英語學習策略8.ppt

1、一篇好的作文應達到：1. 有較好的寫作基礎，文章流暢，遣詞造句不當，文章結(jié)構完 整，內(nèi)容符合要求；2. 語法基本正確；3. 句法基本準確，句子與句子段落之間過渡連貫；4. 有一定詞匯量，字數(shù)符合要求；5. 說理清楚，內(nèi)容充實。 一篇較差的作文表現(xiàn)為：1 文章不通順，無段落，無結(jié)構，無明顯主題；2 出現(xiàn)很多基本語法錯誤，拼寫錯誤；3 詞匯量很小，詞不達意，缺乏英語表達能力；4 不像一篇文章，僅是把一些不連貫的詞語拼湊到一起。,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,有意識作文法,寫作中常見的問題,思維習慣,語言錯誤,框架意識,詞匯匱乏,結(jié)構意識,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,語言意識,1.

2、 英語寫作中常見問題 1） 思維習慣 英漢不同的語篇思維模式是造成不切題的直接原因。一些外國人認為東方人寫作善用迂回法，也就是總繞著主題的外圍轉(zhuǎn)，而不從主題入手展開討論。漢語語篇的思維模式是中國歷史文化的產(chǎn)物，人們認為這種方式含蓄、委婉，容易使人接受，而英美人則喜歡開門見山的敘述主題；所以我國學生進行英語寫作時，由于受漢語語篇思維模式的影響，闡述時不從主題入手，不能緊扣主題進行寫作，致使文章主題不明確，觀點不夠鮮明。 Oriental English 我們來看一篇以Trees為題目的作文：,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,Trees are mans friends. 1. We can

3、 see trees everywhere. 2. We plant trees every year. 3. We can make tables with trees. 4. Trees also give us fruits to eat. 5. I like to eat fruits very much.,該段的主題句是Trees are mans friends, 寫作中心應圍繞friends，也就是樹的用途展開。但學生沒有從friends入手闡明主題，而是繞圈子說了些無關緊要的話，第一、二、五展開句偏離了樹的用途這個主題，而是說我們到處可以看見樹木；每年都種樹；喜歡吃水果等；而且

4、段落框架松散，這樣就屬于主題句抓不住，中心思想不明確，而且句型單調(diào)。,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,再來看改寫后的段落： Trees are mans friends. 1.They provide man with timber, fruits and seeds. With timber, man can build houses and make furniture. 2. Fruits are the food, which is necessary to us every day. 3. As for seeds, they can be used to extract oi

5、l. 這樣就克服了前面所犯錯誤，緊緊圍繞了主題句來展開，算是一篇好的作文。,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,下文為根據(jù)中國式思維方式寫就的作文 Most of the scientists of the important academic journals write in English, and in all the international academic meetings, English is widely used. If we master English, we can go to any corner of the world to communicate wit

6、h the people with different mother tongue. So English is important to scientists.(才引出主題),第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,這幾句是正確的句子嗎? 如果你認為有誤, 該怎么改?,1.The meeting will until 3:00.,2.Work hard, you will succeed.,3.I have a brother, who is a doctor. 4. There are only 4 students take part in the class.,last,and,who,

7、taking/to take,2）語言錯誤,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,3. 詞匯匱乏 可供“調(diào)遣”的詞匯量貧乏，用詞大部分局限于中學詞匯。 Good points= benefits, advantages, merits. Problems, bad points= drawbacks, disadvantages, shortcomings, defects. 表達相近意義時，常重復用一個詞，用詞單調(diào)。 Good= helpful, useful, beneficial, favorable, advantageous, does good to, benefit. 3 學會使

8、用形容詞、副詞,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,陳詞濫調(diào),sometimes now and then、 from time to time、 once in a while、 occasionally,show（表明） indicate、 reveal、 suggest、 illustrate、 demonstrate、 manifest,person、people individuals characters,have（有） enjoy、 possess,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,陳詞濫調(diào)think,believe、 claim、 maintain、 argue、 ins

9、ist、,harbor the idea that、 hold the view that、 it is widely acknowledged that,陳詞濫調(diào) important、necessary,essential、 crucial、 indispensable、,of vital importance、 of great momentum/ magnitude/ significance,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,陳詞濫調(diào),because of thanks to、 due to、 on account of、 on the grounds of,Many a vari

