25考研閱讀基礎知識講義

25考研·閱讀基礎知識1【24考研閱讀基礎：第一課】一．考研文章的誕生①WhatWhatsAppofferedFacebookwasanintricateandfinelydetailedtraceryofitsusers'friendshipsandsociallives.②Justassomeantsfarmaphidsforthehoneydewtheoozesfromwhentheyfeed.二．考研文章的構成1.詞：背單詞；處理單詞①AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestontheAtlanticcoastlines.②Thislooksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders③GettingtotheheartofDenmarkdemocracyseemshilariouslyeasy.Onlywithadog-earedNEWSWEEKID,IwalkedthroughthegatesoftheNationalAssemblylastweek.Unscanned,unsearched,mybagcouldeasilyholdthedangerousweaponorananthrax-stuffedlunchbox.Theonlypersonwhostoppedmewasaguardwhogrinnedandinvitedmetotakeaswigoforangejuicefromhisplasticbottle.2.邏輯①Onlytwocountriesintheadvancedworldprovidenoguaranteeforpaidleavefromworktocareforanewbornchild.Lastspringoneofthetwo,Australia,gaveupthedubiousdistinctionbyerectingpaidfamilyleavestartingin2011.②FromthisevidenceitwasdeducedthattherehadbeenthreemajorwavesofmigrationacrosstheBeringStrait.Thefirst,Paleo-Indian,wavemorethan15,000yearsagowasancestraltoallCentralandSouthAmericanIndians.Thesecondwave,about14,000-12,000yearsago,broughtNa-Denehunters,ancestorsoftheNavajoandApache(whoonlymigratedsouthfromCanadaabout600or700yearsago).Thethirdwave,perhaps10,000or9,000yearsago,sawthemigrationfromNorth-eastAsiaofgroupsancestraltothemodernEskimoandAleut.InDecember2010America'sFederalTradeCornmission(FTC)proposedaddinga"donottrack"(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladwertisersthattheydidnotwantto2befollowed.Microsoft'sInternetExplorerandApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigltalAdwertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespongingtoDNTrequests.27."Theindustry"(Line6,Para.3)refersto[A]onlineadvertisers[B]e-commerceconductors[C]digitalinformationanalysis[D]internetbrowserdevelopersInspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,”Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.21.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans________.A.identifyingB.associatingC.assimilatingD.monopolizing三：論點論據結構(一)對于理解文章1.Whenitcomestodriverlesscars,differencesinattitudearemorepronouncedbasedonfactorsnotrelatedtoage.Collegegraduates,forexample,areparticularlyinterestedindriverlesscarscomparedwiththosewhohavelesseducation,59percentofcollegegraduatessaidtheywouldliketouseadriverlesscarcomparedwith38percentofthosewithahigh-schooldiplomaorless.2.____________________________________.Some65%ofAmericanmenaged62-74withaprofessionaldegreeareintheworkforce,comparedwith32%ofmenwithonlyahigh-schoolcertificate.(二)對于解題Whenitcomestodriverlesscars,differencesinattitudearemorepronouncedbasedonfactorsnotrelatedtoage.Collegegraduates,forexample,areparticularlyinterestedindriverlesscarscomparedwiththosewhohavelesseducation,59percentofcollegegraduatessaidtheywouldliketouseadriverlesscarcomparedwith38percentofthosewithahigh-schooldiplomaorless.47.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthedriverlesscar?3A.Itdoesnotseemtocreateagenerationaldivide.B.Itwillnotnecessarilyreduceroadaccidents.C.Itmaystartarevolutioninthecarindustry.D.Ithasgivenrisetounrealisticexpectations.Takeabroaderlookatourspecies'placeintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiensinthe"RedList"ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConversationofNature(IUCN),andyouwillread:"ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline."_________.32.TheIUCN’s"RedList"ismentionedtoshowthathuman_________.[A]asustainedspecies[B]athreatentotheenvironment[C]theworld’sdominantpower[D]amisplacedrace[4P]Ifyoulookhardenough,you'llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins—areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.[5P]Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn'tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.32.Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto____[A]revealtheirimpactonpeople'shabits[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople'sbuyingpower[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits4【24考研閱讀基礎：第二課】①ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep—whenmostvividdreamsoccur—asitiswhenfullyawake②Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged—thoughnotjustified—bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.③Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations—apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.④Bullyingcantakeavarietyofforms,fromtheverbal—beingtauntedorcalledhurtfulnames—tothephysical-beingkickedorshoved-aswellasindirectforms,suchasbeingexcludedfromsocialgroups.Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear—fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,theAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley—haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.37.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout_______.[A]whetherthereisanyweakpoint.[B]whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen.[C]whoisresponsiblefortheleakage.[D]howthepotentialspiescanbelocated.⑤StudiescarriedoutbyTurnerofmanythousandsofNewandOldWorldspecimens,bothancientandmodern,suggestthatthemajorityofprehistoricAmericansarelinkedtoNorthernAsianpopulations⑥Thenotionthatconventionalcomputersandsoftwarearefundamentallyincapablematchingtheprocessesthattakeplaceinthebrainisuncertain⑦Left,untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessesofeveryvarietyWashington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebravery5oftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.40.Washington'sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis[A]moralconsiderations.[B]militaryexperience.[C]financialconditions.[D]politicalstand.