實心I02實驗心理學(xué)的科學(xué)性質(zhì).ppt

1、第二講 實驗心理學(xué)的科學(xué)性質(zhì),試問任何一位科學(xué)家，什么是科學(xué)的方法，他會立即顯露出一本正經(jīng)而又眼神詭詐的表情。一本正經(jīng)，是因為他覺得應(yīng)該有所交代；而眼神詭詐，是因為他正在盤算如何掩飾無可奉告的事實。若是遭到嘲笑和追問，他可能吞吞吐吐地說上幾句“歸納”、“確立自然法則”之類的話，但若真有哪位實驗室人員聲稱其將憑借歸納法來確立自然法則的話，人們就會開始懷疑他是不想保住自己的飯碗了。P. B. Medawar,科學(xué)的特征是其研究的方法，而非研究的內(nèi)容。 實驗心理學(xué)的主題 例如情緒的心理成分、人們在快餐店的進(jìn)餐行為、詩歌學(xué)習(xí)、不同身份個體的人際關(guān)系、貓頭鷹的捕食行為、新生兒的眼動、人格特征、精神分裂癥

2、的病因、邏輯問題解決的大腦機(jī)制、平均面孔的吸引力等 怎樣和感興趣的異性搭訕？,“搭訕”的研究,Kleinke，Meeker 對事物存在的可能解釋 評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：簡潔性、準(zhǔn)確性和可驗證性 重力定律“好的理論” 組織自體干細(xì)胞的克隆有待進(jìn)一步驗證 進(jìn)化論大量數(shù)據(jù)支持，但仍存在爭議 Speculation:對未知事物的猜測。它既沒有足夠的數(shù)據(jù)支持，也無法進(jìn)行科學(xué)的檢驗。,好奇心:科學(xué)的源泉,心理科學(xué),“之所以成為科學(xué)乃是因為其目的，而不是結(jié)果：如果目的是建立自然特性之間的或多或少的普遍聯(lián)系，如果對該聯(lián)系的驗證最終歸于數(shù)據(jù)自身，這一主題就是科學(xué)?！?George C. Homans，1967 基本假設(shè)：

3、行為和思維的真相可以通過科學(xué)分析的方法揭示出來。 人的本質(zhì)是一個系統(tǒng)，一個非常復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)，通過科學(xué)實驗和對實驗結(jié)果的理性分析能夠理解并解釋這一系統(tǒng)。 心理學(xué)家為什么總關(guān)注心理學(xué)的科學(xué)性？,科學(xué)方法（scientific method）,“科學(xué)方法是由一些簡單的步驟組成；只要遵循那些步驟，就一定能夠獲得對本質(zhì)（或人類本質(zhì)）的精彩發(fā)現(xiàn)?！保?心理學(xué)研究對科學(xué)方法的使用基于兩個原則 ： 科學(xué)觀察基于感覺經(jīng)驗。 將感覺的觀察組織成知識結(jié)構(gòu) 模型來自于觀察，并將在足夠完整的情況下成為理論?？茖W(xué)方法的一大宗旨就是對理論進(jìn)行檢驗和證偽（可能）。,科學(xué)方法的假設(shè),order 孩子在行走之前先爬行，對物體的感知

4、先于認(rèn)識，饑餓的動物比饜足的動物在獲取食物獎勵時更積極 determinism 事件是由可知的并且可檢驗的因素決定的。 避免“迷信解釋” （Superstitious causes） Empiricism 基于觀察和實驗了解某一現(xiàn)象 ParsimonyOccan的剃須刀 簡單的解釋比復(fù)雜的解釋（更可能正確）更適用,“占星術(shù)”的檢驗,迷信解釋：“用沒有邏輯或經(jīng)驗關(guān)聯(lián)的原因解釋思想和行動”。 “避免爭執(zhí)；一個富有經(jīng)驗的年長者會給你一個很好的建議?！?“適合獨處，避免和脾氣暴躁的人待在一起；一個遠(yuǎn)方的客戶或愛人會給你打電話，并帶給你意外的消息。” 心理學(xué)家如何檢驗“星座解釋”的效度？,“早期荷爾蒙與

