托福寫作名人名言引用技巧實(shí)例分析

1、托福寫作名人名言引用技巧實(shí)例分析 托福寫作名人名言引用技巧實(shí)例分析, 引經(jīng)據(jù)典要這么寫。今天給大家?guī)砹送懈懽髅嗣砸眉记蓪?shí)例分析，希望可以幫助到大家，下面就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。托福寫作名人名言引用技巧實(shí)例分析 引經(jīng)據(jù)典要這么寫托福獨(dú)立寫作引用寫法介紹托福獨(dú)立寫作是議論文題材，引用名人名言或是諺語可使所表達(dá)的語言簡潔凝練，生動(dòng)活潑,增添感染力。在論證分論點(diǎn)時(shí)，可為自己的觀點(diǎn)提供有力的論據(jù),增強(qiáng)說服力。在強(qiáng)調(diào)主題時(shí)，具有畫龍點(diǎn)睛之效,能夠啟人心智、升華主題。簡言之，引經(jīng)據(jù)典有以下三種作用，即 to illuminate the meaning ;to support the argu

2、ments ;to inspire and invoke。下面以托福作文題為例，看如何恰如其分地引經(jīng)據(jù)典，旁征博引。例一.do you agree or disagree with the following statement:parents should allow children to make mistakes and let them learn from their own mistakes.此題按題型來看為利弊類題，按話題來看屬于家庭類話題。父母應(yīng)該讓孩子經(jīng)歷風(fēng)雨的洗禮去成長，還是避免孩子犯錯(cuò)誤。若選擇同義，認(rèn)為家長應(yīng)該讓孩子在錯(cuò)誤中汲取成長的營養(yǎng)，就可引用與經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)歷練成長相

3、關(guān)的名人名言及諺語。1. mistakes are an essential part of education. (bertrand russell, bdritish philosopher)從錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)是教育極為重要的一部分。(英國哲學(xué)家 羅素 .b.)2. one thorn of experience is worth a whole wilderness of warning. (james russell lowell, british poet and critic)一次痛苦的經(jīng)驗(yàn)抵得上千百次的告誡。(英國詩人、批評(píng)家 洛威爾 .j. r .)3. practical wi

4、sdom is only to be learned in the school of experience. (samuel smiles, british writer)實(shí)用的知識(shí)只有通過親身體驗(yàn)才能學(xué)到。(英國作家 斯邁爾斯 . s .)4. as fruit needs not only sunshine but cold nights and chilling showers to ripen it, so character needs not only joy but trial and difficulty to mellow it. (hugh black, american

5、 writer)水果不僅需要陽光，也需要涼夜。寒冷的雨水能使其成熟。人的性格陶冶不僅需要?dú)g樂，也需要考驗(yàn)和困難。(美國作家 布萊克 h)5. mishaps are like knives that either serve us or cut us as we grasp them by the handle or blade.(james russell lowell, american poetess and critic)災(zāi)難就像刀子，握住刀柄就可以為我們服務(wù)，拿住刀刃則會(huì)割破手。(美國女詩人、批評(píng)家 洛威爾 j r)6. no pain , no palm; no thorns, n

6、o throne ; no gall, no glory; no cross, no crown. (william penn, british admiral)沒有播種，何來收獲;沒有辛勞，何來成功;沒有磨難，何來榮耀;沒有挫折，何來輝煌。(英國海軍上將 佩恩 w)7. the roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet .(aristotle , ancient greek philosopher )教育的根是苦的，但其果實(shí)是甜的。(古希臘哲學(xué)家 亞里士多德)例二. do you agree or disagree with

7、the following statement:the expression “never, never give up” means to keep trying and never stop working for your goals.此題探討一個(gè)人是否應(yīng)該永不服輸。若同義此觀點(diǎn)，便可引用與堅(jiān)持毅力相關(guān)的名人名言及諺語。1. our destiny offers not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity. so let us seize it, not in fear, but in gladness. - r.m. n

8、ixon命運(yùn)給予我們的不是失望之酒，而是機(jī)會(huì)之杯。因此，讓我們毫無畏懼，滿心愉悅地把握命運(yùn)。尼克松2. living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. - john ruskin生活沒有目標(biāo)，猶如航海沒有羅盤。羅斯金3. we must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope. - mattin luther king我們必須接受失望，因?yàn)樗怯邢薜模f不可失去希望，因?yàn)樗菬o窮的。馬丁 路德 金4. a strong man wi

