化學(xué)專業(yè)英語.ppt

1、1,Lesson2THECLASSIFICATIONOFINORGANICCOMPOUNDS無機化合物分類,2,詞匯,3,4,TheClassesofCompounds1.Thousandsandtensofthousandsofcompoundsareknowntothechemisttoday.Itwouldbeimpossibletolearnpropertiesandbehaviorofevenafractionofthisnumberifithadtobedoneonthebasisofindividualcompounds.Fortunately,mostchemicalcompo

2、undscanbegroupedtogetherinafewclasses.Then,ifwecanproperlyclassifyacompound,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompoundfromknowledgeofthepropertiesofthatclassorgroupofcompounds.Forexample,HClisclassedasanacid,andbybecomingfamiliarwiththebehaviorofacidsasadistinctclass,weareatonceawareofthege

3、neralpropertiesofthecompound.Agreatmanyofthecompoundswearetostudymaybeclassifiedasacids,bases,salts,metallicoxides,ornonmetallicoxides.Ofthesefiveclassesofcompounds,thefirstthree-acids,bases,andsalts-arebyfarthemostimportant.,5,TheClassesofCompoundsThousandsandtensofthousandsofcompoundsareknowntothe

4、chemisttoday.,化合物分類現(xiàn)今，化學(xué)家知道了成千上萬的化合物。,thousandsandtensofthousands成千上萬beknownto被所知,chem(o)化學(xué)（的）chemistry化學(xué)chemical化學(xué)的，化學(xué)藥品chemosynthesis化學(xué)合成,6,Itwouldbeimpossibletolearnpropertiesandbehaviorofevenafractionofthisnumberifithadtobedoneonthebasisofindividualcompounds.,如果根據(jù)個別化合物來了解這么多化合物的性質(zhì)，即使其中的一小部分也是不可能

5、的。,afractionof一小部分onthebasisof根據(jù),在基礎(chǔ)上,7,Fortunately,mostchemicalcompoundscanbegroupedtogetherinafewclasses.,幸運的是，大多數(shù)化合物能夠組合在一起分成幾類。,8,Then,ifwecanproperlyclassifyacompound,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompoundfromknowledgeofthepropertiesofthatclassorgroupofcompounds.,那么，如果我們能夠恰當?shù)貙⒁粋€化合物

6、歸類，我們立刻就能從這類化合物的性質(zhì)來了解這個化合物的一般性質(zhì)。,beawareof知道，意識到,9,Forexample,HClisclassedasanacid,andbybecomingfamiliarwiththebehaviorofacidsasadistinctclass,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompound.,become(be)familiarwith熟悉，通曉,例如，鹽酸歸類為酸，由于已熟悉作為不同類別的酸的性質(zhì)，我們就會立即知道這一化合物的一般性質(zhì)。,10,Agreatmanyofthecompoundswe

7、aretostudymaybeclassifiedasacids,bases,salts,metallicoxides,ornonmetallicoxides.Ofthesefiveclassesofcompounds,thefirstthree-acids,bases,andsalts-arebyfarthemostimportant.,我們將要研究的眾多化合物可以分類為酸、堿、鹽、金屬氧化物或非金屬氧化物。這五類化合物中的前三類酸、堿和鹽是最重要的。,agreat（good）manyof很多，大量,11,2.Whenanacid,base,orsaltisdissolvedinwatert

8、heresultingsolutionisaconductoroftheelectriccurrentandistermedanelectrolyte.Ifnoconductionofcurrentoccurs,thecompoundisknownasanonelectrolyte.,12,2.Whenanacid,base,orsaltisdissolvedinwatertheresultingsolutionisaconductoroftheelectriccurrentandistermedanelectrolyte.Ifnoconductionofcurrentoccurs,theco

