考研英語精講核心語法講義（打印版）-薛老師

考研英語基礎(chǔ)班精講課考研英語核心語法講義 1第一部分考研英語核心語法綜述 1第二部分動(dòng)詞重點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)講解 13第三部分語態(tài) 20第四部分虛擬語氣 22第五部分名詞從句及例句解析 26第六部分定語從句及例句解析 32第七部分狀語從句及例句解析 36第八部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) 41第九部分非謂語結(jié)構(gòu) 49第十部分分裂結(jié)構(gòu) 57第十一部分強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) 66第十二部分省略結(jié)構(gòu) 721筆記區(qū)考研英語核心語法講義第一部分考研英語核心語法綜述英語語法分為詞法和句法。詞法研究實(shí)詞(名詞；代詞；動(dòng)詞；形容詞；副詞；數(shù)詞)與虛詞(介詞；連詞；冠詞)；句法則為研究句子成分和結(jié)構(gòu)。分與句型結(jié)構(gòu)句子成分：主語：全句所述說的對(duì)象謂語：述說主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)表語：表述主語的身份或特征賓語：及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的對(duì)象定語：限定或修飾名詞狀語：修飾動(dòng)、副、形及全句同位語：解釋或說明另一成分補(bǔ)語：補(bǔ)充說明主語或賓語練習(xí)：請(qǐng)找出下列例句中的主語：1)About27%ofthetrashisrecycled.2)Thesteadydeteriorationoftheclimateofthisplanetisworrying.3)Haltingclimatechangeisnoeasytask.4)TofindyourwayaroundBrisbaneiseasy.筆記區(qū)請(qǐng)找出下列例句中的賓語：1)Hestoppedsmokinglastmonth.2)Pleaseremembertobuysomemilk.3)Youdon’tfindopportunities.Youmakethem.4)Theyboughtanewcaryesterday.謂語謂語由簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)詞或者動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成，一個(gè)英語句子只能有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞。謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)是否需要賓語可以分為：及物動(dòng)詞:Hekickedtheball.不及物動(dòng)詞:Heturnedandwalkedaway.謂語動(dòng)詞的三個(gè)特征:時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)：表示時(shí)間和動(dòng)作方面的動(dòng)詞形式語態(tài)(Voice)：主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)語氣(Mood)：陳述、祈使和虛擬語氣謂語動(dòng)詞之時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)間：現(xiàn)在、過去、將來和過去將來動(dòng)作：一般、進(jìn)行、完成和完成進(jìn)行例如：不定式稱單數(shù))過去式現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞towritewrite/writeswrotewritingwritten英語中的十六種時(shí)態(tài)：動(dòng)作間現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來23筆記區(qū)一般一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)完成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)將來完成時(shí)過去將來完成時(shí)完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)例如：Ioftenwriteletters.Iwrotealetteryesterday.Iwillwritealettertomorrow.Jimsaidthathewouldwritemealetter.例如：Iamwritingaletter.Iwaswritingaletter,whenyoucalled.Ihavewrittenthreeletters.Ihadwrittenthreelettersbeforeyoucalled.Ihavebeenwritinglettersforafewhours.4筆記區(qū)表語(與系動(dòng)詞連用)雖然系動(dòng)詞本身有詞義，但它不能單獨(dú)用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，來說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。例句：Hebecameaprofessor.Shelookedangry.Theflowersmellsverysweet.常見的系動(dòng)詞有be,feel,smell,sound,taste,appear,become,remain,seem,turn,etc。定語位置：中文：(定語)名詞英文：(定語)名詞(定語)e.g.thelittleboyaninterestingstory10people1)Thebookonthedeskisveryinteresting.2)Wearelookingforsomeonereliableandhardworking.3)Thelastonetoleavetheofficemustlockthedoor.4)Themanstandingbythedoorisourmanager.5)IreceivedaletterwrittenbyJane.狀語可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、讓步、方式和比較。1)ThesedaysIprobablytakemyhealthmuchmoreseriously.2)Economically,thecurrentgovernmenthasbeenasuccess.5筆記區(qū)位語跟在某名詞后面，用來解釋或說明該名詞。或者句子后有逗號(hào)/冒號(hào)/破折號(hào)，且這些符號(hào)后是名詞/動(dòng)名詞，則這些名詞/動(dòng)名詞作同位語。1)Lee,theaccountant,worksatabigcompany.2)Shehastwokids,aboyandagirl.3)He,theheadofthecompany,hadtoexplainwhathadhappened．型英語句子分為三類：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句(主句+從句)。簡(jiǎn)單句5種：1.主+謂。2.主+系+表。3.主+謂+賓。4.主+謂+雙賓。5.主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)。雙賓和賓補(bǔ)的判斷方法：IgaveheraTeddyBear.WeelectedJohnmonitor.