5、兒童期性別類型玩具偏好”,（Berenbaum和Hines，1992） 盡管社會學(xué)習(xí)和社會壓力必然會影響兒童對玩具的選擇，但是否可能存在其它的影響因素 ？ 患過先天性腎上腺皮質(zhì)增生癥（CAH）的女孩，評價其玩“男孩的” 、“女孩的” 和“中性的”玩具的持續(xù)時間 結(jié)論：早期的荷爾蒙影響對女性的性別玩具偏好有男性化效應(yīng),實驗和實驗設(shè)計,experiment ，至少操縱一個變量來研究因果關(guān)系 experimental design，即對控制條件的設(shè)計,保持你的好奇心！,“單詞字母位置對成功句子閱讀的作用”,K. Rayner，White，Johnson & Liversedge，2006 一個轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)郵

6、件：劍橋的一個研究項目 “Sentences in whcih lettres weer transpsoed(or jubmled up), as in the setnence you are now raeding” 結(jié)果:所有的位置調(diào)換都導(dǎo)致了更慢的閱讀。特別是詞頭位置的調(diào)換使閱讀速度最慢，接著是詞尾位置調(diào)換，然后是單詞的中間位置調(diào)換。,描述、解釋、預(yù)測和控制,觀察、相關(guān)和實驗研究 科學(xué)解釋：經(jīng)驗觀察和自我校正是科學(xué)方法的重要標(biāo)志。 理論的兩種功能組織和預(yù)測也被分別稱為描述和解釋，通常會引起歸納法與演繹法何者更好的爭論?？蔡赝?基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究,科學(xué)家-實踐家模式 用基礎(chǔ)研究的結(jié)果

7、來開發(fā)應(yīng)用研究 亞當(dāng)斯（1972），產(chǎn)品70%源于二三十年前的基礎(chǔ)研究 雙軌系統(tǒng)（Fishman Howell，1994） Descartes：科學(xué)的根本目的是理解事物本質(zhì) Bacon：科學(xué)應(yīng)以改進(jìn)人類生活為己任，科學(xué)結(jié)果的有用性第一，知識的增長第二,結(jié)束語,一個人可以由于各種各樣的原因被科學(xué)吸引：有生存價值的渴望，有探索新領(lǐng)域的激情，有尋求秩序的希望，以及檢驗現(xiàn)有知識的動力。庫恩（Thomas S. Kuhn） ,25 Questions,Studies have shown that eyewitness testimony is valid and accurate, especiall

8、y with highly stressful (i.e., memorable) events. False - Eyewitness testimony is notoriously unreliable, particularly when the observer is in a highly aroused state. As of January 7, 2006 172 wrongly convicted prisoners have been released from death row because they were factually innocent of the c

9、rime. Most were committed on the basis of eye witness testimony.,25 Questions,We use only about 10% of our brain. False - We use all or our brain all the time. Even small brain lesions can result in significant cognitive impairment. The distributed neuronal cell loss with age amounts to up to 25% of

10、 the brain volume and accounts for many effects of cognitive aging.,25 Questions,Someone who learns something when they are drunk will subsequently remember it better when they are drunk than when they are sober. True - State dependent learning demonstrates the importance of the “cognitive environme

11、nt” in the formation and retrieval of episodic memories. When there is a match between context, retrieval is good.,25 Questions,Studies of divided attention have demonstrated that driving while using a cell phone is not impaired. False - Studies show that using a cell phone significantly interferes

12、with driving. In fact, several studies show that you are more impaired when driving and talking on a cell phone than when you are driving drunk.,25 Questions,Recent evidence supports some of the claims of Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) advocates. False - In controlled “double-blinded” studies, no sy

13、stematic evidence has been obtained for ESP.,25 Questions,Memory aids do not really improve our memory. False - Mnemonic techniques work. They organize the information, make the material less susceptible to forgetting or interference, and provide a useful retrieval structure.,25 Questions,Backwards

