商務英語翻譯2.ppt-商務英語翻譯2.ppt

1、練習（第四、五章增詞法與減詞法） 1. I knew it quite well as I know it now. 2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 3. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 4.The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 5. There were rows of houses which he had never seen bef

2、ore.,6. The lion is the king of animals. 7.In catching up with and surpassing the worlds advanced levels, time is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength. 8. We must actively introduce new techniques, equipment, technologies and material.,六、練習（第四、五章增詞法與減詞法） 1. I knew i

3、t quite well as I know it now. 我當時就知道的同現在一樣清楚。 (語法增加） 2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下來就講開了，滔滔不絕地講個 沒完。（增加副詞） 3. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 這部打字機真是價廉物美。 （形容詞前增加名詞）,4.The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 美日雙方在完全保密

4、的情況下相互交換了信 件。（解釋性增加） 5. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房屋，都是他從來沒有見過的。 6. The lion is the king of animals. 獅子是百獸之王.,7.In catching up with and surpassing the worlds advanced levels, time is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength. 趕超世界先進水平，

5、 關鍵是時間。時間就是生命，時間就是速度，時間就是力量。 8. We must actively introduce new techniques, equipment, technologies and material. 我們必須積極采用新技術，新設備、新工藝、新材料。,第六章 英語翻譯中的 詞類轉換法,英漢兩種語言的使用范圍和表達方式不盡相同，翻譯時有些句子可以逐詞（word-for-word）對譯，如：She is a beautiful girl.“她是個漂亮姑娘。 此譯文中的詞性基本上與英語相當。 但在大多數情況下，翻譯句子時不能逐漸詞對譯，如：He is a liar. 就不能直

6、譯為“他是個說謊的人，”因為漢語習慣不這樣說，可譯為“他愛說謊?！边@樣，漢語各詞的詞性與英語就不對應了。,又如：He took his students to the factory for a visit. “他帶學生到工廠去參觀?！?原文中只有一個動詞took，譯成漢語后卻出現了4個動詞?？梢娫诜g中，有時要把原文的一種詞轉換成譯入語的另一種詞類。隨著詞類的變化，句子的結構也產生了變化。 一、轉譯成漢語動詞 在英譯漢時，英語中的許多意思都可以用漢語的動詞來表達。例如：,1）We mustnt lose sight of the fact that air pollution is goin

7、g from bad to worse in our city. 我們不能忽略這一事實，空氣污染在我們城市中日益嚴重。 (名詞轉譯成漢語動詞) （具備動詞概念的名詞） 2）The airline has been in operation for many years.（名詞轉譯成漢語動詞） 這家航空公司已經營多年。 3）Do you see the boy in blue? (介詞轉譯成漢語動詞) 你看見那位穿藍衣服的男孩子嗎？,4）We were all in favor of his suggestion. （介詞轉譯成漢語動詞） 我們全體贊成他的建議。 5）Doctors have s

8、aid that they are not sure they can save his life. （形容詞轉譯成漢語動詞） 醫(yī)生們說他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。 6）He was not aware of her presence till she spoke to him.（形容詞轉譯成漢語動詞） 直到她開口說話他才意識到她在面前。,英語中表示知覺、情欲、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，在系動詞后做表語，往往可轉譯成漢語動詞。常見的形容詞有“confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, glad, ignorant, afraid, d

9、oubtful, aware, concerned, sorry, delighted, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able” 7) She opened the window to let fresh air in. (副詞轉譯成漢語動詞) 她把窗戶打開，讓新鮮空氣進來。,二、譯成漢語名詞,1 動詞譯成漢語名詞 1）Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他們之間的關系，有一個特點，就是以禮相待。 2）This store features round-the-clock

10、service. 這家商店的特點是晝夜服務。 3）Your work is characterized by lack of attention to detail. 你工作的毛病是不注意細節(jié)（或：粗心大意）。 如果英語動詞譯成漢語動詞時跟前后的修飾語不好搭配；或搭配起來不符合漢語習慣，可以把動詞譯成名詞，再在名詞前加上與之搭配的動詞。,4）The youths always dream fondly of their future. 年輕人對前途總是懷有美好的夢想。 5) Independent observers have commented favorably on the achiev

11、ements you have made in this direction. 有獨立見解的觀察家們對你們在這方面所取得的成就給予了很高的評價。,2. 形容詞譯成漢語名詞 1）They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷員。 2）Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protested the poor. 羅賓漢和他的伙伴們痛恨闊人熱愛并保護窮人。 3）Steven was eloquent and elegant- but

12、 soft. 史蒂文森有口才，有風度。,三、其他轉譯法 1) You are a greater blockhead than I had supposed you to be. 你比我所想象得要傻的多。（名詞 形容詞） 2) His address impressed me deeply. 他的話給我留下很深的印象。（副 形容詞） 3) He is the right man Im looking for. 他正是我要找的人。（形 副詞）,四、練習 1They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase. 2Differen