英語從句種類名詞性從句(相當(dāng)于名詞)：主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句形容詞性從句(相當(dāng)于形容詞)：定語從句副詞性從句(相當(dāng)于副詞)：狀語從句名詞性從句之主語從句：1)Twokidssurvivedtheplanecrashandthisisamiracle.2)Thattwokidssurvivedtheplanecrashisamiracle.3)Itisamiraclethattwokidssurvivedtheplanecrash.6筆記區(qū)Whetherheagreestotheproposalornotdoesnotmatter.Whathesaidreallyshockedme.Howheescapedisamystery.名詞性從句之賓語從句：Iamafraid(that)thecustomermayhavemisunderstoodme.Hedidn’tsaywhenweshallmeetagain.Wedon’tknowwhichareaheisfrom.Iwassurprisedatwhatyousaid.名詞性從句之表語從句：Thetruthisthatweareshortofmoney.Thequestioniswhatthecompanywilldotohandlethestrike.名詞性從句之同位語從句：由that引導(dǎo)：它一般放在fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,belief,thought,doubt,promise,question等抽象名詞的后面，對(duì)前面的名詞作進(jìn)一步的解釋,說明前面名詞的具體含義。Thenewsthatwewonthematchistrue.IhavenoideahowIcanfinishtheprojectontime.7筆記區(qū)定語從句：與同位語從句的區(qū)別：that在定語從句中必須充當(dāng)成分：Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdayisnottrue.that在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)成分：Thenewsthattheleaderwillvisitusisnottrue.定語從句引導(dǎo)詞：that,who/whom,which,whose,when,where,why如果先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或first,last,only,few,much,very等詞修飾，thing,something,anything,nothing等后必用that。介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:定語從句之前加介詞，一般出于以下兩種情況：1.依照先行詞的要求。例：Theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21.2.由于從句中某個(gè)詞的要求，通常是動(dòng)詞和形容詞。Itisatheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe.狀語從句類型間Afterthefruitisharvested,itissoldatthemarket.地點(diǎn)Wherevertherearecomputers,thereisMicrosoftsoftware.原因Ididn’tcallherbecauseI’mshy.Shetookacomputercourseinorderthatshecouldgetabetterjob.條件Ifyousaveyourmoney,youwillbeabletogotocollege.讓步AlthoughJimhasaMaster’sdegree,heworksasastore8筆記區(qū)clerk.方式Helooksasifhewerefrightened.Thisbookismoreinterestingthanthatone.結(jié)果IwassoweakthatIcouldnotspeak.程度Sheworkedashardasshecould.1.時(shí)間狀特殊引導(dǎo)詞：themoment,theminute,theinstant,directly,immediately,instantly.前半部分多用過去完成時(shí)，后半部分用一般過去時(shí))例：Hardlyhadheassumedtheleadershiprolewhenhebegantoputonairs.2.條件狀特殊引導(dǎo)詞：provided/providing；suppose/supposing；as(so)longas3.目的狀引導(dǎo)詞：sothat,inorderthat,soasto,inorderto,inthehopethat…,onpurposethat…,forthepurposethat…4.方式狀引導(dǎo)詞：as；asthough/asif；(in)theway.5.結(jié)果狀特殊引導(dǎo)詞：sothat,tothedegree/extentthat,tosuchadegree/extentthat.6.原因狀引導(dǎo)詞：because,as,since,for后接句子;inthat,nowthat,given(that)后接句子;owingto,dueto,thanksto后接名詞/動(dòng)名詞。7.讓步狀特殊引導(dǎo)詞：although;while;eventhough/evenif;-ever結(jié)尾的詞:whatever;whenever;wherever;=nomatterwhat/when/where.讓步狀特殊引導(dǎo)詞：筆記區(qū)adj./adv./V-ed/n.(不加冠詞)+as+主+謂；V+as+主+助動(dòng)詞(do,may,might,can,could,will…)例：Poorasheis,heisverygenerous.MuchasIrespecthim,Icannotagreewithhim.Praisedashewas,hewasmodest.Childasheis,heknowscommonsense.Tryasyouwill,youwon’tmanageit.狀語從句的省略:如果狀語從句和主句的主語相同，且狀語從句中有be動(dòng)詞，則狀語從句的主語和be動(dòng)詞可一同省略。這種省略多見于時(shí)間狀語從句、條件狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、方式狀語從句等。1.時(shí)間狀語從句:Besurenottoloseconfidencewhenconfrontedwithdifficulties.2.條件狀語從句:Mostanimalswecommonlyobservedoinfactageaswedo,ifgiventhechancetolivelongenough.3.讓步狀語從句:Judges,howeverwiseoreminent,arehumanandcanmakemistakes.4.方式狀語從句:Theoldmanopenedhismouthslowlyasifmurmuringsomewords.非謂語分類功能作名詞(主語、賓語)作形容詞(定語、表語、補(bǔ)語)作副詞(狀語)todo√√√doing√√√9筆記區(qū)doned√√Tobeornottobe--thatisthequestion.不定式(主語)Seeingisbelieving.動(dòng)名詞(主語+表語)Hecamerunningintotheroom.現(xiàn)在分詞(狀語)Theprisonercamein,followedbyaguard.過去分詞(狀語)Ihavesomethingtodo.不定式(定語)Ifindmyroommatewatchingasoccergame.現(xiàn)在分詞(補(bǔ)語)后接sb.(sth.)do/adj./v-ing/v-ed的動(dòng)詞：1.