⑧Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19thcenturydepartmentstoresthatoffered‘vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere’.Peopleareabsorbedinto"acultureofconsumption"launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered"vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite,"thesewerestores"anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury________.[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture[B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers[C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite[D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption⑨ThecreationofthestatisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcernswiththeapplicationofdataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience’sefforttoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchthatwepublish.⑩Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen–andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallsto6Wal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.32.AsaresultofPresidentBush’sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave________.[A]ahighersenseofsecurity.[B]lesssecuredpayments.[C]lesschancetoinvest.[D]aguaranteedfuture.33.Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill_________.[A]helpreducethecostofhealthcare.[B]popularizeamongthemiddleclass.[C]compensateforthereducedpensions.[D]increasethefamilies’investmentrisk.[1P]Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareasisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.31.TheauthorholdsinParagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries_____.[A]issubjecttogroundlessdoubts.[B]hasfallenvictimofbias.[C]isconventionallydowngraded.[D]hasbeenoverestimated.32.ItisstatedinParagraph1thattheconstructionofaneweducationsystem_______.[A]challengeseconomistsandpoliticians.[B]takeseffortsofgenerations.[C]demandspriorityfromthegovernment.[D]requiressufficientlaborforce.7【24考研閱讀基礎：第三課】1.Atthesametime,thepoliticiansdemandofscientiststhattheytailortheirresearchto“economicneeds”,thattheyawardahigherprioritytoresearchproposalsthatare“nearthemarket”andcanbetranslatedintothegreatestreturnoninvestmentintheshortesttime.2.Beyondtherealmofinformationtechnology,theacceleratedpaceoftechnologicalchangeinvirtuallyeveryindustryhascreatedentirelynewbusinesses,wipedoutothers,andproducedapervasivedemandforcontinuousinnovation.3.Theyfailedtotakeintoaccountthatpurpose-builtstreetcafescouldnotoperateinthehotsunwithouttheprotectiveumbrella,andwouldneedenergy-consumingairconditioning,orthatitsgiantcarparkwouldfeelsounwelcomingthatitwouldputpeopleoffgettingoutoftheircars.4.Dyingpatientsespecially—whoareeasiesttomisleadandmostoftenkeptinthedark—canthennotmakedecisionsabouttheendoflife:aboutwhetherornottheyshouldenterahospital,ortohavesurgery;aboutwhereandwithwhomtheyshouldspendtheirremainingtime;abouthowtheyshouldbringtheiraffairstoacloseandtakeleave.Therearefewmoresoberingonlineactivitiesthanenteringdataintocollege-tuitioncalculatorsandgaspingastheWebspitsbackasix-figuresum.Buteconomistssayfamiliesabouttogointodebttofundfouryearsofpartying,aswellasstudying,canconsolethemselveswiththeknowledgethatcollegeisaninvestmentthat,unlikemanybankstocks,shouldyieldhugedividends.57.What’stheopinionofeconomistsaboutgoingtocollege?AHugeamountsofmoneyisbeingwastedoncampussocializing.BItdoesn’tpaytorunintodebttoreceiveacollegeeducation.CCollegeeducationisrewardinginspiteofthestartlingcosts.DGoingtocollegedoesn’tnecessarilybringtheexpectedreturns.(2014E1Text4)①“TheHeartoftheMatter,”thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.②Regrettably,however,thereport’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.①In2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby“federal,stateandlocalgovernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandothers”to“maintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation.”②Inresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.③Amongthecommission’s51membersaretop-tier-universitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,and8businessexecutives,aswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicandjournalism.①Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportsfullliteracy;stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.②Toencourageinnovationandcompetition,thereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudents’abilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcentury,increasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesoftheday.③Thereportalsoadvocatesgreaterstudyofforeignlanguages,internationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroadprograms.①Unfortunately,despite2?yearsinthemaking,“TheHeartoftheMatter”nevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.②ThecommissionignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmerica’scollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodon’tknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.③Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizing“progressive,”orleft-liberalpropaganda.①Today,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas—suchasfreemarketsorself-reliance—asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate,intellectualinvestigation.①TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.②YetitsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.36.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheAAAS’sreport?[A]Critical.[B]Appreciative.[C]Contemptuous.[D]Tolerant.37.InfluentialfiguresintheCongressrequiredthattheAAASreportonhowto[A]retainpeople’sinterestinliberaleducation.[B]definethegovernment’sroleineducation.[C]keepaleadingpositioninliberaleducation.[D]safeguardindividuals’rightstoeducation.38.AccordingtoParagraph3,thereportsuggests9[A]anexclusivestudyofAmericanhistory.[B]agreateremphasisontheoreticalsubjects.[C]theapplicationofemergingtechnologies.[D]fundingforthestudyofforeignlanguages.39.TheauthorimpliesinParagraph5thatprofessorsare[A]supportiveoffreemarkets.