10、ety of、 numerous、 a wide array of,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,2. 影響寫作能力的因素 直接因素： 表達知識和能力-英語表達型詞匯水平、漢語寫作能力 表達型詞匯：學習者能夠用于口語或?qū)懽鞯脑~匯量。 間接因素： 英語閱讀能力 領會型語篇知識 英語聽力能力,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,Why am I always stuck in writing？,不寫?,寫?,如何寫?,寫什么?,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,有意識作文法,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,構思的有意識 開篇 文章主體 結(jié)尾 語言運用的有意識 詞匯運用的有意識

11、句子結(jié)構選擇的有意識,有意識作文法,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,構思的有意識,按作文類型構思 開篇：開宗明義（what） 主體： 原因/后果分析；提出解決問題的方法/等建議（why they look attractive, but they are not easy to do.,參考答案:,(1) After a heated discussion we agreed to climb the mountain outside the city. We had passed by the mountain when we were taking a bus out of the

12、city, but it was the first time we had thought of climbing it. We started early in the morning. About an hour later, we began to feel tired, but there was still a long way to go. We took a short break and then went on climbing. Not until lunch time did we get to the top of the mountain. At sight of

13、our beautiful city below us， we felt happy though we were tired out.,練習:根據(jù)所給的主題句和提示, 寫好段落的擴展句,(2) 主題句: He was kind and shy before a group of naughty girls, but he was very strict in his teaching and with our students. teach usa lot in knowledgeas well as in morality I remembermy final exam Have an i

14、dealook in dictionarysecretly Unfortunatelydiscoversave my face After examcallto his officemy heartbeat fast Instead of scoldingsay kindlyadvisedo goodmovedtears 18 yearspasskeepremind mestudy hardhonest,參考答案:,(2) He taught us a lot in knowledge as well as in morality. I remember the time of my fina

15、l examination. I had the idea of looking in my dictionary secretly. Unfortunately, my secret was discovered by him and he said nothing to save my face. After the examination, I was called to his office. My heart was beating fast. Instead of scolding, he talked kindly to me and advised me to do good.

16、I was moved to tears. Eighteen years has passed, but the lesson remains deep in my memory and always reminds me to study hard and keep honest.,結(jié)論句,結(jié)論句并非必不可少, 但它能起到以下的作用: (1) 表示段落的結(jié)束 (2) 總結(jié)要點,與主題句相呼應 (3) 供讀者就本段落的主要內(nèi)容和見解有個深刻的印象或進行思考,結(jié)論句:(推薦),1. (主題句:Life is limited, but knowledge is boundless.) 結(jié)尾句: H

17、ow important it is to read good books! 2.(主題句:Books are full of knowledge and wisdom.) 結(jié)尾句: Why shouldnt we read more books to search more and use them to develop our splendid future? 3.(主題句:When I was a little girl, I lived with my grandparents in a faraway village.) 結(jié)尾句: Time was gone with the win

18、d. But my childhood is like amber(琥珀), glittering in my life.,感嘆句,疑問句,比喻,結(jié)論句:(推薦),1. (主題句:From Monday to Friday we go to school, and we have to do homework on Saturday and Sunday. Our rights of enjoying our weekends have been taken away by those who wish us to do well in our lessons.) 結(jié)尾句: In short,

19、 for young people, not only are we eager for knowledge but also we are thirsty for colorful lives. Lets become the real masters of weekends. 2.(主題句:Success comes with hard work.) 結(jié)尾句:So, as Tomas Edison once said, genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.,總結(jié),概括,引用名言,詞匯運

20、用的有意識,比較下面用英語寫出的句子。 （1）越來越多的學生發(fā)現(xiàn)學英語變得越來越重要了。 More and more students find learning English has become increasingly important. Students in growing numbers find learning English has become increasingly important. （2）如今人們消耗的蔬菜越來越多了。 More and more people are eating vegetables nowadays. Vegetable consumpt

21、ion is on the rise nowadays.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,詞匯運用的有意識,（3） 經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展需要越來越多的服務人員。 We need more and more service people with the development of economy. There is an increasing demand for service people with the development of economy. （4） 越來越多的證據(jù)顯示第二種管理風格比第一種更有效。 More and more evidence is showing that t

22、he second style of management is more productive than the first one. The evidence is mounting that the second style of management is more productive than the first one.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,詞匯運用的有意識,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,詞匯運用的有意識,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,詞匯運用的有意識,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,形體化 A.The injured footballer

23、 limped（跛行）slowly off the field. B.The victorious army marched（邁進）into the conquered city. C.The pedestrians rushed（快步走）here and there in the rain. D.The man, whose wife was expecting the first baby, was pacing（踱步）nervously up and down the hospital corridor. E.The manager strode（大步走）into the office

