中考英語-構(gòu)詞法（講練）

構(gòu)詞法考情分析考點(diǎn)分布構(gòu)詞法是英語學(xué)習(xí)的重要內(nèi)容，主要涉及單詞的構(gòu)成方式，包括轉(zhuǎn)化法、派生法、合成法等。在中考英語中，構(gòu)詞法的考點(diǎn)主要分布在詞匯拼寫、單選、閱讀理解和綜合填空等題型中。題型分布1.詞匯拼寫：直接考查學(xué)生對構(gòu)詞法的理解和應(yīng)用，如通過加前后綴構(gòu)成新詞。2.單選：在單選題中，可能會給出一個派生詞或合成詞，要求學(xué)生選出正確的詞義或詞性。3.閱讀理解：在閱讀理解中，構(gòu)詞法有助于學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文推測生詞的含義，從而更好地理解文章。4.綜合填空：綜合填空題中，可能會要求學(xué)生根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識填寫合適的單詞形式。考法與比重近年來，中考英語對構(gòu)詞法的考查比重逐年上升。這既體現(xiàn)在詞匯拼寫和綜合填空等直接考查構(gòu)詞法的題型中，也體現(xiàn)在閱讀理解和單選等間接考查構(gòu)詞法的題型中。構(gòu)詞法的考查通常與語境緊密結(jié)合，要求學(xué)生在理解文章或句子的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法知識解答問題。命題規(guī)律語境化構(gòu)詞法的考查越來越注重語境化，即要求學(xué)生在特定的語境中理解和應(yīng)用構(gòu)詞法知識。這有助于學(xué)生更好地掌握詞匯的用法和含義。綜合化中考英語構(gòu)詞法的考查呈現(xiàn)綜合化的趨勢，即多種構(gòu)詞法知識可能會在同一道題目中出現(xiàn)，要求學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識解答問題。高頻化一些常見的構(gòu)詞法，如派生法和合成法，在中考英語中的考查頻率較高。學(xué)生需要重點(diǎn)掌握這些構(gòu)詞法的基本規(guī)則和常見例詞。生活化中考英語構(gòu)詞法的考查內(nèi)容越來越貼近學(xué)生的生活實(shí)際，如通過構(gòu)詞法知識理解網(wǎng)絡(luò)新詞、科技術(shù)語等。這有助于學(xué)生將所學(xué)知識應(yīng)用于實(shí)際生活中，提高英語應(yīng)用能力?？键c(diǎn)一派生法1．Don’teattoomuchatatime,oryou’llfeel(comfortable).2．Themanwhohasmadeuphismindtowinwillneversay“”.(possible)3．BeforeGiantPandaFuBaoreturnedtoChina,thousandsof(tour)cametoEverlandParktosaygoodbyetoFuBao.4．InZhuhaiPark,youcanenjoythenaturalbeauty,or(simple)breathethefreshair.5．Peopleinthatcitypreparedtotheirhousesaftertheterribleflood.(build)在一個單詞前面或后面加上一個詞綴構(gòu)成新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫作派生法。加在單詞前的詞綴叫前綴，加在單詞后的詞綴叫后綴。考向1前綴（前綴一般只改變詞的意思而不改變其詞性）1.表否定意義的前綴前綴示例un-able→unable；usual→unusual；happy→unhappyin-correct→incorrect；expensive→inexpensiveim-polite→impolite；patient→impatient；possible→impossibledis-like→dislike；appear→disappear；agree→disagree；honest→dishonestnon-smoker→non-smoker；native→non-native2.其他前綴含義示例mis-錯誤understand→misunderstand；lead→misleadre-再；又，重復(fù)view→review；build→rebuild；write→rewriteinter-相互；交互在一起net→Internet；national→internationala-處于……狀態(tài)或過程中l(wèi)ive→alive；wake→awakeen-使可能rich→enrich；able→enable；courage→encouragetele-遠(yuǎn)的；電視的；電話的control→telecontrol；phone→telephone；vision→television考向2后綴（后綴多數(shù)改變詞性）類型后綴示例名詞→形容詞-yrain→rainy；luck→lucky；health→healthy；wealth→wealthy-lylove→lovely；friend→friendly-ousdanger→dangerous；humor→humorous-fuluse→useful；care→careful；help→helpful-less詞義與加-ful時相反use→useless；care→careless-ernwest→western；south→southern-engold→golden；wood→wooden-alnation→national；tradition→traditional-ishfool→foolish；child→childish名詞→名詞-istart→artist；piano→pianist；tour→tourist；science→scientist-hoodchild→childhood；neighbor→neighborhood-shipleader→leadership；friend→friendship-eseChina→Chinese；Japan→Japanese-n,-an,-ianAustralia→Australian；Europe→European；music→musician動詞→名詞-er,-or,-(r)essteach→teacher；act→actor；visit→visitor；wait→waitress-ingpaint→painting；build→building；cross→crossing-mentdevelop→development-(t)ion/-sion/去e加-ationinvite→invitation；decide→decision；discuss→discussion動詞→形容詞-ablecomfort→comfortable；enjoy→enjoyable(去e加)-(t)iveact→active；create→creative-(e)dsurprise→surprised；interest→interested(去e加)-inginterest→interesting；excite→exciting形容詞→名詞-tysafe→safety-nessill→illness；sad→sadness；kind→kindness；happy→happiness(-le變)-(il)ityable→ability；real→reality；possible→possibility-ce(以t結(jié)尾去t再加-ce)important→importance；silent→silence；different→difference-thtrue→truth；warm→warmth-(e)rforeign→foreigner；strange→stranger形容詞→副詞-lyreal→really；final→finally以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i再加-lyhappy→happily；angry→angrily；heavy→heavily以“輔音字母+le”結(jié)尾，去掉e再加-ysimple→simply；terrible→terribly；comfortable→comfortably以ll結(jié)尾，只加yfull→fully少數(shù)以e結(jié)尾，要去掉e再加-lytrue→truly考點(diǎn)二合成法1．