感官動(dòng)詞：see,hear,watch,notice,find等。2.使役動(dòng)詞：let,make,have等。注意：若以上結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，則必須加to。Herinnocencemademefeelguilty.變?yōu)椋篒wasmade________guiltybyherinnocence.虛擬語氣虛擬語氣主要用來表示假設(shè)、而非客觀存在的事實(shí)，所陳述的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，甚至完全與事實(shí)相反。虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示。英語中的語氣分為陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣、疑問語氣和感嘆語氣五類。虛擬語氣表示說話者做出的假設(shè)而非事實(shí)，或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的情況，甚至表達(dá)徹底相反的概念。此外如需表達(dá)主觀愿望或某種強(qiáng)烈的感情時(shí)，也可用虛擬語氣。倒裝由于語法結(jié)構(gòu)的要求，或是由于修辭的需要，往往要改變句子的自然語序，把一些本應(yīng)置于主語之后的句子成分提到主語之前。我們稱這種語序的變化為“倒裝語序”。這樣的倒裝語序可能使句子的內(nèi)在含義產(chǎn)生細(xì)微的、甚至明顯的改變。只有注意觀察引起筆記區(qū)倒裝的原因，才能更準(zhǔn)確地理解句子的含義。主語和謂語是句子的核心，它們之間有兩種語序：一是主語在謂語之前稱為自然語序(NaturalOrder)；二是主語在謂語之后則稱為倒裝語序(InvertedOrder)。而倒裝語序中又有完全倒裝(FullInversion)和部分倒裝(PartialInversion)獨(dú)立主格(AbsoluteStructure)：1.名詞+現(xiàn)分/過分/形/副/介短/不定式。2.with+名詞+現(xiàn)分/過分/形/副/介短/不定式。1).Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityou.2).TheShenzhou-XISpaceshiplaunchedsuccessfully,thewholecountrywasintremendousexcitement.名詞單復(fù)數(shù)1.物質(zhì)名詞屬于不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。bread,chalk,coal,water,ice,milk,sand,cheese,tea,sugar…可用a+量詞+of+物質(zhì)名詞表示一定的數(shù)量：apieceofbreadaglassofwateragrainofsand2.許多抽象名詞屬于不可數(shù)名詞information,advice,luck,laughter,anger…可用a+量詞+of+抽象名詞表示一定的數(shù)量：apieceofinformationafitofanger主謂一致謂語就近原則：NotonlyAbutalsoB…筆記區(qū)NotonlyAbutB…NotonlyAbutB…aswell.EitherAorB…NeitherAnorB…謂語就遠(yuǎn)原則：AaswellasB…AalongwithB…AtogetherwithB…AcoupledwithB…AincludingB…AinadditiontoB…練習(xí)：changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;consequently,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome_____wascommoninthetraditionalfamilystructure.A.thanB.thatC.whichD.as2.(2001年完形填空第49題)Concernswereraised_____witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.A.whatB.whenC.whichD.that答案：1.A2.D筆記區(qū)第二部分動(dòng)詞重點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)講解英語核心語法：時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬語氣動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)是“時(shí)”與“體”的組合。做有關(guān)時(shí)態(tài)的試題時(shí)首先要學(xué)會(huì)定“時(shí)”，即根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容判斷要填的動(dòng)詞是什么時(shí)候發(fā)生的。是現(xiàn)在?過去?將來?還是過去將來?當(dāng)題干中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作，我們要表達(dá)的動(dòng)作后于題干出現(xiàn)的表過去的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，那么要用過去將來時(shí)。定完“時(shí)”后，要學(xué)會(huì)定“體”。體分為：一般體、進(jìn)行體、完成體、完成進(jìn)行體。需要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)有八種：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；一般過去時(shí)；一般將來時(shí)；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)；過去進(jìn)行時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；過去完成時(shí)；過去將來時(shí)。容易混淆的三組動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)：一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；一般過去時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)；過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。動(dòng)作間現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)完成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)將來完成時(shí)過去將來完成時(shí)完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)筆記區(qū)態(tài)的基本用法(一)一般體中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)分別表示現(xiàn)在、過去的經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。所謂一般體,表示既不“進(jìn)行”，又不“完成”。如：Wehavemealsthreetimesaday．(現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣)Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers．(現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài))WhenIwasaboy,Ioftenwenttoplayinthatpark.(過去的習(xí)慣)(二)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)還可表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)。如：Thesunrisesintheeast.Theteachertaughtusthatthesunrisesintheeast.(三)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)還可用在if，unless，evenif引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中，由when，before，until(till)，assoonas，themoment，once引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，由nomatterwhat/who/which/when/however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，這時(shí)主句往往表將來(出現(xiàn)will/shall/can/must)或主句是祈使句。即主將從現(xiàn)。如：I’llgowithyouassoonasIfinishmywork．Ifcitynoisesarenotkeptfromincreasing,peoplewillhavetoshouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.(四)一般將來時(shí)的用法1.現(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)；事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢(shì)。如：Fishwilldiewithoutwater．離開水，魚就會(huì)死。筆記區(qū)2.“begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形”表示“計(jì)劃、打算要做某事”，此外，begoingto還可表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象，對(duì)未來進(jìn)行推斷。如：HeisgoingtospeakonTVthisevening．Lookatthedarkclouds．Itisgoingtorain.3.“beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形”表示“立即的將來”，因此，該句型很少與表示將來的具體時(shí)間狀語連用，但可以和when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句連用。如：Thetrainisabouttostart．4.beto+動(dòng)詞原形表示“按計(jì)劃或安排要做的事”。如：Sheistobemarriednextmonth．TheQueenistovisitJapaninaweek’stime．(一)一個(gè)長動(dòng)作作為背景，被一個(gè)短動(dòng)作打斷，長動(dòng)作往往用進(jìn)行體，短動(dòng)作用一般體。如：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself．(二)表示計(jì)劃、安排要做的事。如：I’vewonaholidayfortwodaystoFlorida．IamtakingmyMum．(三)表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，往往含有贊賞、厭惡、遺憾等情緒，常與always,continually,constantly等連用。如：Heisalwaysthinkingofothersfirst．Heisalwaysmakingthesamemistake．筆記區(qū)(一)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.一個(gè)動(dòng)作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還將持續(xù)下去)。表示從過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間的狀語有：Lately,recently,inthelast/pastfewdays/years,sincethen,uptonow，sofar等。如：Inthepastfewyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.Hehaswritteneightbookssofar．2.This/Itisthefirst/second…time+that從句。that從句的謂語要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：Thisisthefirsttime(that)Ihavecomehere．3.在條件、時(shí)間、讓步狀語從句中，表示將來某時(shí)間以前已完成的動(dòng)作。如：IwillnotbelieveyouunlessIhaveseenitwithmyowneyes．4.瞬間動(dòng)詞又叫非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、終止性動(dòng)詞。瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于完成時(shí)態(tài)，但不可以接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語，若要接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語，需要做一些相應(yīng)的變換。如：(×)HehascometoBeijingsincelastyear.(√)HehaslivedinBeijingsincelastyear.(×)Hehasjoinedthearmyfor3years.(√)Hehasservedinthearmyfor3years.(√)Hejoinedthearmy3yearsago.(√)Hehasbeenasoldierfor3years.(√)Itis3yearssincehejoinedthearmy.(√)Hehasjoinedthearmy.筆記區(qū)常見的瞬間動(dòng)詞有：come,go,getto/reach/arriveat/in,leave,buy,sell,open,close,getup,join/takepartin,begin/start,return/give,borrow/lend,become/turn,bring/take,die,finish/end,receive/hearfrom,marry,break,lose,jump等。5.Hardly/Scarcely/Rarelyhad…done…when…；thanwhen和than從句里用一般過去時(shí)，主句用過去完成時(shí)，且用倒Hardly(Nosooner)hadIgothomewhen(than)therainpoureddown．6.That/It/Thiswasthefirst/secondtime+that從句。that從句的謂語要用過去完成時(shí)。如：Itwasthethirdtime(that)hehadmadethesamemistake．ThatwasthefirsttimethatIhadpassedtheexam．