24、and asked who was late for work. F.We wandered（瞎轉(zhuǎn)）around for hours looking for the house. G.She just drags（步履拖沓）along after us wherever we go.,詞匯運用的有意識,感官化 A.Rain came down and broke the silence. B.After a long hush, big raindrops came pitter-pattering down, shattering the eerie silence. 細節(jié)化 speak講話

25、talk交談 tell講述explain解釋 mention提及narrate講述 lie撒謊 whisper耳語 discuss討論utter出聲 persuade勸說quote引述 libel詆毀 murmur低語 comment、observe、remark評價 declare、announce宣稱,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,詞匯運用的有意識,（3）同義替換 A.We loved the food so much, especially the fish dishes. B.I prefer walking alone. C.I really admire people wh

26、o can work in such difficult conditions. D.I want to travel because I enjoy meeting people and seeing new places. E.She is fond of playing the piano. F.Babies are attracted to bright colours. G.I dont care for coffee. H.Many soccer fans are crazy about David Beckham. I.Hes the first real boyfriend s

27、hes had and shes mad about him. J.Many Westerners are keen on Jackie Chans kungfu films. K.He has been addicted to the drug. L.Some adults are hooked on computer games as well.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,詞匯運用的有意識,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,詞匯運用的有意識,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,詞匯運用的有意識,動詞詞組 形容詞 副詞 連接詞,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,Word

28、s intended in the beginning,A variety of; various ; gradual/sharp growth/development; Become a common part of peoples life; arouse the greatest concern; have been brought into focus; no complete agreement among people as to sth.; the reasons are varied; people have different views on; etc.,Words Int

29、ended in the Body,Entity words: Relation words Comparison and contrast be similar to; similarly; likewise; both; in the same way; resemble; just as; compared with differ from; be different from;unlike; in contrast to; on the other hand; however; otherwise; nevertheless;on the contrary; but; while; a

30、lthough; than,Entity Words （Incremental Learning）,Journalist make up false misleading stories Take stringent measures Fabricate the story The celebrities Professional ethics Cook up the stories and cater for their taste Causing panic Enhance moral education Build a mechanism to guarantee the authent

31、icity of the news Prosecuted and fined Penalized,Words Intended in the Body, gradation Furthermore; in addition; additionally; plus; besides; what is more; moreover sequence to begin with; firstly secondly; thirdly; in the first place; in the second place. Last but not the least; on the one hand; on

32、 the other hand. Etc Illustration,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,A case in point; for example; for instance; take sth. for example; take sth. for instance cause-effect Because of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for, because, since, as, for this reason，therefore, so, as a result, consequently, in co

33、nsequence, accordingly, hence, thus , the reasons why/for are/lie in , results in , result from,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,Concluding part, Emphasis (connectives) From what has been mentioned above; what matters most; more weight/ value / importance/attention would be attached to ; weighing up these two arg

34、uments; taking above-mentioned factors into account/ consideration; therefore; thus; hence,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,To sum up, to conclude, to summarize, In sum, in summary, in conclusion, in all, in a word, in short, in brief, So, therefore, thus, We can come to the conclusion that point shift (connectiv

35、es) Though, although, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, even though, Lets look at the other side of the coin. As everything has two sides, we should not neglect the other side of the coin. Just as there are two sides of a coin, the negative aspect of cannot be overlooked.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,在措詞(En

36、tity words)方面存在的問題：,可供“調(diào)遣”的詞匯量貧乏，用詞大部分局限于中學詞匯。 Good points= benefits, advantages, merits. Problems, bad points= drawbacks, disadvantages, shortcomings, defects. 表達相近意義時，常重復用一個詞，用詞單調(diào)。 Good= helpful, useful, beneficial, favorable, advantageous, does good to, benefit. 3 學會使用形容詞、副詞,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,策略

37、,調(diào)動大學期間學過的更生動，更豐富的詞匯表達意思。 Cause, lead to, result in, bring about, give rise/birth to 用具體，生動，有針對性的詞語。 Use, make use of, make (good, effective, wide, wise, full) use of sth, take (full) advantage of 文中如需要多次表達同一詞義時，以原詞，同義詞，近義詞等避免重復使用同一詞。 Adapt to, adjust, makefit, get used to, be accustomed to,第八講 英語學習

38、策略英語寫作學習策略,Compare the Following Sentences We should use different ways to get to know the society. We ought to make use of various methods to get to know the society. We are supposed to take advantage of diverse means to get to know the society. There was only silence in the room There was nothing