9、ll struggle with the storms of fate. - thomas addison強(qiáng)者能同命運(yùn)的風(fēng)暴抗?fàn)?。愛迪?. while there is life, there is hope.有生命就有希望/留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒。6. storms make trees take deeper roots.風(fēng)暴使樹木深深扎根。7. nothing is impossible for a willing heart.心之所愿，無所不成。例三. should students be required to take classes in many subjects or to

10、 specialize in one subject.此題屬于教育類話題，學(xué)生應(yīng)該廣而薄地學(xué)習(xí)多門課程，還是少而精地學(xué)習(xí)一門課程。若同意此觀點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)背景知識(shí)廣博的重要性，可引用培根的名言。histories make men wise ; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend .(francis bacon , british philosopher)歷史使人明智;詩詞使人靈秀;數(shù)學(xué)使人周密;自然哲學(xué)使人深刻;

11、倫理使人莊重;邏輯修辭學(xué)使人善辨。(英國哲學(xué)家 培根. f.)例四. which is most important for an enjoyable journey: good food, good location and good friend?此題屬于三選一題，建議考生選good friend比較好展開。強(qiáng)調(diào)同行者的重要性時(shí)就可引經(jīng)據(jù)典。1. two heads are better than one.三個(gè)臭皮匠，頂個(gè)諸葛亮。2. good company on the road is the shortest cut.行路有良伴就是捷徑。托福寫作詞匯必備1.解決: solve, de

12、al with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle2.損害： damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize3.給與：give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford4.培養(yǎng)：develop, cultivate, foster5.優(yōu)勢：advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength6.缺陷：disadvantage, demerit, drawback, dow

13、nside, weakness7.使迷惑：puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle8.重要的：key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative9.認(rèn)為：think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced10.保護(hù)：protect, con

14、serve, preserve11.確保：assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge12.有害的： bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental13.要求 ：request, demand, needs, requisition14.消除 ：eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away15.導(dǎo)致： lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, gener

15、ate16.因此：so, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this17.增長至：grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to18.降低至：dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to， slump to，descen

16、d to，sink to，slide to19.保持穩(wěn)定：level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out20.急劇地：dramatically，drastically，sharply，

17、hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably21.平穩(wěn)地：steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly22.宣稱：allege, assert, declare, claim23.發(fā)生：happen, occur, take place24.原因：reason, fa

18、ctor, cause25.發(fā)展：development, advance, progress26.有益的：useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding， advantageous27.影響：influence, impact, effect28.明顯的：clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29.占：comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, oc

19、cupy, hold, compose30.與相比：compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to31.對(duì)比而言：by contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely32.展示：show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe33.大約：approximately

20、，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly34.波動(dòng)：fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation35.事實(shí)上：practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that36.換言之：namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，t

21、o put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle.托福獨(dú)立寫作高分小技巧rhetorical questions如果說參加托福考試時(shí)在綜合寫作中還可以適當(dāng)使用“模板”的話，那么獨(dú)立寫作里“模板”的使用往往會(huì)被并標(biāo)以“pre-prepared”，因此考生想通過這種“捷徑”提高得分的結(jié)果不會(huì)特別理想。獨(dú)立寫作提高得分的關(guān)鍵還是“實(shí)力說話”。盡管“模板”效果有限，但短期提高得分的技巧還是很多，如活用“萬能理由”和巧用“論證方法”等。*主要介紹在獨(dú)立寫作中很多考生沒有注意的一個(gè)加分“小”技巧rhet

22、orical question的使用。在托福寫作實(shí)戰(zhàn)中，rhetorical question的使用能夠起到很好的加分作用。為了說明rhetorical question的加分作用，請(qǐng)看托福official guide評(píng)卷人對(duì)一篇題為dishonesty kills reliability的滿分作文的點(diǎn)評(píng)。下面是點(diǎn)評(píng)中關(guān)于language的comment：the writers language is fluent, accurate, and varied enough to effectively support the progression and connection of idea

23、s. there is a variety of sentence structures, including rhetorical questions.評(píng)卷人把rhetorical questions看做加分點(diǎn)!從上面的點(diǎn)評(píng)中，我們可以清楚的得出這個(gè)結(jié)論至少評(píng)卷人把上述段落中的反問句視作一種“句型變化”而加以肯定和褒揚(yáng)。那么，何謂rhetorical question?rhetorical question會(huì)不會(huì)很難?我們先來看在托福official guide里備受評(píng)卷人贊譽(yù)的rhetorical question實(shí)例。在原文第四段中，為了說明honesty的重要性作者是這樣寫的：in a

