大學(xué)英漢互譯第一章unit1GeneralPrincipels.ppt

1、E-C Translation Theories and Practice,英漢翻譯理論與實(shí)踐,重慶工商大學(xué) 外語學(xué)院,Unit 1 General Principles,Babel (巴別塔) the Old Testament The Tower of Babel or Babylon: a tower whose top may reach unto heaven” The story takes place after the flood that destroyed all but Noah and his family. The world was still united by

2、language and probably tradition. “And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.” (Genesis 11:1) (創(chuàng)世紀(jì)) Those (Sumerian:閃族人) who lived in the region of Shinar(希納爾), (Sumer(蘇美爾) in ancient Babylonia) “ said one to another, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unt

3、o heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.” (Genesis 11:3-4) God took action. “Go to, let us go down, and there confound (使困惑) their language, that they may not understand one anothers speech.” (Genesis 11:7) “So the LORD scattered them abroad

4、from thence (從那里) upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city.” (Genesis 11:8) caused God to confound the language of people, giving them each a new tongue. And from then on, translation becomes both necessary and impossible.,尋尋覓覓，冷冷清清，凄凄慘慘戚戚。 （李清照：聲聲慢） I look for what I miss

5、, I know not what it is. I feel so sad, so drear, So lonely, without cheer. (許淵沖 譯) Poem is what is lost in translation.,琵琶琴瑟，八大王王王在上。 魑魅魍魎，四小鬼鬼鬼犯邊。 It is difficult and even impossible to translate such cultural items. Translation is the most complicated human activity.,超經(jīng)典中式英語：,Howareyou?Howoldarey

6、ou? 怎么是你，怎么老是你？ 好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上！ Good good study,day day up! 不三不四 no three no four 人山人海 people mountain people sea 你問我，我去問誰？ you ask me, I ask who? 心花怒放 heart flower angry open, Study hard and make progress every day neither fish nor fowl / neither ass nor horse huge crowds of people / a sea of faces be w

7、ild with joy,Some terms concerned:,Translating: the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object); A Translation: the product of the process of translating (i.e. the translated text): Translation: the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the p

8、roduct of that process. (Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, R.T. Bell, 1991. P13),I. 什么是翻譯 II. 視角各異的翻譯觀 III. 翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) IV. 翻譯的過程 V. 翻譯工作者應(yīng)具備的必要條件 VI. 基本翻譯策略,I. 什么是翻譯？,翻譯是將一種文字之真義全部移至另一種文字而絕不失其風(fēng)格的神韻。（吳獻(xiàn)書，1949） 翻譯是用一種語言把另一種語言所表達(dá)的思維內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來的語言活動。（張培基，1980） 翻譯的實(shí)質(zhì)是語際的意義轉(zhuǎn)換。（劉宓慶，1990） 翻譯是將

9、一種語言文字所蘊(yùn)含的意思用另一種語言文字表達(dá)出來的文化活動。（王克非，1997） 翻譯是以符號轉(zhuǎn)換為手段，意義再生為任務(wù)的一項(xiàng)跨文化的交際活動。（許鈞，2003）,Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). (Catford,1965) 翻譯的定義也可以這樣說：把一種語言（SL）中的篇章材料用另一種語言（TL）中的篇章材料來加以代替。 （卡特福德） (A Linguistic The

10、ory of Translation, 1965),Translation consists in reproducing in receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language , first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida) （翻譯就是在譯入語中再現(xiàn)與原語的信息最切近的自然對等物，首先是就意義而言，其次是就文體而言。） （奈達(dá)） This definition contains three essential t

11、erms: (1) equivalence, which points toward the source language; (2) natural, which points toward the receptor language; (3) closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation. (Toward a Science of Translation,1964),美國著名語言學(xué)家雅各布森（Roman Jakobson,18961

12、982）從符號學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，把翻譯分為三類：語內(nèi)翻譯、語際翻譯和符際翻譯。,1、語內(nèi)翻譯（intralingual translation） 語內(nèi)翻譯是同一語言內(nèi)部的翻譯。方言與民族共同語、方言與方言、古代語與現(xiàn)代語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換就是語內(nèi)翻譯。英語學(xué)習(xí)中解釋疑難句子常常用到的paraphrase其實(shí)也是一種語內(nèi)翻譯。 例1余聞而愈悲。孔子曰：“苛政猛于虎也?！蔽釃L疑乎是，今以蔣氏觀之，猶信。 （捕蛇者說柳宗元） 我聽了（這些話）更加感到悲傷?？鬃诱f：“苛酷的統(tǒng)治比猛虎還要兇啊！”我曾經(jīng)懷疑這句話，現(xiàn)在從姓蔣的遭遇看來，這是可信的。 例2Radiating from the earth, heat