[B]cautiousaboutintellectualinvestigation.[C]conservativeaboutpublicpolicy.[D]biasedagainstclassicalliberalideas.40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]WaystoGrasp“TheHeartoftheMatter”[B]IlliberalEducationand“TheHeartoftheMatter”[C]TheAAAS’sContributiontoLiberalEducation[D]ProgressivePolicyvs.LiberalEducation【24考研閱讀基礎：第四課】Whatcanbedoneaboutmassunemployment?Allthewiseheadsagree:there’renoquickoreasyanswers.There’sworktobedone,butworkersaren’treadytodoit—they’reinthewrongplaces,ortheyhavethewrongskills,Ourproblemsare“structural,”andwilltakemanyyearstosolve.Butdon’tbotheraskingforevidencethatjustifiesthisbleakview.Thereisn’tany.Onthecontrary,allthefactssuggestthathighunemploymentinAmericaistheresultofinadequatedemand.sayingthatthere’renoeasyanswerssoundswise.Butit’sactuallyfoolish:ourunemploymentcrisiscouldbecuredveryquicklyifwehadtheintellectualclarityandpoliticalwilltoact.Inotherwords,structuralunemploymentisafakeproblem,whichmainlyservesasanexcusefornotpursingrealsolutions.51.WhatdoestheauthorthinkistherootcauseofmassunemploymentinAmerica?A)StructuralissuesB)Insufficientdemand.C)Technologicaladvances.D)Workers’slowadaptation.Technologycanmakeussmarterorstupider,andweneedtodevelopasetofprinciplestoguideoureverydaybehaviorandmakesurethattechisimprovingandnothinderingourmentalprocesses.Oneofthebigquestionsbeingdebatedtodayis:Whatkindofinformationdoweneedtohavestoredinourheads,andwhatkindcanweleave"inthecloud,"tobeaccessedasnecessary?Anincreasinglypowerfulgroupwithineducationarechampioning"digitalliteracy".Intheirview,skillsbeatknowledge,developing"digitalliteracy"ismoreimportantthanlearningmerecontent,andallfactsarenowGoogle-ableandthereforeunworthyofcommittingtomemory.Buteventhemostsophisticateddigitalliteracyskillswon'thelpstudentsandworkersnavigatetheworldifthey,don'thavebroadbaseofknowledgeabouthowtheworldactuallyoperates.Ifyoufocusonthedeliverymechanismandnotthecontent,you'redoingkidsadisservice.56.Whatistheauthor'sconcernabouttheuseoftechnology?A.Itmayleaveknowledge"inthecloud".B.Itmaymisguideoureverydaybehavior.C.Itmaycauseadivideinthecirclesofeducation.D.Itmayhinderthedevelopmentofthinkingskills.57.Whatistheviewofeducatorswhoadvocatedigitalliteracy?A.Itwillnothelpskidstonavigatethevirtualworldatwill.B.Ithelpskidstobroadentheirscopeofknowledge.C.Itincreaseskids'efficiencyofacquiringknowledge.D.Itliberateskidsfromtheburdenofmemorizingfacts.(2007E1Text4節(jié)選)Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance,anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem—especiallyinAmerica—thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Left,untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear—fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,theAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley—haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyotherasset,”saysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschool.“Theabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvalue,whichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders.”Indeed,justasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP),perhapsitistimeforGASP,GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPractices,suggestedEliNoamofNewYork’sColumbiaBusinessSchool.“Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity,redundancy,andrecoveryisamanagementissue,notatechnicalone,”hesays.Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore—andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged—thoughnotjustified—bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone,eventhevictim,whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.36.Thestatement“Itneverrainsbutitpours”isusedtointroduce.[A]thefiercebusinesscompetition.[B]thefeebleboss-boardrelations.[C]thethreatfromnewsreports.[D]theseverityofdataleakage.38.InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthepointthat.[A]shareholders’interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto.[B]informationprotectionshouldbegivendueattention.[C]businessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccountingsecurity.[D]themarketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized.39.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesfailto.[A]seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprotection.[B]perceivethesensitivityofpersonaldata.[C]realizethehighcostofdatarestoration.[D]appreciatetheeconomicvalueoftrust.40.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that.[A]dataleakageismoresevereinEurope.[B]FTC’sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity.[C]Californiatakestheleadinsecuritylegislation.[D]legalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataleakage.【24考研閱讀基礎：第五課】(2012E1Text1)①Comeon—Everybody’sdoingit.②Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.③Itusuallyleadstonogood—drinking,drugsandcasualsex.④Butinhernewbook,JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.①Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.②InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.①Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.②Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypublic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.③“Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers—teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.④Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.①Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.②JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.③Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.④RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.⑤EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.①There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.②Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits—aswellasnegativeones—spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.③Thisisasubtle