9、mpoundisknownasanonelectrolyte.,酸、堿或鹽溶于水中得到的溶液是電流的導(dǎo)體，它們被定義為電解質(zhì)。如果沒有電流的傳導(dǎo)發(fā)生，這種化合物被稱為非電解質(zhì)。,conductor導(dǎo)體electriccurrent電流term被稱作electrolyte/nonelectrolyte電解質(zhì)，非電解質(zhì),13,3.ClassificationofCommonCompoundsBylookingatthechemicalformulaswemayclassifymanycommoncompoundsinthefollowingway.1.Acids,intheconventional

10、sense,mayberecognizedbynotingthattheHiswrittenfirstintheformulaandthattherestofthecompoundisgenerallynonmetallic.Ex.,HCl,H2SO4,HClO.2.ConventionalbaseshaveOHradicalswrittenlastintheformula.Thefirstpartoftheformulaisusuallyametal.Ex.,NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3.3.Asaltconsistsofametal,writtenfirst,combinedw

11、ithanon-metalorradicalwrittenlastinaformula.Ex.,NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2.4.Oxidesarecompoundscontainingoxygenandonlyoneotherelement.,14,ClassificationofCommonCompoundsBylookingatthechemicalformulaswemayclassifymanycommoncompoundsinthefollowingway.,普通化合物分類我們可以根據(jù)化學(xué)式按著下面的方法分類許多普通化合物。,Classn,類別ClassifyVt

12、.分類Classificationn.分類,15,1.Acids,intheconventionalsense,mayberecognizedbynotingthattheHiswrittenfirstintheformulaandthattherestofthecompoundisgenerallynonmetallic.Ex.,HCl,H2SO4,HClO.,intheconventionalsense按傳統(tǒng)的觀念（常識）,1.按傳統(tǒng)的觀念，可以通過在分子式中將H寫在第一位并且化合物中的其余部分通常是非金屬來辨認出酸，例如，HCl,H2SO4,HClO。,16,2.Conventional

13、baseshaveOHradicalswrittenlastintheformula.Thefirstpartoftheformulaisusuallyametal.Ex.,NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3.,2.傳統(tǒng)堿的分子式中將OH基寫在最后面。分子式的第一部分通常是一種金屬。例如，NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3。,17,3.Asaltconsistsofametal,writtenfirst,combinedwithanon-metalorradicalwrittenlastinaformula.Ex.,NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2.,3.鹽的分子式由

14、寫在第一位的金屬和寫在最后一位的非金屬或原子團組成。例如，NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2。,18,4.Oxidesarecompoundscontainingoxygenandonlyoneotherelement.,4.氧化物是由氧和唯一一種其它元素組成的化合物。,19,4.Iftheelementotherthanoxygenisanonmetal,theoxideclassedasanonmetaloxideoranacidicanhydride.Thelatternamecomesaboutbecausewateraddedtononmetaloxidesunderce

15、rtainconditionsproducesacids.Likewise,ifwaterisremovedfromanacidcontainingoxygen,theacidanhydride(withoutwater)results.,20,Iftheelementotherthanoxygenisanonmetal,theoxideclassedasanonmetaloxideoranacidicanhydride.,otherthan除了，不同于anhydride酐anhydr(o)脫水，無水，酐anhydration脫水，干化anhydrous無水的anhydroglucose脫水葡

16、萄糖,如果除氧以外的元素是非金屬，這種氧化物被稱為非金屬氧化物或酸酐。,21,Thelatternamecomesaboutbecausewateraddedtononmetaloxidesundercertainconditionsproducesacids.,酸酐的名稱來源于在一定條件下將水加到非金屬氧化物中能夠生成酸。,comeabout產(chǎn)生，發(fā)生，出現(xiàn),22,Likewise,ifwaterisremovedfromanacidcontainingoxygen,theacidanhydride(withoutwater)results.,同樣，如果將水從含氧酸中除去，就會生成酸酐（沒水