13、ce between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approachment and cooperation. 3The road to development is long but we are firmly on it. 4Dont be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 5That book will be out pretty soon.,6It i

14、s our goal that the people in the underdeveloped area will be finally off poverty. 7The book did not impress me at all. 8. Harry aims to become a computer expert. 9. Obedience is obligatory on a soldier. 10. Our government shows great concern for the Chinese resident abroad. 11From the front, back a

15、nd both sides we kept a strict watch on the enemy.,四、練習 1They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase. 他們舉行罷工，要求工資增加40%。 （名詞 動詞） 2Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approachment and cooperation. 國與國社會制度的不同不應妨礙彼此 的 接近與 合作。（名詞動詞）,3The road

16、 to development is long but we are firmly on it. 發(fā)展的道路雖然漫長，可我們已堅定地走上 了這條路。（介詞動詞） 4Dont be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 不要懼怕那些想法比你高明，或者那些可能 比你更聰明的人。（形容詞動詞） 5That book will be out pretty soon. 那本書不久就要出版了。（副詞動詞,6It is our goal that the people i

17、n the under-developed area will be finally off poverty. 我們的目標是讓不發(fā)達地區(qū)的人民最 終擺脫貧困。（介詞動詞） 7The book did not impress me at all. 那本書沒給我留下什么印象(（動詞 名詞）) 8. Harry aims to become a computer expert. 哈里的目標是成為計算機專家。（動詞 名詞）,9. Obedience is obligatory on a soldier. 服從命令是軍人的天職。 （形容詞名詞） 10. Our government shows grea

18、t concern for the Chinese resident abroad. 我國政府十分關懷海外華僑。 （副詞形容詞） 11From the front, back and both sides we kept a strict watch on the enemy. 我們在前后左右嚴密地監(jiān)視敵人。 （形容詞副詞）,第七章 英漢翻譯中的 詞義的引申,英譯漢時，有時會遇到某些詞在英語詞典上找不到適當的詞義，如任意硬套或逐詞死譯，會使譯文生硬晦澀，不能確切表達原意，甚至造成誤解。這時就應根據上下文和邏輯關系，從該詞的根本含義出發(fā)，進一步加以引申，選擇比較恰當的漢語詞來表達。所謂的引申，就

19、是根據上下文的內在聯(lián)系，通過句中詞或詞組乃至整句的字面意義由表及里，運用一些符合漢語習慣的表現法，選用確切的漢語詞句，將原文內容的實質準確地表達出來。,1. 邏輯引申(參看書中解釋) 邏輯引申是指在翻譯過程中, 利用直譯方法時, 譯文不通順以及不符合目的語的表達習慣，因而就要根據上下文的邏輯關系，對該詞、短語或整個句子從其基本意義出發(fā)，由表及里，運用符合目的語習慣的表現法，選用確切的詞句，將原文內容的實質準確地表達出來。例如： 1）Ive been slaving all these years just to make money for them. (抽象詞具體化) 我半世的辛苦，全是替他

20、們做馬牛。,2）Others are conceited; having picked up some book-phrases, they think themselves terrific and are very cocky, but whenever a storm blows up, they take a stand very different from that of the workers and thegreat majority of the working peasants. 還有些人很驕傲，讀了幾句書，自以為了不起，尾巴翹到天上去了， 可是一遇到風浪，他們的立場，比起

21、工人和大多數勞動農民來，就顯得大不相同。（毛澤東選集五卷407頁）cocky(驕傲自大) （具體詞抽象化）,3）After that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次長談之后，吉姆成了她心中的太陽。（暗喻） 4) Every life has its roses and thorns. 每個人的生活都有甜有苦。（這里把 roses玫瑰 and thorns刺兩個具 體形象引申為兩個形象所代表的屬性：甜和苦） 5）Fattys Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the

22、 last seven years. 去發(fā)體餐廳就餐，七年來已成了他生活中慣常的事情,5）Fattys Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years. 去發(fā)體餐廳就餐，七年來已成了他生活中慣常的事情。,2. 語用引申 把原文的 玄外之音（implication）補譯出來，這是屬于語用學引伸的手法。補譯的詞語是根據原文的語用學意義增添上去的，為的是避免譯文晦澀費解。 1）（參看書中例句 1） The new father wore a proud smile. 2）（參看書中例句 4）,3) Wi

23、th their heavy winter clothing changed for lighter spring wear they could leap or crouch down much more freely and nimbly. 脫掉棉衣?lián)Q上春裝的人們，好像卸下了千斤重載，真是躥跳覺得輕松，爬起臥到感到利落。（馮志敵后武工隊）原文 笨重、 輕便兩詞，含蓄地表達了“卸下了千斤重載”的含義，(此句是補譯) 3. 修詞引伸 1）（參看書中例句 1、2） 4概念范圍的調整 （參看書中例句 1、2） 5詞義引伸的層次 簡化為三層（參看書中解釋） （參看書中例句 1、3）,6. 詞義的褒貶

