正反對比作文講解.ppt

1、寫作注意原則： 1、認(rèn)真審題，即：審語境、審人稱、審時 態(tài) 2、要緊扣主題，符合要求，首尾呼應(yīng) 3、注意寫作對象和語言風(fēng)格，要有讀者的 意識 4、要進(jìn)行細(xì)致描寫，有細(xì)節(jié)的支撐 5、要有主次之分， 詳略得當(dāng) 6、要力求內(nèi)容新穎，必須符合邏輯 7、要做到思想健康，積極向上,切記： 1 審題要準(zhǔn)；定位要清。 2 緊扣主題；首位呼應(yīng)。 3 內(nèi)容充實；詳略得當(dāng)。 4 合情合理；邏輯清晰。 5 語言簡潔；交際得體。,1. fluency (語言）流利，流暢 2. clarity (思路）清晰，明確 3. coherence （上下文）呼應(yīng)連貫 4.accuracy (用詞）準(zhǔn)確，精確 pleteness

2、（內(nèi)容）完整,篇章結(jié)構(gòu) 主題句引出全文的話題 支持句圍繞話題展開討論，用事實，理由，觀點等來進(jìn)行解釋，說明或論證。 結(jié)束句對話題進(jìn)行概括，總結(jié)歸納。,寫作方法： 列舉法-用事例說明主題可用表示順序的示意詞來突出每個實例。如： first, second, third, first, secondly, finally, the first thing (point) is, the second thing (point) is, the third thing(point) is, first of all, also, finally, one, another, the last,以事物

3、的重要性來排列順序，可使文章層次清楚，重點突出。 如： for one thing, also, the worst thing is, first of all, apart from that, the most important is, for one thing, what is more, the most, one important, more importantly, the most important,one problem., another problem, the most serious problem,比較對比法： 比較通常是指對人或事物之間的相同 點進(jìn)行分析。

4、 對比通常是側(cè)重分析兩者之間的不同點，利與弊。,寫作方法通常有： 1）相同點-不同點分析A,A,A, B,B,B, 結(jié)構(gòu) 2）A,B, A,B, A,B, 結(jié)構(gòu) （如內(nèi)容較多，可逐點分析。）,Topic sentence whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks Supporting sentence 1 60% of the students are against the idea of the entrance fees. (A) to have a rest and enjoy themselves in the park

5、(A) to become necessary to build gates and walls, (A) to do harm to the appearance of the city.,Supporting sentence 2 40% think that fees should be charged (B) need money to pay gardeners and other workers (B) to buy plants and young trees. (B) fees should be charged low.,假定你是天津一中的留學(xué)生Alice2005年給你的朋友

6、Peter寫封信，談天津與倫敦的異同。 倫敦 天津 汽車靠左行 右行 很少乘車上班 騎車 陰天多 晴天多 每周五天工作日 每周工作五天 懂中文少 懂英文人多 學(xué)生較放松 學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)勤奮,Dear Peter, Ive been here for half a year, Id like to tell you something about Beijing and London. In our country cars are driven on the left side of the road, but here on the right side. Many people go to wo

7、rk by car in London, while most people in Beijing go to work by bike. The climate in Beijing is better than ours, which is fine most of the time. But London has so many cloudy days. Workers in Beijing work five days a week just as those in London. Students here work hard at their lessons and a lot o

8、f people can speak English. Its a pity that students in our country dont make full use their time and few know Chinese. Thats all for today. Please write to me. yours, Alice,請你根據(jù)下面圖表用英語寫一篇短文，內(nèi)容要包括以下兩方面： 1。概括說明中美大學(xué)生的主要收入來源。 2。分析產(chǎn)生這種不同現(xiàn)象的可能原因。,Income * American *Chinese sources *students *students - P

9、arents *50% *90% - Part-time jobs * 35% *5% - scholarships *15% *5%,The income of the American and the Chinese students comes through almost the same channels:parents, part-time jobs and scholarships, but the percentage of each is quite different. Half the American students income is from their pare

10、nts, thirty-five percent from from part- time jobs, and fifteen from scholarships. Chinese students, on the other hand, get ninety percent of their income from their parents.,In my opinion, there are two main reasons for this. One is that Chinese parents care so much for their children that it is al