17、）。,acidcontainingoxygen含氧酸,23,5.Theotherclassofoxides,metallicoxidesorbasicanhydrides,consistofoxygencombinedwithametal.Whenwaterisaddedunderproperconditionstobasicanhydrides,basesresultandviceversa.,24,Theotherclassofoxides,metallicoxidesorbasicanhydrides,consistofoxygencombinedwithametal.,basicanh

18、ydride堿酐,另一類氧化物，金屬氧化物或堿酐，由氧和一種金屬組成。,25,Whenwaterisaddedunderproperconditionstobasicanhydrides,basesresultandviceversa.,在合適的條件下將水加到堿酐中就會產(chǎn)生堿，反之亦然。,viceversa反之亦然,26,6AcidsAllacidsintheconventionalsensecontainhydrogen,whichmaybereplacedbymetals.Thenegativeportionoftheacidmoleculeiscomposedofanonmetalora

19、radical(negativevalencegroup).Thesenegativevalencegroups(exceptoxideandhydroxide)areoftenreferredtoacidradicals.Allacidsarecovalentcompoundsinwhichtheatomsareheldtogetherbyasharingofelectrons.Whenanacidisdissolvedinwater,ionsareformedasaresultofthetransferofahydrogenion(proton)fromtheacidmoleculetot

20、hewatermolecule-forexample,27,AcidsAllacidsintheconventionalsensecontainhydrogen,whichmaybereplacedbymetals.,酸按傳統(tǒng)意義，所有酸都含有氫，并且氫能夠被金屬取代。,28,Thenegativeportionoftheacidmoleculeiscomposedofanonmetaloraradical(negativevalencegroup).,酸分子中負電部分由一種非金屬或原子團(負價基團)組成。,Radical根、原子團,29,Thesenegativevalencegroups(

21、exceptoxideandhydroxide)areoftenreferredtoacidradicals.,這些負價基團（除氧化物和氫氧化物外)通常被定義為酸根。,valence化合價acidradicals酸根,30,Allacidsarecovalentcompoundsinwhichtheatomsareheldtogetherbyasharingofelectrons.,所有酸都是共價化合物，在化合物中原子通過電子共享結(jié)合在一起。,covalentcompounds共價化合物,31,Whenanacidisdissolvedinwater,ionsareformedasaresul

22、tofthetransferofahydrogenion(proton)fromtheacidmoleculetothewatermolecule-forexample,當酸溶于水中，酸分子中的氫離子（質(zhì)子）從酸中遷移到水分子中形成離子，例如：,32,7.Thisisacaseofcoordinatevalence,inwhichanunusedpairofelectronsfromthewatermoleculecombineswithahydrogeniontofromahydroniumion.Thehydroniumionisahydratedhydrogenionorproton(H

23、+H2O)and,whiletheionizationofacidsinaqueoussolutiondependsonitsformation,weshallordinarilyusethesimpleH+inwritingequations.Suchequationsaretherebysimplifiedandeasiertobalance.,33,Thisisacaseofcoordinatevalence,inwhichanunusedpairofelectronsfromthewatermoleculecombineswithahydrogeniontoformahydronium

24、ion.,這是配位鍵的一個例子，在配位鍵中水分子中未被使用的電子對同氫離子結(jié)合形成水合氫離子。,coordinatevalence配位鍵combinewith與結(jié)合hydroniumion水合氫離子,34,Thehydroniumionisahydratedhydrogenionorproton(H+H2O)and,whiletheionizationofacidsinaqueoussolutiondependsonitsformation,weshallordinarilyusethesimpleH+inwritingequations.Suchequationsaretherebysimp

25、lifiedandeasiertobalance.,水合氫離子是一種含水的氫離子或質(zhì)子(H+H2O)，并且酸通過形成水合氫離子在水溶液中電離，在書寫方程式時，我們通常寫成簡單的H+。因此，方程式被簡化了，并且更容易配平。,hydroniumion=hydratedhydrogenion水合氫離子Hydrate與水化合；Hydrated與水化合的，含水的Ionization離子化、電離Equations方程式Thereby因此,35,8.Thechiefcharacteristicofanacidisitsabilitytofurnishhydrogenions(protons);therefo