一、一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別一般過去時(shí)所表示的一個(gè)或一段過去時(shí)間是可以具體確定的，與其他時(shí)間沒有牽連，它所表示的事情純屬過去，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)說的是現(xiàn)在的情況。比較下面幾組句子：Heservedinthearmyfrom1952to1954．(這是過去的一件事)Hehasservedinthearmyfor5years．(現(xiàn)在他仍在軍中服役，他仍然是軍人)Hewrotemanyplayswhenhewasatcollege．(寫劇本是他過去做的事情)Hehaswrittenmanyplays．(意味著他是劇作家)筆記區(qū)二、一般過去時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別1.一般過去時(shí)是指過去的動(dòng)作或情況，而過去完成時(shí)指過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或時(shí)間之前發(fā)生的事。如：Hehadlearned5000Englishwordsbeforehecametothisschool．2.過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語常用by和before引導(dǎo)的短語表示，如bythattime，bytheendof，before2020，如：Hehadfinishedwritingthebookbytheendoflastmonth．三、過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別1.兩種時(shí)態(tài)都常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或同現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的動(dòng)作(句中不可有表示過去特定時(shí)間的狀語)，而過去完成時(shí)表示的是在過去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成或延續(xù)到過去某時(shí)的動(dòng)作(句中有表示過去特定時(shí)間的狀語)。比較下面的說法：Shehadbeenillforaweekbeforeshecameback．(“回來”發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)間?！吧　卑l(fā)生在這一時(shí)間之前，即過去的過去)Shehasbeenillforaweek．(現(xiàn)在仍然病著)練習(xí)：1.IapologizeifI_____youbutIassureyouitwasunintentional.A.offendB.hadoffendC.shouldhaveoffendD.mighthaveoffend2.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we_____inEuropefortwoweeks.A.shallstayB.havestayed筆記區(qū)C.willhavestayedD.havebeenstaying3.Between1897and1919,atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed_____.A.hadproducedB.havebeenproducedC.wouldhaveproducedD.hadbeenproduced答案：1.B2.C3.D20筆記區(qū)第三部分語態(tài)英語核心語法：時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬語氣1.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成英語中的及物動(dòng)詞一般都有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)兩種形式。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be隨著主語的人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化。2.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法(1)不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或沒有必要指明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。--GeorgeandLucygotmarriedlastweek.Didyougototheirwedding?--No.Ihadn’tbeeninvited.Didtheyhaveabigwedding?(2)需要強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者或事件本身。如：Alltheemployeesexceptthemanagerareencouragedtoworkonlineathome．(3)在文章標(biāo)題、廣告、新聞中。如：Girlswanted．注意短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：Thatoldmanwasoftenlaughedat．Badhabitshavebeendoneawaywith．21筆記區(qū)式表被動(dòng)意義1.“系動(dòng)詞look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,remain,keep+形容詞/名詞”構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Thesteelfeelscold．Hisplanproved(tobe)practical．Theapplehasgonebad．2.表示開始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等。如：Workbeganat7o’clockthismorning．Theshopclosesat6p.m.everyday．練習(xí)：把下列句子翻譯成中文。1.Effectivemeasuresshouldbetakenbythegovernmenttosolvetheproblemtimely.2.Legalstepsshouldbetakentoreducethehighratesoftrafficaccident.參考譯文：1.政府需要采取有效的措施來及時(shí)地解決這一問題。2.政府須采取法律措施來降低交通事故的高發(fā)率。22筆記區(qū)第四部分虛擬語氣英語核心語法：時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬語氣虛擬語氣：1.用于狀語從句中2.用于主語從句中3.用于賓語從句中4.用于表語從句和同位語從句中用于狀從中(多見于if從句)：1.與現(xiàn)在相反：從句：if+主語+did/were,主句：主語+would(could,should,might)+do.2.與過去相反：從句：if+主語+haddone/hadbeen,主句：主語+would(could,should,might)+havedone(been).3.與將來相反：從句：if+主語+wereto(should)+do,主句：主語+would(could,should,might)+do.如下：虛擬條件句主句例句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)If+主語+動(dòng)詞的過去式(be動(dòng)詞用were)主語+should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形IfIwereyou,Ishouldseizethechancetogoabroad.