13、causes air currents to rise. = Heat causes air currents to rise when it is radiating from the earth. 熱量由地球輻射出來，使得氣流上升。,2、語際翻譯 ( interlingual translation) 語際翻譯是兩種語言間的翻譯，如英譯漢、漢譯英等。這是人們通常所謂的翻譯，即狹義的翻譯。 例3Her criticisms were enough to make anyone see red. 她那些批評任誰都得火冒三丈。 3、符際翻譯（intersemiotic translation）

14、語言與非語言符號或非語言符號間的翻譯，如語言與手勢語間的翻譯、英語與計(jì)算機(jī)代碼間的翻譯、手勢語與旗語間的翻譯等都屬于符際翻譯。 例4S=vt，即:路程等于速度乘以時(shí)間。,II. 視角各異的翻譯觀,Being a human activity, translation is far more complicated than what people usually think. Scholars make efforts to define it from various perspectives: linguistic, literary, cultural, functional, sema

15、ntic, communicative, deconstructive Here we are to have a brief discussion about the linguistic, literary, cultural, functional views.,Linguistic views on translation,Translation theorists from the linguistic school conceive of translation as a linguistic activity and some believe that translation t

16、heory is a branch of linguistics. They approach the issue of translating primarily from the viewpoint of the linguistic differences between the source and target texts.,Literary views on translation,Translators who hold this view believe that translation is an artistic reception or a recreated art.,

17、語言是塑造文學(xué)形象的工具，因而文學(xué)的形象性特征必然要在語言上表現(xiàn)出來。文學(xué)語言的特征，諸如形象、生動、鮮明、含蓄、凝練、準(zhǔn)確、風(fēng)趣、幽默、辛辣、滑稽、悅耳、民族特點(diǎn)、地方色彩，還有行業(yè)習(xí)語、民間的俚語、諺語等等，都是作家根據(jù)塑造形象的需要，從現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中提煉創(chuàng)造出來的。文學(xué)作品的藝術(shù)形式與思想內(nèi)容是辯證統(tǒng)一的，翻譯要保存原作風(fēng)格特點(diǎn)，因此要求譯文生動形象、形神畢肖、雅俗等同、詞情并茂。 （方夢之，2004：292）,Cultural views on translation,In the cultural approach, translation is regarded not only as

18、 a transfer of linguistic signs, but also as a communication of cultures, i.e. translation is as “intercultural communication”. Koller: A translator who uses a cultural approach is simply recognizing that each language contains elements which are derived from its culture (such as greetings, fixed ex

19、pressions and REALIA), that every text is anchored in a specific culture, and that conventions of text production and reception vary from culture to culture. (Shuttleworth An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (原富) by A. Smith (亞當(dāng).斯密); On Liberty (群己權(quán)界論) by J.S. Mill (約翰.穆勒)

20、; The Study of Sociology (群學(xué)肄言) by H. Spencer (斯賓塞爾), etc.,譯例言（嚴(yán)復(fù)） 譯事三難：信、達(dá)、雅。求其信已大難矣，故信矣不達(dá)，雖譯猶不譯也，則達(dá)尚焉 Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive and elegant. It is difficult enough to be faithful to the original, and yet if a translation is not expressive, it is tanta

21、mount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should be required too 易曰：“修辭立誠?！弊釉唬骸稗o達(dá)而已?！庇衷唬骸把灾疅o文，行之不遠(yuǎn)。”三者乃文章正軌，亦即為譯者楷模。故信達(dá)而外，求其爾雅。 The Book of Changes says that the first requisite of rhetoric is truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in language. He adds that i

22、f ones language lacks grace, it wont go far. These three qualities, then, are the criteria of good writing and of good translation too. Hence besides faithfulness and expressiveness, a translator should also aim at elegance.,魯迅的“寧信不順” 林語堂的“忠實(shí)、通順、美” 傅雷的“神似” 錢鐘書的“化境” ,泰特勒翻譯三原則,A good translation is on

23、e which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (Tytler, 1790) （好的翻譯應(yīng)該是把原作的長處完全地移注

24、到另一種語言，以使譯入語所屬國家的本地人能明白地領(lǐng)悟、強(qiáng)烈地感受，如同使用原作語言的人所領(lǐng)悟、所感受的一樣。） （泰特勒） Thus , his three principles are: 1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. （信） 2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. （雅） 3) The translat

25、ion should have the ease of the original composition. （達(dá)）,奈達(dá)（Nida）的“動態(tài)對等”（dynamic equivalence）和“功能對等”（functional equivalence） ,IV.翻譯的過程,The translation process suggested by Nida: A (SL) - (Testing) - D (TL) (Analysis) (Restructuring) (Transfer) B C Analysis: a detailed treatment of both the designat

26、ive and associative meanings of the lexemes, the syntax, and the discourse structures. Transfer: shift from thinking in the source language to thinking in the target language. Restructuring: organization of the lexical, syntactic, and discourse features of the transferred text so as to provide maxim

