第3講_語(yǔ)義與翻譯(一)_(1).ppt

1、語(yǔ)義與漢英翻譯（一）,漢語(yǔ)與英語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞法差異,漢語(yǔ)：ideographic script 表意文字 determiner+ generic word 如售票員、列車員、運(yùn)動(dòng)員 英語(yǔ)：alphabetic script拼音文字 superordinate ; 上位詞 hyponym /subordinate/下位詞 如rain: (superordinate) torrent; drizzle/ mizzle; sleet (hyponym),Examples:,葡萄grape； 葡萄干raisin 宗教religion； 邪教cult/heresy 釀酒廠brewery；煉油廠refinery

2、 座談會(huì)symposium； 招商會(huì)investment promotion fair； 博覽會(huì)expo； 殘運(yùn)會(huì)Paralympics； 記者招待會(huì)press conference; news release； 人才招聘會(huì)job fair； 貿(mào)易洽談會(huì)trade fair； 拍賣會(huì)auction,專業(yè)major；輔修/二學(xué)位minor 博士點(diǎn)；Ph. D. programme 聯(lián)合國(guó)難民署The UN Refugee Programme 英語(yǔ)專業(yè)：English programme (major) 上游、中游、下游 the upper/middle/lower reaches 上游企業(yè)ups

3、tream industry,中國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院以及下屬部委 the State Council; the Ministry of Education; the minister of Education 美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院以及各部 the State Departments; the Department of Education; the Secretary Education,雞，公雞rooster，母雞hen，小雞chicken 鳥(niǎo)bird，小鳥(niǎo)fledgling 豬pig, 小豬gruntling 豬肉pork 牛cow 小牛calf 牛肉beef 老虎tiger，虎崽cub 灑水車sprinkle

4、r；垃圾車garbage truck,如何查詢下位詞,關(guān)于下位詞、具體詞匯的查詢，可以使用 朗文英語(yǔ)聯(lián)想活用詞典（Longman Language Activator）上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社 以及google、句庫(kù)等網(wǎng)站,漢語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞法往往是自由語(yǔ)素+不自由語(yǔ)素，翻譯時(shí)要仔細(xì)辨認(rèn)。,藥材medical material； 藥方recipe; prescription； 藥房drugstore, pharmacy； 藥店drugstore； 服藥take medicine； 湯藥decoction； 耗子藥rat poison； 制藥廠pharmaceutical factory,字面意義與語(yǔ)用意義,

5、“飯桶” “good- for-nothing” “吃不開(kāi)” “be unpopular” 吃不了兜著走 “l(fā)and oneself in serious trouble” “吃不消” be unable to stand,“吃”,“吃不住be unable to bear or support”、 “吃老本” live off ones past gains、 “吃軟不吃硬” be open to persuasion、 “吃閑飯” lead an idle life “吃香” be very popular,“苦”,1、我喜歡吃苦瓜。I like (eating) balsam pear.

6、 2、他不怕苦和累。He is not afraid of hardships. 3、她臉上露出一絲苦笑。She forced a wry/bitter smile. 4、他苦苦哀求。He entreated piteously. /implored bitterly.,“菜”,小菜一碟 as easy as ABC 面有菜色 look famished/hungry/sallow 多吃葷菜對(duì)身體健康不好。Too much meat and fish does no good to the health.,注意詞匯的深層邏輯,養(yǎng)成早起的習(xí)慣 in the habit of (raise the

7、 habit 括號(hào)內(nèi)錯(cuò)譯，下同) 他們采取搖擺不定的政策。 They are taking a policy of vacillation (wrong). They are taking vacillating measures. or: vacillating attitude/actions 享受公費(fèi)醫(yī)療 Be entitled to free medical care (enjoy free medical care),發(fā)展是硬道理。 Development is of top priority. 力爭(zhēng)上游：strive to be the best 心里悶得慌 be stifled