與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)If+主語+had+過去分詞主語+should/would/could/might+have+過去分Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldnothavefailedintheexams.23筆記區(qū)詞與將來事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)1.If+主語+動(dòng)詞的過去式2.If+主語+wereto+動(dòng)詞原形3.If+主語+should+動(dòng)詞原形主語+should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形Ifheshouldnotcometomorrow,weshouldputoffthemeetingtillnextMonday.用于主從中：Itisnecessary/important/crucial/criticalthatsb./sth.+(should)do…例：Itisnecessarythatyou(should)putonasuittoattendherwedding.Itisimportantthathesubmithisplanbeforethedeadline.用于賓從中：表命令、建議和要求的動(dòng)詞一般要接虛擬語氣,即V+sb(should)do.常用動(dòng)詞：advise,agree,demand,insist,command,decide,ensure,order,instruct,propose,recommend,require,request,suggest,urge。注：當(dāng)suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，suggest后的賓語從句不使用虛擬語氣，應(yīng)使用陳述語氣。如：Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithourwork．用于表語從句和同位語從句中：在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice等名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中用虛擬語氣，其構(gòu)成是“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。24筆記區(qū)例：Myideaisthatwe(should)thinkitoverbeforeacceptingit．Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatshedeserveareward.特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：Itis(about/high)timesb./sth.didsth.wouldrather(wouldassoon,wouldsooner)sb.didsth.虛擬語氣中if狀語從句的倒裝：如果虛擬語氣的if狀語從句中有助動(dòng)詞had、were或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等置于句首進(jìn)行倒裝。例：Ifhehadnotbeenpromoted,hewouldneverhaveremainedwiththecompany.→IfIcouldwinthelottery,Iwouldbuyacar.→IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldhelpher.→HadIenoughmoney,Iwouldhelpher.(×)→Ifyouwereto/shouldchangeyourmind,noonewouldblameyou.→AtBostonCollege,forexample,youwouldhavetocompleteanextrayearwereyoutoswitchtothenursingschoolfromanotherdepartment.(2017Text3)→25筆記區(qū)練習(xí)：1.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,_____asuddenloudnoise_____A.beingthereB.shouldtherebeC.therewasD.therehavingbeen2.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,_____allpracticalvaluebythetimetheyfinished.A.couldloseB.wouldhavelostC.mightloseD.oughttohavelost答案：1.B2.B26筆記區(qū)第五部分名詞從句及例句解析英語核心語法：名詞從句、定語從句、狀語從句、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、分裂結(jié)構(gòu)、強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、省略結(jié)構(gòu)。從句分為以下三類：名詞從句、定語從句、狀語從句。其中，名詞從句分為以下四種：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。注：名詞從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如果主語從句較長，經(jīng)常用it作形式主語，而將真正的主語從句置于句末，尤以that-從句最為常見；如果主語從句較長，但仍保持原狀，沒有用it作形式主語，則是為了突出強(qiáng)調(diào)。Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancesdependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.解析：Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancesdependsupon(theamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationused)andon(theskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted).譯文：這些預(yù)測(cè)多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，要取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性，以及解釋這些信息的方法和智Itdoesnothelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomea27筆記區(qū)symbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.解析：Itdoesnothelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeople(strivingtoassertthemselves).譯文：建造大壩已經(jīng)成為想試圖證明自己的國家和民眾所取得的成就的一個(gè)象征，然而這并沒有什么好處。Itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.解析：Itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.