27、al comprehension and appreciation on the part of the intended audience. Testing: comparing the SL with the TL by a bilingual person to determine the degree of correspondence; testing the reactions of the intended monolingual TL audience, by which any problems existent in a translation can be quickly

28、 exposed.,V. 翻譯工作者應(yīng)具備的必要條件,(1) A translator must be well acquainted with the source language and the target language. (2) be bicultural, that is, he / she must have a good knowledge of the two cultures involved in translating practice. (3) be armed with knowledge concerning the documents to be trans

29、lated. (4) be armed with the excellent ability of expressiveness and imagination. (5) be adept at computer and internet. ,名家談翻譯巴金：一點(diǎn)感想,我雖然譯過幾十本書，可是我覺得自己并不是一個(gè)好的翻譯工作者，過去我常常說我的翻譯是“試譯”，而且我只是選擇我喜歡的，筆調(diào)跟我相近的書。二十多年來我也犯過了一些錯(cuò)誤。雖然我也不是沒有小小進(jìn)步，雖然我現(xiàn)在仍舊在譯書，但我還是抱著學(xué)習(xí)的態(tài)度在試譯。所以我不敢以翻譯工作者的資格在這里講話。今天我只想以一個(gè)讀者的資格寫下一點(diǎn)感想。,我希望

30、任何一本書的譯者在從事翻譯工作的時(shí)候，要想到他是為著誰在做這工作。倘使他是為著讀者譯這本書的，他就應(yīng)當(dāng)對讀者負(fù)責(zé)，他至少應(yīng)當(dāng)讓讀者看得懂，而且也應(yīng)當(dāng)讓讀者看了覺得好（倘使那是一本壞書，就用不著翻譯了）?！爸覍?shí)”自然也是一個(gè)重要的條件。但有人借口“忠實(shí)”，把一篇漂亮的文章譯成疙里疙瘩的念不懂的東西，有人甚至把外國文法原封不動地搬到譯文里來，有人喜歡用“如此.以致.”一類從字典里搬來的字眼，以為非這樣不能算是“忠實(shí)”，這就有問題了。真正的“忠實(shí)”，應(yīng)該是保存原作的風(fēng)格，而不是保存外國文句的構(gòu)造。真正的“忠實(shí)”應(yīng)該是對原作的每一整句的“忠實(shí)”，而不是對原文的每一個(gè)單字的“忠實(shí)”。,外國文的一個(gè)單字往

31、往有幾個(gè)甚至十幾個(gè)意義，把一個(gè)形容詞譯成中文，也有好幾種譯法，每一個(gè)單字都是跟上下文有密切關(guān)系的。我覺得翻譯的方法其實(shí)只有一種，并沒有“直譯”和“意譯”的分別。好的翻譯應(yīng)該都是“直譯”，也都是“意譯”。那些改變了原文風(fēng)格，改變了原文語氣，改變了原文意義的翻譯并不是“意譯”，那只是編譯，或“改編”。流暢或漂亮的原文應(yīng)該都被譯成流暢或漂亮的中文。一部文學(xué)作品譯出來也應(yīng)該是一部文學(xué)作品。我讀過一些歐洲大小說家的作品。不說他們的風(fēng)格，他們的文章絕不是生硬、笨拙、死板、疙里疙瘩的，更不是含糊得有時(shí)叫人讀不懂的。而且外國人談話也跟我們中國人一樣，他們說的是活的語言，絕不是像我們在一些翻譯小說中念到的對話那

32、樣的東西。 （申雨平、戴寧，2000）,VI. 基本翻譯策略,1. Literal translation (直譯) & Free translation (意譯) Literal translation and free translation, as translation strategies, are seen from the perspective of linguistic reproduction. Literal translation, also called word-for-word translation, is ideally the segmentation of

33、 the source language text into individual words and target language rendering of those word-segments one at a time. This ideal is often impossible. (Baker, 2004: 125),Free translation, also known as sense-for-sense translation, emphasizes transfer of the meaning or “spirit” of a source text over acc

34、urate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of sense-for-sense translation is to accommodate the needs of the target language reader by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture, and which does not therefore sound “foreign”. (S

35、huttleworth & Cowie, 2004: 151),For example: He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago. (Jack London) Translation: Version 1. 他找到工作的機(jī)會和當(dāng)選芝加哥市市長的機(jī)會幾乎差不多。（直譯程度高） Version 2. 他要找工作簡直跟要當(dāng)芝加哥市市長同樣困難。（直、意譯之間） Version 3. 他找到工作的機(jī)會簡直微乎其微。（意譯程度高） Which one do you prefer? W

36、hy?,2. Foreignizing translation (foreignization) (異化翻譯) & Domesticating translation (domestication) (歸化翻譯) While literal and free translation mainly deal with linguistic reproduction, foreignizing translation and domesticating translation are concerned more with cultural, linguistic and aesthetic considerations. Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.,This method is “an ethnodeviant pressure on target-language cultural values to register the lin