou."

"ButAwad,weIivehereintowntogether.""Blamethatwifeofyours.

IdidnotgotoschooIandIdon*tlikegoingnearpeopIewhomakeme

rememberthatalIthetime."Kapsakhasitinmindtosaysomethinggood

abouthiswife,butsomethingeIsejumpstohismouth.

"ComeAwad,whatisGestapo""Gestapo""No,Gestapo.""Man,Idon'

tknow.Wheredidyouhearit""Eh,Ihearditsomewhere.Howisthe

viIlage""Exactlyasyouleftit."nAnd...""EkaUdo”"Yes.Howis

she""HowdoesitconcernyouAnyway,Iheardsomebigchieffromher

mother,sviIIagehastakenherforhisthirdwife.""WhatofmysonIs

itweIIwithhim""Youwouldhaveknownifyouhadbotheredtogoand

checkonhim.Look,it*smyturn."Bawlingouttopassengerstoclimb

intohisramshackletaxi,AwadamotoambIesoff.

ItispouringheaviIywhenJuIie-JuIiereturns.Outside,itisrain.

Inside,itisconfusion.Kapsakisatfirsthappytoseeherbacksafely.

Thenhishappinessturnstoangerasshecarriesonaboutwhatanexciting

timeshehad.FinalIyhisangersuccumbstohergentIecaressesand

passionrulestheirworld.JuIie-JuIieshootsoutatfirstIight."19

vegottoseesomeoneurgently,Kappy-Pappy."Kappy-Pappy,thatismy

namenow,Kapsaklaughstohimselfasheshufflesofftotheconstruction

sitewherehemanagestoearnafewbucks.Onhiswayintothemainyard,

heducksoutofthewayofafast-movingfour-wheeIdrivevehicledriven

byanexpatriate.Cursinglightly,heIooksbacktoseethedriverlocked

inapassionatekisswithawomanwithluxurianthair.

“Nowonderhenearlykilledme!"Kapsakspitsout."EarIymorningand

he'salready...”

Hismouthremainsopenbutthewordsdryup.Iikethewatertapsof

thecity.Thewomanwiththeexpatriateturnsmomentarily,perhapsto

pickupsomethingfromthebackseat.Inthatinstant,Kapsakseesclearly

thewomanforwhomhehadlefthisfirstwifeandforsakenhisfamily

andpeople.

Buthedoesnotseetheearthmoverinfrontofhim.Neitherdoeshe

hearitspowerfuIhorns.Andthedriveroftheearthmoverdoesnotsee

Kapsak.Bythetimesomeonenoticesthecrushedfigurelyingbythe

roadside,ablackeningpoolofbloodhasbeguntoseepintotheearth.

Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldprobablybe

A.KapaskandJulie.

B.DeathofKapask.

C.LoveAffairs.

D.KapaskfsChildren.

5.{{BJJTEXTC{{/B}J

Marriagemaybeaboutlove,butdivorceisabusiness.ForgIobaI

couples-bornindifferentcountries,marriedinathird,nowworking

somewhereelseandwithchiIdren,pensionsandotherassetssprinkled

overtheworId-acontesteddivorceisblissforlawyersandanightmare

forothers.

DivorcelawsvarywiIdly,fromcountries(suchasMalta)thatstill

forbidittoIslamicstateswhereforthehusband,atleast——itmaybe

obtainedinminutes.Rulesonthedivisionofpropertyandfuture

financialobiigationsvaryhugeIytoo.Franceexpectsthepoorerparty,

usuallythewife,tostartfendingforherselfalmostimmediately;

EnglandandsomeAmericanstatesinsistonIifelongsupport.Somesystems

lookonlyatthe"acquest";otherscounttheIot.Afew,IikeAustria,

stillIinkcashtobIame.JapanoffersatemptingIyquickcheapbreak,

but-forforeigners-IittIeornoenforceablecontactwiththekids

thereafter,notesJeremyMorley,aNewYork-based"internationaIdivorce

strategist".Otherplacesmaybemum-friendlywhenitcomestomoneybut

dad-friendIyonchildcustody.