譯文：顯而易見，一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高又有賴于各類科技人員的努力。Itisobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.解析：Itisobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.譯文：顯然，總統(tǒng)的多數(shù)顧問仍然沒有重視全球變暖的問題。SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbookDivorceTalkthatmostofthewomensheinterviewed—butonlya28筆記區(qū)fewofthemen—gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.(2010英語二Text2)解析：SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreports(inhernewbookDivorceTalk)thatmostofthewomen(sheinterviewed)—butonlyafewofthemen—gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.譯文：社會(huì)學(xué)家CatherineKohlerRiessman在其新書《漫談離婚》中講到，她采訪過的大多數(shù)女性把夫妻之間缺乏交流作為其離婚的原因，而只有少部分男士承認(rèn)這一點(diǎn)。Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.(2011英語二text1)解析：Theyfoundthat(afterasurprisedeparture),theprobability(thatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearnings)increasedbynearly20%.譯文：他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，董事們突然離職后，公司隨后重新公布收益的幾率幾乎增加了20%。TheNewarkCommunityFoundation,whichwaslaunchedlastmonth,announcedonAugust14ththatitwillhelppayforCommunityEye,asurveillancesystemtailoredtowardsguncrime.(2008英語二Text2)解析：TheNewarkCommunityFoundation,(whichwaslaunchedlastmonth),announced(onAugust14th)thatitwillhelppayforCommunityEye,asurveillancesystem(tailoredtowardsguncrime).譯文：發(fā)起于上月的紐瓦克社區(qū)基金會(huì)于8月14日宣布，它將支付“社區(qū)電子眼”(一種專門針對(duì)槍擊犯罪的監(jiān)視系統(tǒng))的相關(guān)費(fèi)29筆記區(qū)用。用Oneoftheapparentparadoxesofmodernfoodisthatwhiletheamountoftimespentcookingmealshasfallenfrom60minutesadayin1980to13minutesadayin2002,thenumberofbooksandtelevisionprogramsoncookinghasmultiplied.(2005英語二Text4)解析：Oneoftheapparentparadoxesofmodernfoodisthat(whiletheamountoftimespentincookingmealshasfallenfrom60minutesadayin1980to13minutesadayin2002),thenumberofbooksandtelevisionprogramsoncookinghasmultiplied.譯文：現(xiàn)代飲食中一個(gè)顯而易見的悖論是，盡管人們花在烹飪上的時(shí)間從1980年每天的60分鐘下降到2002年每天的13分鐘，有關(guān)烹飪的書籍和電視節(jié)目卻在迅速增加。TherealproblemisthatWesterngovernmentscontinuetoinsistthattheyretaincontrolofthekeyglobaleconomicandfinancialinstitutionswhiledriftingawayfromgloballiberalization.(2008英語解析：TherealproblemisthatWesterngovernmentscontinuetoinsist(thattheyretaincontrolofthekeyglobaleconomicandfinancialinstitutions)whiledriftingawayfromgloballiberalization.譯文：真正的問題在于，西方國家在自己背離世界貿(mào)易自由化的過程中，卻繼續(xù)要求保持對(duì)關(guān)鍵性全球經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融機(jī)構(gòu)的控制。例10：同位語從句ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.(2010英語二Text2)30筆記區(qū)解析：Thisepisodecrystallizestheironythat(althoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations),theyoftentalklessathome.譯文：這個(gè)小插曲揭示了一個(gè)具有諷刺意味的事實(shí)，那就是盡管美國的男士在公共場(chǎng)合比女性健談，但在家里他們卻往往很少說話。例11：同位語從句Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorV.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.(2010英語二Text4)解析：Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorV.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuries(should)berepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.譯文：在具有里程碑意義的1975年路易斯安那州的Taylor決議中，最高法院把陪審員代表所有公共團(tuán)體的這一要求擴(kuò)展到了各州。練習(xí)：把下列句子翻譯成中文。1.(主語從句)Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.2.(賓語從句)Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeduction.3.(表語從句)Womenaremuchtoopreoccupiedbyfamily.Oncethemarriagebeginstodisintegrate,they’relost.That’swheretheir31筆記區(qū)unhappinessspringsfromandthat’swhymostdivorcedmothersregardthemselvesasvictims.4.(同位語從句)Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.參考譯文：1.海洋正在被人們過度捕撈，多年以來這已是人盡皆知的了。2.