26、re,anacidisusuallydefinedasasubstancewhichmayfurnishprotons.,36,Thechiefcharacteristicofanacidisitsabilitytofurnishhydrogenions(protons);therefore,anacidisusuallydefinedasasubstancewhichmayfurnishprotons.,furnish提供，供給bedefinedas定義為,酸的主要性質(zhì)是能夠提供氫離子（質(zhì)子），因此，酸通常被定義為能夠提供質(zhì)子的物質(zhì)。,37,9.PropertiesofAcids.Ingen

27、eral,aqueoussolutionsofacidsarecharacterizedbythefollowingproperties:1.Theyhaveasourtaste.Lemons,oranges,andothercitrusfruitsowetheirsourtastetothepresenceofcitricacid;thetasteofsourmilkisduetothepresenceoflacticacid.2.Theyturnbluelitmuspaperred.Litmusisadyewhichhasaredcolorinacidsolutionandabluecol

28、orinbasicsolution;paperwhichhasbeensoakedinlitmusisreferredtoaslitmuspaper.Substancesofthistype,whichenableustodeterminewhetheragivensolutionisacidorbasic,arecalledindicators.Methylorangeandphenolphthaleinareotherindicatorsfrequentlyusedbychemists.3.Theyreactwithcertainmetalstoproducehydrogen.Reacti

29、onsofthistypewerestudiedinconnectionwiththepreparationofhydrogen.4.Theyreactwithbasestoproducesaltsandwater.,38,PropertiesofAcids.Ingeneral,aqueoussolutionsofacidsarecharacterizedbythefollowingproperties:,酸的性質(zhì)。通常，酸的水溶液具有下面的性質(zhì)：,aqueous水的properties性質(zhì),39,1.Theyhaveasourtaste.Lemons,oranges,andothercitr

30、usfruitsowetheirsourtastetothepresenceofcitricacid;thetasteofsourmilkisduetothepresenceoflacticacid.,1.它們有酸味。檸檬、橙子和其它柑桔屬水果由于含有檸檬酸而有酸味；酸牛奶的酸味是由于乳酸的存在。,40,2.Theyturnbluelitmuspaperred.Litmusisadyewhichhasaredcolorinacidsolutionandabluecolorinbasicsolution;paperwhichhasbeensoakedinlitmusisreferredtoasl

31、itmuspaper.,2.它們使藍色石蕊試紙變紅。石蕊是一種在酸溶液中顯紅色，在堿溶液中顯藍色的染料；已經(jīng)被浸漬在石蕊中的紙稱為石蕊試紙。,41,Substancesofthistype,whichenableustodeterminewhetheragivensolutionisacidorbasic,arecalledindicators.Methylorangeandphenolphthaleinareotherindicatorsfrequentlyusedbychemists.,enableto使能夠Indicators指示劑Methylorange甲基橙phenolphthale

32、in酚肽,能夠用來確定某一特定溶液是酸性或堿性的這類物質(zhì)稱為指示劑。甲基橙和酚酞是經(jīng)常被化學(xué)家使用的另一些指示劑。,42,3.Theyreactwithcertainmetalstoproducehydrogen.Reactionsofthistypewerestudiedinconnectionwiththepreparationofhydrogen.4.Theyreactwithbasestoproducesaltsandwater.,3.它們和某些金屬反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生氫氣。這類反應(yīng)在氫氣制備方面被研究。4.它們和堿反應(yīng)生成鹽和水。,inconnectionwith與有關(guān)，在.方面,43,10.C

33、ommonstrongacidsareH2SO4,HNO3,HCl,HBr,andHI.Mostotheracidsaregenerallyonlypartiallyionizedandconsequentlyonlymoderatelystrongorweak.,44,CommonstrongacidsareH2SO4,HNO3,HCl,HBr,andHI.Mostotheracidsaregenerallyonlypartiallyionizedandconsequentlyonlymoderatelystrongorweak.,普通的強酸有H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr和HI。大多