14、messages hidden in music influence our behavior. eslaF - There is no evidence that this information is processed, let alone influences our behavior.,25 Questions,Speed reading techniques can dramatically improve reading speed without sacrificing comprehension. False - Human performance is governed b

15、y the speed-accuracy tradeoff - Going faster results in lower accuracy. However, good old fashioned practice can improve the efficiency of reading.,25 Questions,Freuds free association technique tells us something about the organization of memory. True - This is similar to the semantic priming studi

16、es with spreading activation. Individual differences can reflect enduring predispositions (or partial patterns of activation) that bias the semantic network in one way or another.,25 Questions,Information can be stored in long-term memory even if you never attended to it. False - Attention is necess

17、ary for the creation of long-term (and short-term) memories. Information that falls outside of attention is lost.,25 Questions,Advertising using subliminal perception is very effective. False - Effects of subliminal perception are, at best, minimal. There is little evidence that stimuli presented be

18、low the observers threshold influence motives, attitudes, beliefs, or choices.,25 Questions,We should try to avoid using heuristics (rules of thumb) during decision making. False - Heuristics help speed the decision making process and unburden working memory. However, these simplifying rules or shor

19、t-cuts do create biases in decision making.,25 Questions,There is no basis for the claim that eating carrots will help your night vision False - The rods use the photopigment rhodopsin (which is made up of vitamin A, also found in carrots). People with a vitamin A deficiency can have poor night visi

20、on which can be corrected by supplemental vitamins.,25 Questions,Infants ability to discriminate between the phonemes of language is actually better than that of adults. True - As language develops, infants loose the ability to discriminate or produce phonemes that are not in their language.,25 Ques

21、tions,There is no limit on how much information can be stored in long-term memory. True - No one has ever filled up long-term memory. There may be limits on what information is initially stored (attentional limitations), but once stored, the memories are permanent (although they may not be accessibl

22、e).,25 Questions,People who are color blind are missing one or more types of cones in the retina True - Trichromatic theory suggests that normal color vision depends on three cone types with different colors made up by the ratio of activation of these receptors. However, some forms of color vision c

23、an also be due to damage to cortical areas.,25 Questions,The arrangement of displays and controls in cars, airplanes, etc. is arbitrary because we can learn to use any configuration with practice. False - There are some configurations that result in interference that simply cant be practiced away. I

24、t is up to Human Factors professionals to root out these bad design principles.,25 Questions,People are always biased. True - Our expectations and memories color the way that we perceive and remember the world. This accounts for many of the individual differences between people.,25 Questions,Practic

25、e always improves performance. False - Learning capitalizes on the statistical regularities of the environment. Most of the time there are consistencies in the environment that facilitate learning, but in some cases there are irregularities or inconsistencies that impede learning.,25 Questions,Our e

26、xpectations influence our perceptions and memories. True - Expectations and other “top-down” processes play a major role in what we perceive and remember. Often, differences in what two observers see or remember are due to the effects of top down processing.,25 Questions,The difference between $500

27、and $1000 is psychologically greater than the difference between $10,500 and $11,000. True - The mental representation of magnitude is compressed at the high end of the scale. 500 vs. 1000 is a greater psychological difference than 10500 vs. 11000,25 Questions,If someone is blind in one eye, they wi

28、ll have no depth perception. False - There are pictorial cues (e.g., size, interposition, etc) and movement cues that provide depth information. The use of both eyes provides binocular cues - random dot stereograms make use of binocular visual information.,25 Questions,With enough practice it is pos

29、sible to do two things at the same time as well as doing each thing by itself. True - Under very specific task combinations, people can do two things (playing piano and reading a novel) as well as either in isolation. This is called “Perfect Timesharing”.,25 Questions,During the movement of the eyes

30、 while reading, the processing of visual information is temporarily suppressed. True - This is called saccadic suppression. Not only is the processing of visual information suppressed, but higher level cognitive thoughts also appear to be put on hold.,25 Questions,It is possible to have a permanent memory that influences your behavior even though you are not consciously aware of that memory. True - The distinction between implicit