8、(bored) beyond endurance; be awfully stifled (bored),分辨字面意義和語(yǔ)用意義,1、他舍己救人的精神使我深受感動(dòng)。 Im greatly touched by his deeds of risking his life to save people. 2、你穿這件夾克衫很精神。 You are full of life / vigorous in this jacket.,答應(yīng),1、臺(tái)灣想從祖國(guó)分裂出去，中國(guó)人民決不答應(yīng)。 Chinese people will never allow the splittists separation of

9、Taiwan from the motherland. 2、我喊了一聲，他沒(méi)有答應(yīng)。 I called him, yet he did not reply /answer. 3、我答應(yīng)不講秘密泄露出去。 I promise not to let out the secret.,毛毛雨,天正下著毛毛雨。 Its drizzling now. 我給學(xué)生下了點(diǎn)毛毛雨，期末考試將會(huì)很難。 I dropped my students some hints that the final exam would be somewhat difficult.,“備課”,備課要做好三件事情：備學(xué)生，備教材，備教法

10、。 Preparing a lecture requires doing three things well: getting to know the students; arranging suitable teaching material, and choosing effective /optimal teaching methods.,手腳,慌了手腳。in a confusion; be flustered 他手腳不干凈。Sticky-handed 手腳麻利。Agile/nimble 做了手腳。Juggle with,請(qǐng)分辨下列詞語(yǔ)/詞素在不同語(yǔ)境/詞匯中的翻譯：,1好： a.他是祖

11、國(guó)的好兒子。He is a worthy son of our country. b.莊稼長(zhǎng)得真好。The crops are growing well. c.他們對(duì)我真好。They are really kind to me. d.樓的質(zhì)量不好。The building is not well built. /jerry-built e.這個(gè)問(wèn)題很好回答。This question is easy to answer. f. 啊，好票！Oh，a good seat！,2學(xué)習(xí)：,a.學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)acquire knowledge b.學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)master/learn a skill c.學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)s

12、tudy/learn a foreign language d.學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)academic records/grade e.學(xué)習(xí)別人的長(zhǎng)處emulate others strong points f.互相學(xué)習(xí)learn from each other g.以雷鋒為學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣follow the example of Lei Feng,3水平：,a.他的英語(yǔ)水平比我高。 He knows more English than I do. b.把軍政素質(zhì)提高到一個(gè)新水平。 Raise the military and political quality to a new height. c.各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干

13、部必須提高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)水平。 Leaders of various ranks must improve their art of leadership.,4送：,a.送某人一本書(shū) give somebody a book b.送禮 present a gift to somebody c.送信 Deliver/send a letter d.送客 see a visitor out e.送行 see somebody off f.送雨傘 bring somebody an umbrella,g.送命 lose ones life（get killed） h.送孩子上學(xué) take a child to

14、 school i.送某人回家 escort / walk/accompany somebody home j將衛(wèi)星送上天 launch a satellite k.送葬 take part in a funeral procession 1.送罪犯上法庭審判 hand the criminal over to the court for trial,5館：,博物館museum 圖書(shū)館library 旅館hotel 賓館guest house 大使館embassy 領(lǐng)事館consulate 茶館tea house 飯館restaurant,理發(fā)館barbers shop 體 育館gymnasi

15、um 展覽館exhibition hall 文化館cultural center 美術(shù)館art gallery 科技館science and technology center /museum 天文館planetarium 水族館aquarium 照相館photo studio,6機(jī)：,收音機(jī)radio set 電話機(jī)telephone 電視機(jī)TV set 拖拉機(jī)tractor 推土機(jī)bulldozer 攪拌機(jī)mixer 起重機(jī)crane,7、書(shū),申請(qǐng)書(shū)Letter of application 報(bào)告書(shū)report 協(xié)議書(shū)Agreement 成績(jī)通知書(shū)Grade report 使用說(shuō)明書(shū)Dir

16、ections 成交確認(rèn)書(shū)Sales confirmation 冰箱操作說(shuō)明書(shū)Refuge operation guide 白皮書(shū)White book,8、單,名單List 菜單Menu 帳單Bill 保險(xiǎn)單Policy 訂閱單Subscription form 床單Bed sheet 傳單Leaflet 節(jié)目匯報(bào)單A program of entertainment,9、表,履歷表Resume 病歷表Case history form 時(shí)間表Time table 日程表Schedule 價(jià)格表Price list,漢英詞義的五種關(guān)系,1、對(duì)等(equivalence) 桌子table； 回扣