11、most unthinkable for students to live on their own. The other is that Chinese students have fewer chances to find part-time jobs.,英語寫作中常見錯誤 1 Disagreements 2 Misplaced Modifiers 3 Sentence Fragments 4 Dangling Modifiers 5 Misuse Parts of Speech 6 Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns 7 Run on Sentence 8 T

12、rouble in Diction 9 Redundancy 10 Incoherence 11.Comprehensive Misusage),一 不一致（Disagreements）所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致，它還包括了數(shù)的不一致,時態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致等例 When one have money , he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了錢，他就能想干什么就干什么)剖析：one是單數(shù)第三人稱，因而本句的have改為：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants 應(yīng)改為has ;同理，want應(yīng)改為wants.本句是典型

13、的主謂不一致 (to do),二 修飾語錯位（Misplaced Modifiers）英語與漢語不同，同一個修飾語置于句子不同的位置，句子的含義可能引起變化對于這一點中國學(xué)生往往沒有引起足夠的重視，因而造成了不必要的誤解例 I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析：better位置不當(dāng)，應(yīng)置于句末,三 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口語中，交際雙方可借助手勢語氣上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解可是書面語就不同了，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會令意思表達(dá)不清，這

14、種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后，筆者又想加些補(bǔ)充說明時發(fā)生例 There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on . 剖析：本句后半部分for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一個完整的句子，僅為一些不連貫的詞語，不能獨立成句改為：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.,四 懸垂修飾語（Danglin

15、g Modifiers）所謂懸垂修飾語是指句首的短語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 這句中at the age of ten只點出十歲時，但沒有說明” 誰”十歲時按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我們把這個懸垂修飾語改明確一點，全句就不那么費(fèi)解了改為：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例 To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短語 “to do well in college” 的

16、邏輯主語不清楚改為：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.,五 詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當(dāng)動詞用；形容詞當(dāng)副詞用；名詞當(dāng)動詞用等例 None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容詞，誤作動詞。改為：None can deny the importance of money.,六 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清，或

17、者先后所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好，因為她要她做她的伴娘。)讀完上面這一句話，讀者無法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰將結(jié)婚，誰將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對象加以明確，意思就一目了然了。這個句子可改為：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例1. And we can also know t

18、he society by serving it yourself. 剖析：句中人稱代詞we 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。改為： We can also know society by serving it ourselves.,七 不間斷句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence?請看下面的例句。例 There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：這個句子包含了兩層完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside w

19、orld.”。簡單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。改為：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world,八 措詞毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語的問題，囿于教學(xué)時間緊迫，教師平時在這方面花的時間往往極其有限，影響了學(xué)生在寫作中沒有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲，斟酌的習(xí)慣。他們往往隨心所欲，拿來就用。所以作文中

20、用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e誤比比皆是。例 The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。)剖析：顯然，考生把obstacles“障礙”，“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use (不斷增加的使用)” 應(yīng)改為“abusive use (濫用)”。改為：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to polluti

21、on.,九 累贅(Redundancy)言以簡潔為貴。寫句子沒有一個多余的詞；寫段落沒有一個無必要的句子。能用單詞的不用詞組；能用詞組的不用從句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同謂語從句，我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”可以改為：In spite of his laziness, I like him.例 For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used

22、 to buy the thing they need. 剖析：整個句子可以大大簡化。 改為： Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.,十 不連貫(Incoherence) 不連貫是指一個句子前言不對后語，或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。這也是考生常犯的毛病。例 The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water 與逗號后的it 不連貫。It 與things 在數(shù)方面不一致。改為：Fresh water is th

23、e most important thing in the world.,十一 綜合性語言錯誤(Comprehensive Misusage)所謂“綜合性語言錯誤”，是指除了上述十種錯誤以外，還有諸如時態(tài)，語態(tài)，標(biāo)點符號，大小寫等方面的錯誤。,高三書面表達(dá)正反對比作文練習(xí)參考答案 練習(xí)： 請你以“中學(xué)生該不該進(jìn)網(wǎng)吧上網(wǎng)”為題，根據(jù)下表中信息給報社記者寫一封信，客觀介紹討論情況。,（1） 要求論述兩個對立的觀點并給出自己的看法。 1 有一些人認(rèn)為2 另一些人認(rèn)為 3 我的看法 The topic of _（主題）is becoming more and more popular recently