39、but silence in the room 選詞的基本原則 盡量用四級范圍內(nèi)的積極的,活躍的,常用的詞或詞組. 盡量用表達最貼切,最生動,最有力的詞或短語. 盡量用最符合所寫話題,所用文體的詞或表達. 最吸引眼球的詞匯(eye-catching words).,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,句式選擇的有意識,從句 分詞作狀語 If虛擬條件句 并列、排比句式 倒裝句 諺語、名言警句等,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,分詞(尤其是結(jié)尾部分),Everything (being) taken into consideration, the plan seems more pract

40、icable. (=If everything is taken into consideration, ),第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,副詞等短語,Only, never, little, seldom, not, not only, not until, no sooner (than), hardly (when), rarely, scarcely, in no way等。 only+ 狀語+ be /助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語及其他 Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened. Only in this

41、way can you make progress in your English/solve/ address/cope with/ handle the issue.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,并列和排比,“We are slaves to nothing but the clock, ” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it;

42、 we also charge for it.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,引用名言諺語法,用名人名言或諺語，俗語等，這些語句常具有權威性或為大家所公認，引用在文章中有一定的說服力。 “Of all treasures”, says an ancient saint, “knowledge is the most precious, for it can neither be stolen, given away, nor consumed,” From that, we can see the great importance of education. Human beings

43、are pound foolish but penny wise for they do not attach weight to protecting and preserving environment.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,不要總是以有生命的名詞和人稱代詞開頭。受漢語表達的影響，很多考生都喜歡以I, People, We等開頭！ Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China. It is widely / commonly thought / believed / held / accepted

44、that birth control is quite necessary in China.,常見例子比較,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,Many Chinese people have gone to the United States in the last 15 years. The past 15 years have brought many Chinese people to the United States. We almost forget this event. This event is now almost fading from our memory. St

45、udents should certainly make continuous efforts. Continuous efforts on the part of students are certainly required.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,不要千篇一律地使用主動語態(tài)，英語中被動結(jié)構的使用頻率遠遠高于漢語！ We are making great efforts to improve our English. Great efforts are being made to improve our English. We know very little about

46、the nature of human beings. Little is known about the nature of human beings.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,Because of social demands, there appear many evening schools. Many evening schools are called into existence by social demands. We may think more of the elderly who live apart from their children. More t

47、hought may be given to the elderly who live apart from their children.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,不要總是使用“如果”,“因為”“當”等口語意味較重的句子，要注意使用書面語體的句子。 if you compare bicycles with cars, you will find bicycles are superior to cars. Careful comparison of bicycles with cars will show the superiority of the former over t

48、he latter. If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good results. The application of book knowledge alone wont bring you good results.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,Because we cannot apply book knowledge to practice, we cannot handle real problems in society. The inability to apply book knowledge to pr

49、actice prevents us from handling real problems in society. Because the decision recognizes the rights of students, so they all welcome it. Students all welcome the decision which recognizes their rights.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,要學會用名詞性結(jié)構來表達意思。 It is time for us to revise educational system and then provi

50、de it to our society. It is time for us to provide our society a revised educational system. The style of living has become more and more popular and accepted by more and more young people. The style of living has found its growing popularity and acceptance among young people.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,不要總

51、是用肯定句來表達，要學會用否定句來表達肯定的意思。 Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements. It is impossible to pick up a newspaper without finding advertisements. Every young boy and girl wants to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost. There is hardly a young boy and girl who d

52、oesnt want to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.,恰當?shù)厥褂门疟?、平行句（模仿）?The nationwide controversy over the current reforms will test the courage of our people. Through the controversy we can also see the determination of our government. The nationwide controversy over the current refo

53、rms will test the courage of our people and the determination of our government.,第八講 英語學習策略英語寫作學習策略,不同作文經(jīng)常用的句式（比較）,the advantage far outweigh the disadvantages. the advantages of A are much greater than those of B. A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that. it is reasonable

54、 to maintain that .but it would be foolish to claim that. for all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. like anything else, it has its faults. A and B has several points in common.,不同作文經(jīng)常用的句式（原因）,a number of factors are accountable for this situation. a number of factors might contr

55、ibute to (lead to /account for ) the phenomenon (problem). 2. the answer to this problem involves many factors. the phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that. the factors that contribute to this situation include.,不同作文經(jīng)常用的句式（結(jié)/后果）,it may give rise to a host of problems. the immediate result it produces is . it will exerci