17、commission; rebate； 尾燈tail light； 尾追某人tail after sb.； 法人實(shí)體legal entity； 民族自尊national dignity； 打白條pay sb. IOUs； 自費(fèi)出版vanity press/publication 形象工程vanity project 路Ave. /boulevard (Blvd.). 街Rd.; 巷 St.,2、包孕(inclusion),風(fēng)wind： 坐在風(fēng)口draught 大風(fēng)gust/gale 臺(tái)風(fēng)cyclone 微風(fēng)breeze 考試exam 面試interview 小測(cè)驗(yàn)quiz 巡視inspecti

18、on,酒wine： 白酒liquor/spirits 葡萄酒wine 糯米酒glutinous rice wine 杜松子酒gin 啤酒beer 湯soup ： 番茄湯tomato soup 牛肉湯beef broth 人參湯ginseng decoction 那婦人燒好了熱湯hot water,Scholar：包蘊(yùn)“學(xué)者”,學(xué)者 訪問(wèn)學(xué)者 獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金 Scholar; visiting scholar; scholarship,知識(shí)分子 包蘊(yùn) “Intellectual”,知識(shí)分子 （教授、中小學(xué)老師） Intellectual：an intellectual person is well-ed

19、ucated and interested in serious ideas and subjects such as science, literature etc.,Thick（包蘊(yùn)“厚”）,a thick book; a thick head of hair ; thick porridge; thick soup; a thick crowd; be thick with; a thick attendance; a thick speech（口齒不清的講話）; the thick of winter（隆冬）; thick silence（沉寂）,3、交叉(overlap; inter

20、section),騎 zero),錢先生周歲時(shí)“抓周”，抓了一本書(shū)，因此得名“鐘書(shū)”。 When Qian was one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things. Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu which meant book lover.,我姓李，十八子的李。 My surname is Li. 耳東陳。 忍字心頭一把刀。

21、 You have to bear and forbear.,我屬雞。雞年是我的本命年，所以我從來(lái)不吃雞。 I was born in the Year of Rooster. As this year may bring me good or bad lucks, I never eat chicken.,5. 沖突（假朋友，假對(duì)應(yīng)）,批準(zhǔn)200多個(gè)項(xiàng)目 approve 200 projects (items括號(hào)內(nèi)為錯(cuò)誤，下同) 南京冷凍機(jī)總廠Nanjing Refrigeration Plant/Factory （Nanjing General Refrigeration Factory）

22、 General Motors, ”general “是指“通用的”用于一般用途的。-general hospital 指“綜合醫(yī)院” 從上海至北京的飛機(jī)每天一班There is a flight (shift) from shanghai to Beijing.,有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來(lái)Friends have come from remote places. (wrong) Friends have come from distant places /afar. 上海中百一店設(shè)有客戶問(wèn)訊處、休息處、深受群眾的稱贊。The Shanghai No.1 Department Store has set u

23、p an inquiry service and provided a lounge (resting room), much to the customers appreciation. “三級(jí)醫(yī)院“Third Grade (class) hospital Top grade hospital Level 1 Grade A hospital,一位高級(jí)編輯起身祝酒A senior editor (high ranking )stood up and proposed a toast. 高速公路Expressway (high way) 食言 fail to honour ones promi

24、se (eat one words) 兒戲trifling affair （childrens play） 休息室lounge（rest room）,他對(duì)此事很有意見(jiàn)。 Contrary opinions; different views; objections; criticism; complaints 謝謝！ 別客氣，這是我的責(zé)任！ It is my pleasure! (This is my duty! wrong),我們一小時(shí)內(nèi)免費(fèi)送機(jī)票上門。 誤譯：We give you tickets free of charge within one hour. 一小時(shí)內(nèi)送免費(fèi)機(jī)票上門。 We