TheEuropeanUnionistryingtotidyupitsdivorcelaws.Areform

in2001calledBrusseIs11triedtostopforumshopping,inwhicheach

partysoughtthemostfavourablejurisdiction,byrulingthatthefirst

courttobeapproacheddecidesthedivorce.Thatworked-butatthecost

ofencouragingtrigger-happyspousestokiIItroubledmarriagesquickIy,

ratherthantryingtopatchthemup.This,saysDavidHodson,aspeciaIist

ininternationaldivorcelaw,favoursthe"wealthier,moreaggressive,

moreunscrupulousparty".Itgoesagainstthegeneraltrendtowards

counselIing,mediationandout-of-courtsettlement.

AnEUmeasurecalledRomeIII,nowundernegotiationandpenciIledin

tocomeintoforcein2008,triestoensurethatthemarriageisended

bythelawthathasgoverneditmostclosely.ItmaybeeasyforaDutch

courttoapplyBelgianlawwhendealingwiththeuncontesteddivorceof

aBelgiancouple,butlesssoforaSpanishcourttoapplyPolishrules,

letaloneIranianorIndonesian,andespeciallynotwhenthedivorceis

contested.

SuchsnagsmakeRomeIII"laughablyidiotic-arecipeforincreasing

costs',,accordingtoJohnCornwelI,aLondonlawyer.BritainandIreIand

saytheywi11optout.That,saysMr.Hodson,wi11giveafurtheredge

toLondon.Sinceajudgmentin2000entrenchedtheprincipleof"equality"

indivisionofmarital,assets,England,hometohundredsofthousands

ofexpatriates,hasbecomea"Meccaforwives",saysLouiseSpitzof

Manches,aLondonlawfirm.DavidTruex,whorunsaspeciaIist

internationaldivorceoutfit,reckonsthatatleastafifthofdivorce

casesregisteredinLondon1shighercourtsnowhaveaninternational

element.

ForthetypicalgIobaIcouple,suchhigh-profiIe,big-moneycases

matterlessthanthethreebasic(anddeeplyunromanticfactors)in

marriageplanning.AccordingtoMr.Truex,arichmanshouIdchoosehis

bridefromacountrywithastingydivorcelaw,suchasSwedenorFrance,

andmarryherthere.Second,heshoulddrawupapre-nuptialagreement.

ThesearebindinginmanycountriesandhavebeguntocounteveninEngIand.

Third,oncedivorcelooms,awifemaywanttomovetoEngIandorAmerica

(butshouldavoidno-aIimonystatessuchasFlorida)Iforhusbands,

stayingincontinentaIEuropeiswise.

OutsideEurope,thecountry-orAmericanState-deemedthemost

"appropriate1*intermsofthecouple1sfamilyandbusinessconnections

wiIInormaIlygettohearthecase.Butheretoounilateralactionmay

bedecisive.WhenEarISpencer,brotherofPrincessDiana,divorcedhis

firstwifehesurprisedherbyissuingproceedingsinSouthAfricawhere

theywerethenIiving.InEngland,wheretheyhadbeendomiciled,she

mighthavegotabetterdeal.Sheendedupsuingherlawyers.

ThelessonforcouplesHowyouIivemaydeterminetheIengthand

happinessofyourmarriage.WhereyouIiveisIikeIytodeterminehow

itends.

ThetextintendstotelIusthat

A.Englishdivorcelawsarefavorabletothewivesoftroubledcouples.

B.richpeoplewithwobblymarriagesneedthinkaboutwheretheylive.

C.internationalmarriagesarenotasstableaslocalmarriages.

D.thereformofdivorcelawsinEuropeisquestioned.

6.

Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

A.Tointerviewafewjobapplicants.

B.Tofillavacancyinthecompany.

C.Toadvertiseforajuniorsalesmanager.

D.Toapplyforajobinamajornewspaper.

7.

Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

A.ThelatestdevelopmentsofanarmedrebellioninKarnak.

B.ThefallofKarnak'scapitalcityintothehandsoftherebelforces

C.TheepidemicthathasjustbrokenoutinthecountryofKarnak.

D.ThepeacetalksbetweentherebelsandthegovernmentinKarnak.

8.

Questions11to18arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

A.Sheisn'tgoingtochangehermajor.

B.Sheplanstomajorintaxlaw.

C.Shestudiesinthesameschoolasherbrother.

D.Sheisn'tgoingtoworkinherbrother*sfirm.

9.

{{B}}PassageOne{{/B}}

Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

A.OneofthebridgesbetweenNorthandSouthLond