詞匯學(xué)--詞素

1、Morpheme and Word-formation,Members: Speaker: 張莎莎 201217110 Searcher: 丁夢(mèng)麗 201217101 Maker： 王海金 201217103,詞素和構(gòu)詞法,Introduction We know words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and

2、 affix. 在構(gòu)詞法中，語(yǔ)素被分為詞根、詞干、詞基和詞綴。,Root,Stem,Morpheme,Base,Affix,Affix Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemessome morphemes cannot normally stand alone,but function only as parts of words,e,g.-s,-er and-ed 詞綴都是粘著語(yǔ)素，依附

3、于詞根上構(gòu)成新詞或表示詞的語(yǔ)法意義. .According to the functions of affixes Affix can be divided into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.,1. Inflectional affixes（Inflectional morphemes）are not used to produce new words,but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word(-s,-s,-ed,-ing,-er,-est

4、). 屈折詞綴:表示詞的語(yǔ)法意義。 2. Derivational affixes(Derivational morphemes) are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem(-er,-ness,-ly,-ful,-less,un-,dis-,re-,im-,pre-). 派生詞綴是加在詞干上構(gòu)成新詞的詞綴。,.According to their distribution in the

5、formation of words Affixes can be divided into prefixes and suffixes. 1. Prefixes are affixes before the root. Eg, unjust, rewrite,impossible. As a rule,most prefixes modify the meaning of roots,but not their parts of speech. 2. Suffixes are affixes after the root. By the addtion of the suffix, the

6、word is usually changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation. modernize.,Root . A“root”is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.In other words, a root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational aff

7、ixes have been removed.(詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后剩余的部分) For example, “Internationalism”is a four-morpheme derivative which keeps its free morpheme “nation”as its root when “inter-”,“-al”and”-ism”are taken away. . Roots may be Free:those that can stand by themselves. eg ：black+board;nation+nal Bound:those t

8、hat cannot stand by themselves. eg：-ceive in receive,perceive,conceive . Some words(pounds )have more than one root, eg：mailman, girlfriend,armchair.,Stem .A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. In other words, a “stem” is any morpheme or

9、combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added. 詞干是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后剩余的部分。 .A stem may be the same as,and in other cases,different from,a root.For example,in the word “friends”.“friend”is both the root and the stem,but in the word “friendship”, “friendship” is its stem,“friend” is its root.,Base .

10、A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added.It can be a root or a stem. 詞基是任何一種詞綴都可以加在上面的形式。 In the case of internationalists,nation is a base, national is a base,so are international and internationalist. Nation ( root stem base) National (

11、 stem base ) International ( stem base ) Internationalist (stem base ),區(qū)分：詞根、詞干、詞基 1.詞根（root）是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后剩余的部分。 2.詞干（stem）是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后剩余的部分。 3.詞基（base）是任何一種詞綴都可以加在上面的形式。 詞基與詞根的區(qū)別：詞基是可以從派生角度進(jìn)行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生詞綴。但詞根則不容許做進(jìn)一步分析。 詞基與詞干的區(qū)別：派生詞綴和屈折詞綴都可加在詞基上，而只有屈折詞綴可加在詞干上。,Exercise Analyze the word in terms of root,stem and base. ( root /base ) ( derivational suffix) Desire(n.) -able ( derivational prefix ) ( base ) un- desirable(adj.) ( stem/base ) ( inflectional suffix ) undesirable(n.) -s ( root/stem/base) ( inflectional suffix) desire(v.) -ed,Expla