24、ny relationship of mine, i would wish that first of all, the person im dealing with is honest.even though s/he thinks that s/he did something wrong that i wouldnt like,s/hed better tell me the truth and not lie about it. later on if i find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else, thatd b

25、e much more unpleasant. in that case how can i ever believe or trust that person again?how can i ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there.提問而不需對(duì)方回答，提問只是為了表明并強(qiáng)調(diào)作者的立場。這不就是漢語中的“反問”嗎?維基百科對(duì)反問句的定義是：a rhetorical question is a

26、 figure of speech in the form of a question thatis asked to make a point rather than to elicit an answer. though a rhetorical question does not require a direct answer, in many cases it may beintended to start a discussion or at least draw an acknowledgement that thelistener understands the intended

27、 message.還有學(xué)者對(duì)反問的定義更加清楚：a rhetorical question is asked just for effect or to lay emphasison some point discussed when no real answer is expected.那么，rhetorical question為什么能夠收到評(píng)卷人的贊譽(yù)而得到加分?這就要從托福作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)說起了。托福official guide里面對(duì)于高分作文的要求(scoring rubic)描述如下：.ffectively addresses the topicand task.s well org

28、anized and well developed, appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and / or details.isplay unity, progression, and coherence.isplay consistent use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity從上面的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以清楚看出，rhetorical question能夠幫助我們滿足實(shí)現(xiàn)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第四條中的“demonstra

29、ting syntactic variety”。這也正是官方指南中評(píng)卷人的點(diǎn)評(píng)。其實(shí)，除了體現(xiàn)“句型變化”，合理使用rhetorical question還能幫助我們滿足評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第一條的要求“effectively addresses the topic and task”。事實(shí)上，rhetorical question不僅能夠有效的回應(yīng)主題，還能強(qiáng)調(diào)作者的觀點(diǎn)從而獲得讀者的認(rèn)同。rhetorical question的這種強(qiáng)調(diào)作用最著名的范例可能算是雪萊西風(fēng)頌ode to the west wind的結(jié)尾了：“o wind,if winter comes,can spring be far

30、behind?”另外，問句，尤其是設(shè)問的合理使用還能起到很好的銜接作用，也就是評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的第三條“display unity, progression, and coherence”。因此，有學(xué)者把rhetorical question的篇章作用總結(jié)如下：? emphasize a point? persuade powerfully? influence subtly? provoke thinking? help smooth transition限于篇幅，對(duì)這些作用就不一一舉例了。順便說一下，rhetorical question后面的標(biāo)點(diǎn)并不一定總是question mark，有時(shí)也可以

31、是句號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)。下面，*作者提供一篇自己寫的樣文，請(qǐng)大家分析問句在開頭、中間和結(jié)尾段中的使用。some people prefer to ask others for help; others prefer to solve the problem with their own knowledge. which is your choice?such is human nature that everyone longs for happiness in our life. unfortunately, on the path to pursue happiness, we are likel

32、y to face various problems. how to solve them? should we rely on ourselves to remove the obstacle or turn toothers for a cure?from my perspective, it is more reasonable to ask others for help.admittedly, always hinging on others to solve problems might be irrational in some cases. for example, if yo

33、u ask an acquaintance with whom you havent a close tie to lend you a hand, he might be reluctant, because most of us have our own care and concern. besides,some people are unwilling to shoulder the responsibility for the advice they offer. its not a rare case when we ask our friend for advice on wha

34、t major to choose only to get a reply: “well, its really hard to say. who knows what your real interest is? who knows what major will be popular when you graduate?”in spite of the points mentioned above, i still cling to the idea that we should depend on others for the following reasons.first of all

35、, asking others for help can save us much valuable time, time that we can use for other purposes. as is known to all, most people in contemporary society are always burdened with endless stress and strain. to be admitted to prestigious universities, schoolchildren have to burn midnight oil to out do

36、 their peers in exams; likewise,university students can do nothing but to work against the clock to lend themselves an edge over others in the talent market so that they can land adecent job. given the quickening pace of life, how can we expect us to remove all the obstacles only by ourselves?in add

37、ition, turning to others for help is an efficient way for us to enlarge our circle of friends. it is not a rare case that friendship might be formed after we ask others for help. take myself as an example. after helping me find a cure for my personal health problem, one of my colleagues has become m