你們都多次聽說過，科學(xué)家是用歸納法和演繹法工作的。3.婦女太專注于家庭了。一旦婚姻開始瓦解，她們就失去了方向。這就是不幸福的來源，也是為什么大多數(shù)離婚婦女都認(rèn)為自己是受害者的原因。4.一個(gè)世紀(jì)前，弗洛伊德闡述了他具有革命性的理論，即夢(mèng)是對(duì)我們內(nèi)心深處不曾意識(shí)到的欲望與恐懼的反映。32筆記區(qū)第六部分定語從句及例句解析定語從句即在句中用一個(gè)具有主謂/主謂賓/主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的完整的句子來充當(dāng)定語，修飾前面的名詞(短語)或代詞，這種名詞(短語)或代詞稱為先行詞。定語從句常見引導(dǎo)詞：that,who,which,where,when,why.定語從句可分為限定性和非限定性，限定性定語從句的關(guān)系詞和先行詞之間不用逗號(hào)隔開，而非限定性定語從句則用逗號(hào)隔開，不能以that引導(dǎo)。例：1)Shedespisedpeople.2)Shedespisedpeoplewhoflatteredher.定語從句“whoflatteredher”起到了限制名詞的作用(縮小了名詞的表示范圍)，因此稱其為限定性定語從句。例：1)Imadeacardformomwholovesmemost.(×)2)Imadeacardformom,wholovesmemost.(√)某些場(chǎng)景下，先行詞的內(nèi)涵已經(jīng)是唯一，這時(shí)就無法再縮小這個(gè)詞的表示范圍，其后只能使用非限定性定語從句?！敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句：定語從句之前加介詞，主要出于以下兩種情況：1.依照先行詞的要求(往前看);2.由于定從中某個(gè)詞的要求，通常是動(dòng)詞或形容詞(介詞與其構(gòu)成搭配)(往后看)。例1：Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.解析：Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedby33筆記區(qū)stock-marketswings,(whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom).譯文：許多消費(fèi)者似乎已經(jīng)受到股票市場(chǎng)波動(dòng)的影響，但現(xiàn)在投資者把這種波動(dòng)看成是經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長的必要因素。例2：Alloftheseforcesappeartosignifyafutureinwhichthelanguageofadvertising,popularculture,andconsumerproductsbecomesimilar.(2007英語二Text1)解析：Alloftheseforcesappeartosignifyafuture(inwhichthelanguageofadvertising,popularculture,andconsumerproductsbecomesimilar).譯文：所有這些力量似乎代表著一個(gè)廣告語言、流行文化和消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品逐漸趨同的未來。例3：Thespeedandeffectivenesswithwhichthesestepsaretakenarecloselyrelatedtothehistoryofmanagement,theartofgettingthingsdone.(2003英語二Text1)解析：Thespeedandeffectiveness(withwhichthesestepsaretaken)arecloselyrelatedtothehistoryofmanagement,theartofgettingthingsdone).譯文：這些步驟實(shí)施的速度和有效性與管理的歷史密切相關(guān)，而管理是一門做事的藝術(shù)。例4：Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.解析：Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies—(towhichheavyindustryhasshifted)—havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.譯文：另一方面，新興的石油進(jìn)口國—重工業(yè)已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到這些國34筆記區(qū)家—能源密集程度變得更高，從而可能面臨更大的壓力。例5：Freedomanddignityarethepossessionsoftheautonomousman,andthey’reessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.解析：Freedomanddignityarethepossessionsoftheautonomousman,andthey’reessentialtopractices(inwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements).譯文：自由和尊嚴(yán)是獨(dú)立自主的人所擁有的，而且對(duì)于認(rèn)定一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其成就而得到認(rèn)可是必不可少的。例6：Becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.解析：Becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruit(toitscause)notonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,(whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch),butall(whoreceivemedicaltreatment).譯文：因?yàn)榕c此利益關(guān)系最緊密的是病人，醫(yī)療研究機(jī)構(gòu)不僅應(yīng)該積極爭(zhēng)取像史蒂芬·庫珀這樣的名人來支持自己的事業(yè)—他曾勇敢地陳述了動(dòng)物研究的價(jià)值，而且還要爭(zhēng)取所有接受醫(yī)療的人的支持。例7：This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.解析：This,forthose(asyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage),refers35筆記區(qū)todiscriminationagainstthose(whosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet).譯文：對(duì)于那些到目前還未意識(shí)到這種不利的人來說，它指的是對(duì)姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人的歧視。練習(xí)：把下列句子翻譯成中文。1.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.2.Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistenerswhichinterferewithhiscomprehension.3.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.參考譯文：1.不過，可