Hisbrotheris________boy.Heisveryhandsome.A．a(chǎn)18yearsold B．a(chǎn)n18-year-old C．a(chǎn)n18-years-old D．a(chǎn)n18yearold2．Whichwordisformedinthesamewayas“weekend”?A．unable B．invention C．helpless D．noticeboard3．Whichwordisformedinthesamewayas“newspaper”?A．sportsman B．unhappy C．a(chǎn)greement4．WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?A．helpless B．wartime C．hard-working D．blackboard5．Whichofthefollowingwordsiscreatedinthesamewayas“blackboard”?A．careless B．impolite C．happiness D．bookshop用兩個或兩個以上的詞合成一個新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫作合成法。類型合成方式示例合成動詞形容詞+動詞dryclean干洗名詞+動詞sleepwalk夢游；sightsee觀光副詞+動詞overcome克服合成名詞名詞+名詞basketball籃球；bookshop書店名詞+動詞haircut理發(fā)；sunrise日出動詞+副詞get-together(非正式的)聚會，聯(lián)歡會形容詞+名詞greenhouse溫室；blackboard黑板介詞+名詞afternoon下午合成形容詞名詞+形容詞snow-white雪白的名詞/形容詞+名詞+edwarm-hearted熱心的介詞+名詞underground地下的名詞+動詞-ing形式English-speaking說英語的形容詞/副詞+動詞過去分詞ready-made現(xiàn)成的；newborn新生的形容詞/副詞+動詞-ing形式good-looking漂亮的；hard-working工作努力的名詞+動詞過去分詞man-made人造的；heart-broken心碎的數(shù)詞+名詞second-hand二手的數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞10-metre-long10米長的動詞+副詞take-away外賣的合成副詞副詞+名詞upstairs在樓上；downstairs在樓下合成介詞介詞+名詞outside在……外面；inside在……里面介詞+副詞without沒有；throughout自始至終；遍及考點(diǎn)三轉(zhuǎn)化法英語中，把一個單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞性，這種構(gòu)詞法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法。單詞轉(zhuǎn)化后的意義往往與之前的意義聯(lián)系密切。常見的轉(zhuǎn)化形式如下：類型示例名詞→動詞book（n.）書→（v.）預(yù)訂hand（n.）手→（v.）上交water（n.）水→（v.）澆水land（n.）陸地→（v.）著陸name（n.）名字→（v.）命名score（n.）分?jǐn)?shù)→（v.）得分動詞→名詞cook（v.）烹飪→（n.）廚師rain（v.）下雨→（n.）雨walk（v.）散步，走→（n.）散步break（v.）打破→（n.）休息stop（v.）停止→（n.）車站lift（v.）舉起→（n.）電梯形容詞→動詞clean（adj.）干凈的→（v.）打掃open（adj.）開放的→（v.）打開last（adj.）最后的→（v.）持續(xù)tidy（adj.）整潔的→（v.）使整潔形容詞→名詞right（adj.）正確的→（n.）正確wrong（adj.）錯誤的→（n.）錯誤back（adj.）后面的→（n.）背部，后面light（adj.）明亮的→（n.）燈檢測1．Don’tbewithyourson,afterallheisonlysevenyearsold.(patient)2．Thefisherman’swifesaidtohim,“Whycan’tweliveinanewhouse?It’sunfair.”(happy)3．Don’tmakemuchnoiseinpublic.It’s(polite).4．Hewasanactorseveralyearsago,butnowhebecomesfamous.(know)5．Sometimestheystrongly(agree)witheachother,sotheyneedtocommunicatemoreoften.6．OfthefourseasonsinChongqing,springisthemost(usual)one,becausepeoplearewearingallkindsofclothes.Forexample,youcanseesweatersandT-shirtsatthesametime.7．Itis(polite)tospeakwhenyouareeatingthings.8．MrZhang,yourisexcellent!Haveyoueverstudiedabroad?(pronounce)9．Myfatheraskedmetomyhomeworkbecauseofmypoorhandwriting.(write)10．Ilikeshoppingat9a.m.becausethesupermarketis(crowd)atthattime.11．Readingaloudis(help)tothestudentswhowanttoimprovetheirEnglish.12．Experienceisawealthofknowledgeandasymbolof.(wise)13．Thischairreallymakesme(comfortable),soIneedanotherone.14．Themagazineisagreatsuccessandit’squitepopularwiththese.(read)15．NowadaysWeChatisusedamongpeopleofdifferentages.(wide)16．The(invent)fromtheuniversityspentmuchoftheirtimedevelopinganewtypeofenergy.17．Iamsureshefailedinthecompetitionbecauseofthelookonherface.(happy)18．Scientistssaysomeanimalswillsoonbecauseoftheseriouspollution.(appear)19．It’s(polite)toaskyourteachersdirectquestions.20．Ihopeallmyarehelpfultoyou.

(suggest)21．Theboy(careless)putthecuponthetableanditfelldown.22．Theneverdreamedofhavingachanceforhimtowinthefirstprizeinthe100-meterrace.(compete)23．Hehithishand(heavy)againstthewall.24．Withthemoney,wehavesentmanypoorchildrentoschool.(success)25．Iaskedhimtohelpmebuthe(agree).26．Someinsectsareandweshouldtrynottokillthem.(harm)27．Poorlittlegirl!Itisforhertosuffersomuch.Let’sgiveherahand.(fair)28．Ifwedon’ttakeactiontoprotectthe