24、. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of _（理由一）What is more, _(理由二). Moreover, _(理由三).,While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,_(理由一). Secondly (besides),_(理由二）. Thirdly (finally)

25、,_(理由三). From my point of view, I think _(我的觀點). The reason is that _(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .,參考范文： Dear editor, The other day we had a heated discussion about whether middle school students should ente

26、r a net bar to surf online. 60% of the students think it should be forbidden. For one thing, surfing online or playing computer games is a waste of time. And it costs a lot of money to go to a net bar. For another, some students go to class during the day and surf online until deep into the night. A

27、s a result, they always feel sleepy in class. Besides, the content of some websites is harmful.,On the other hand, about 40% believe that the net is a good thing. On the net we can get some information useful in our study. The net can broaden (expand) our horizons, and through the internet we can ma

28、ke many new friends. It can help us to improve our skill in operating the computer. Of course, we should control ourselves while surfing online. Such is our discussion abut the question.,書面表達(dá) 目前有許多中學(xué)生利用周末上各種培訓(xùn)班或請家教補(bǔ)習(xí)。針對這種現(xiàn)象，學(xué)生們持兩種不同觀點：,請根據(jù)以上要點，寫一篇詞數(shù)為100左右的短文，并簡要談?wù)勛约旱挠^點。 參考詞匯： 鞏固 consolidate 培訓(xùn)班train

29、ing classes 家庭教師 tutors,參考答案： More and more middle school students are going to all kinds of training classes or having tutors at weekends. There are two different viewpoints about it. Some students think it necessary. Firstly, its more effective to study with a teacher than by themselves .Secondly,

30、 it can consolidate what is learnt in class. Besides, they can learn a lot more that cant be gained from textbooks. Others think it unnecessary .For one thing, students can easily form the habit of depending on others .For another, students need time to relax from time to time. Whats more, the only

31、purpose of many training classes and teachers is to make money.,In my opinion, whether a training class or a tutor is needed just depends. If you are really very weak at or interested in a certain subject, maybe its all right for you . But be sure to choose a good and suitable class or tutor, otherw

32、ise it would be a waste of time and money.,Beginning part : Nowadays many senior high students spend their weekends taking classes or learning with tutors. There are two different attitudes towards it. Recently a phenomenon of going to training classes or having a tutor at home have led to a heated

33、discussion Recently we have carried out a survey to find out whether its necessary to attend training classes or having a tutor at home. When it come to the topic whether student WhetherPoints varied among students.,Detailed sentences: Learning with the tutors help has a better result than learning

34、on their own. There are also more disadvantages, which have a bad influence on your grades. Only if you sleep enough , can you do well in your school work. Its easy to develop/form a bad habit of depending on others. In this way we can made rapid /great progress and study more efficiently than study

35、 alone.,A spare-time class may let you become more familiar with your school studies. , and, as a result, it can consolidate the knowledge learnt in class. Last but not least , we can learn more knowledge beyond books. There no single answer to the question. Transitional sentences: While others thin

36、k it is in vain. But others think we may depend on the training classes too much. As a result, we may not listen to the teacher attentively in class. But for me, I would rather choose the second one.,Imperfect sentences: It is too easy to depend on them but not ourselves. Some tutors and training cl

37、asses are on behalf of themselves. There many students use weekends to have training classes. It not only help our study nothing but also influence our sleep. The opinions mainly have two parts which as follows. It is well known that many training classes only make money as a goal. They have authori

38、ty to decide to go or not . Whats more we can consolidate all things what we learn in class.,It may easily develop/form the habit of depending on teachers, but not ourselves. Some tutors and training classes only aim to make money. There many students using (spending/who spend) weekends to have (having) training classes. It doesnt help our study, and whats worse it will affect our sleep. The opinions varies among them, which is as follows. It is widely/generally