25、 offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.,摸著石頭過(guò)河,誤譯crossing the river by feeling the stones wading across the stream/brook by feeling the way,春運(yùn),不能簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)成是spring transportation(春季的運(yùn)輸) 而是the rush / peak season of passenger transportation during the Spring

26、 Festival holiday(春節(jié)期間的客運(yùn)高峰),請(qǐng)勿疲勞駕駛,翻譯成英語(yǔ)不是Dont drive tiredly 按照交通法規(guī)術(shù)語(yǔ)應(yīng)該翻譯為Drowsy driving is dangerous 或Drive alert, arrive alive。,以外貿(mào)為龍頭,不能直接翻譯為with foreign trade as the dragon head，這樣翻譯是很難讓外國(guó)人明白的，因?yàn)橐詾辇堫^這個(gè)說(shuō)法是源自耍龍燈的習(xí)俗，而多數(shù)外國(guó)人不一定熟悉中國(guó)人的這一習(xí)俗。 為了取得好的翻譯效果，最好是用能夠跨越文化障礙的表達(dá)方法，如火車頭或旗艦：with foreign trade as th

27、e locomotive / flagship。,新北京，新奧運(yùn) New Beijing, New Olympics (inappropriate) New Beijing, Great Olympics 培養(yǎng)了大量的醫(yī)學(xué)人才 Train large number of medical personnel (talents, wrong),特區(qū)是個(gè)窗口，是技術(shù)的窗口，管理的窗口，知識(shí)的窗口，也是對(duì)外政策的窗口。,誤譯：The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and kn

28、owledge. It is also a window for foreign policy. 這樣的翻譯外國(guó)人是無(wú)法理解的，我們必須把那些被省略了或被隱藏起來(lái)的信息都翻譯出來(lái)：,The special economics zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-how.

29、 It is also a window through which to disseminate Chinas external policies.,項(xiàng)籍，字羽polite name (Watson) literary name （林語(yǔ)堂） school name (Hawkes) courtesy name（楊憲益） 鼓勵(lì)社會(huì)力量辦學(xué) Encourage non-government （social) sectors to run schools 住房公積金public housing fund 心理療法用于治療心理有毛病的人。 誤譯：Psychotherapy is used in th

30、e treatment of people who are mentally ill. 改譯：Psychotherapy is used in the treatment of mental illness. 海外歸來(lái)學(xué)子returning (returned有脅迫歸來(lái)之意) scholars,徐霞客（1587-1641），名宏祖，號(hào)霞客，又號(hào)霞逸，江陰人（今屬江蘇）。他的好友陳繼儒因他酷愛(ài)旅行，經(jīng)常餐霞宿露山林野澤之間，為他取號(hào)“霞客”。 Xu Xiake(1587-1641),whose given name is “Hongzu”, and who styled himself as “

31、Xiake” and “Xiayi”, was a native of Jiangyin (present Jiangsu Province). As he was very interested in traveling and liked to spend outdoors to savor the dew and enjoy the first morning rays, his friend Chen Jiru named him “Xiake”, the guest of the morning rays.,練習(xí),科技成果市場(chǎng)化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化 commercialization and i

32、ndustrialization of scientific and technological achievements 輻射面廣，帶動(dòng)力強(qiáng)的企業(yè) leading enterprises that play the role of a powerhouse over a large area,唐裝Tang-styled apparel 廉政建設(shè)construction of a clean government 網(wǎng)民netizen 網(wǎng)吧cyercafe 暴利windfall profit 磁懸浮列車magnetic levitation train 合同工contract labour 一站

33、式辦公one-stop service 孔雀獎(jiǎng)Peacock Award 讓利空間profit-sharing space 暴走族flash mob 經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房affordable house,1) 毛入學(xué)率 the gross enrollment rate2） 對(duì)口支援 a unit-to-unit supporting program 3） 國(guó)有資產(chǎn)管理、監(jiān)督和運(yùn)營(yíng)機(jī)制 the mechanism for management, supervision and operation of state-owned assets 4） 高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化示范工程 hi-tech industrialization model projects 5）科教興國(guó)戰(zhàn)略 the strategy of country development by developing scien