34、數(shù)其它酸通常只部分電離，因此它們只是中強酸或弱酸。,45,11.BasesAllmetallichydroxidesareclassedasconventionalbases.OfthecommonbasesonlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2andBa(OH)2areappreciablysolubleinwater.Ifthesecompoundsaredissolvedinwater,theOH-iscommontoalloftheirsolutions.,46,BasesAllmetallichydroxidesareclassedasconventionalbases.Ofthe

35、commonbasesonlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2andBa(OH)2areappreciablysolubleinwater.Ifthesecompoundsaredissolvedinwater,theOH-iscommontoalloftheirsolutions.,appreciably略微，有一點,所有的金屬氫氧化物被歸類為傳統(tǒng)的堿。在普通的堿中，只有NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2和Ba(OH)2略微可溶于水。如果這些化合物溶于水中，均產(chǎn)生OH-。,47,AnaqueoussolutionofNH3isalsoclassedasabase,sinceOH-ionsare

36、presentinthesolution.,NH3的水溶液也歸類為堿，這是因為在水溶液中存在OH-。,48,12.Ineachofthesecompoundswefindacombinationofametal(orNH4)withthehydroxidegroup.Justasthecharacteristicpartofanacidishydrogenion,sothecharacteristicpartofabaseinwatersolutionisthehydroxideion,OH-.Latertheconceptofabasewillbeextendedtoincludesubst

37、anceswhichdonotfurnishhydroxideionsinsolution.,49,Ineachofthesecompoundswefindacombinationofametal(orNH4)withthehydroxidegroup.,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些化合物中的每一個都由一種金屬（或NH4）和氫氧根組成。,50,Justasthecharacteristicpartofanacidishydrogenion,sothecharacteristicpartofabaseinwatersolutionisthehydroxideion,OH-.,正如酸的特征部分是氫離子，堿在水溶液

38、中的特征部分是氫氧根離子，OH-。,Justas,so正如那樣,51,Latertheconceptofabasewillbeextendedtoincludesubstanceswhichfurnishhydroxideionsinsolution.,后來，堿的概念被擴展到包括在溶液中沒有提供氫氧根離子的物質(zhì)。,52,13.PropertiesofBases.Ingeneral,watersolutionsofmetallichydroxides(bases)exhibitthefollowingproperties.1.Bittertaste.2.Soapyorslipperyfeelin

39、g.3.Turnredlitmuspaperblue.4.Reactwithacidstoformsaltsandwater.5.Mostmetallichydroxidesareinsolubleinwater.Ofthecommonones,onlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,Ba(OH)2,andNH3aresoluble.ThecommonstrongbasesareNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,andBa(OH)2.,53,PropertiesofBases.Ingeneral,watersolutionsofmetallichydroxides(bases)exhibit

40、thefollowingproperties.,堿的性質(zhì)。通常，金屬氫氧化物（堿）具有下面的性質(zhì)。,54,1.Bittertaste.2.Soapyorslipperyfeeling.3.Turnredlitmuspaperblue.4.Reactwithacidstoformsaltsandwater.,1.苦味。2.滑膩感。3.使紅色石蕊試紙變藍。4.同酸反應(yīng)生成鹽和水。,55,5.Mostmetallichydroxidesareinsolubleinwater.Ofthecommonones,onlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,Ba(OH)2,andNH3aresoluble.ThecommonstrongbasesareNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,andBa(OH)2.,5.大多數(shù)金屬氫氧化物難溶于水。普通的氫氧化物中，只有NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,Ba(OH)2和NH3是可溶的。普通強堿有NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2和Ba(OH)2。,56,14.SaltsAnacidreactswithabasetoproduceasaltandwater.Hydrogenfromth