24、 英譯漢時, 原文中有些詞本身就表示褒貶意義, 就應該把褒貶意義表相應地表達出來，但有些詞語孤立起來看似乎是中性的, 譯成漢語時就要根據上下文恰如其分地把它們的褒義或貶義表達出來。 1）He was a man of high renown (fame). 他是位有名望的人。（褒）,2）The task carried out by them are praiseworthy. 他們進行的事業(yè)是值得贊揚的。（褒） 3）His notoriety as rake did not come until his death. 他作為流氓的惡名是他死后才傳開來的。(貶) 4）We were shock

25、ed by his course manners. 我們對他的粗暴態(tài)度感到震驚。(貶),5) Once early in 1974, while driving along the San Diego Free-way from Clement to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. 一九七四年初，有人同他一起驅車從克利門蒂沿圣地亞哥公路去洛山磯，途中請他談了他的希望和抱負。（中性詞褒義） 6) AS a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and d

26、edication from his employees. 他是個苛刻的老板，要求手下的人對他忠心耿耿，鞠躬盡瘁。（中性詞貶義）,7. 練習EX. 1) There is mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists. 2) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 3) In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 19

27、20s that Hitlers storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930.,4) As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the Presidents Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. 5）Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 6) The tw

28、o politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers.,1) There is mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists. （具體 詞抽象化） 帝國主義者的性格既殘暴,又狡猾。 (這里把 tiger老虎和ape猿 這兩個具體 形象引伸為這兩個形象所代表的屬性: “殘暴”和 “狡猾”)。 2) The car in front of me stalled and I misse

29、d the green. 我前頭的車輛停住了，我錯過了綠燈。 (抽象詞具體化,3) In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitlers storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930（具體詞抽象化） 事實上，在整個二十年代，納粹黨在巴伐利亞一帶已博得公眾好感，以至于在一九三零，希特勒的沖鋒隊員就耀武揚威地奪取了菲爾特鎮(zhèn)的權力。 （to goosestep 是從名詞goosestep“

30、鵝步”；“正步”轉化來的動詞，本作“鵝步走”或“正步走”解，這里“goosestepped into”根據例句上下文引伸為“耀武揚威地奪取”)。,4) As the Politburo gave the go- ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the Presidents Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. （抽象詞具體化） 在政治局向勃列日涅夫開放綠燈 時，尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林 宮的總統(tǒng)下榻處開會，準備承受限 制戰(zhàn)略武器會談失敗的挫

31、折,5）Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 亨利總是吹噓說他曾同總統(tǒng)談過話。（貶） 6）The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers. 兩位政治家交談了僅僅五分鐘。這次談話是他們一生事業(yè)的重大時刻進行的。(褒義),第八章 英漢翻譯中“虛”與“實”的轉化,英語翻譯中的“虛”與“實”的轉換主要涉 及 對英語名詞、副詞和形容詞的漢譯。本 章將討論三種情況。 一、抽象名詞“

32、虛”與“實”的轉化 （又稱在 抽象名詞后增加名詞） （參見書中例 1） 例如：,1. A firms involvement in exporting products can range from a minimal commitment all the way to considering exports as necessary for the firms survival and growth. 公司在產品出口中參與情況的程度不一， 從最低程度的參與一直到將出口視為公 司生存和發(fā)展必要條件的參與都會存在。 （參看書中例 1分析）,英語中有很多抽象名詞源自動詞或形容 詞。翻譯時可根據上下

33、文在其后面增添適 當的名詞，使譯文更合乎規(guī)范。如： to persuade說服 persuasion說服工作 to prepare準備 preparation準備工作 arrogant自滿 arrogance自滿情緒 antagonistic敵對 antagonism敵對態(tài)度 tense 緊張 tension緊張情況（關系、 局勢、心情、情緒） mad 瘋狂 madness瘋狂行為 2. We have a great many to do at present. 我們當前有許多事情要做。,二、副詞的“虛”與“實”的轉化（副詞轉譯成形容 詞后加名詞“例 1”，有些副詞直接轉譯成名 詞“ 例 2

34、”） 1. They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizally. 但是，他們的思想工作沒有他們的組織工作 做得好 2.He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身體雖弱，但思想健康。,三、容詞的“虛”與“實”的轉化（形容詞轉譯成動詞） 1.Integrity means you do what you want to do because its right and not just fashionable or politically correct. 誠實意味著去做你

35、認為對的事，而不僅僅是為了趕時髦或在政治上不出錯。 2.Dont be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 不要懼怕那些想法可能比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聰明的人。 練習: 預習第十一章和第九章,第十一章 英語被動語態(tài) 的翻譯,我們來學習第十一章英語被動語態(tài)的翻譯。被動語態(tài)是英語中動詞的一種變化形式，表示句子的謂語和其主語之間存在邏輯上的動賓關系。被動句的主語實際上是謂語動作的成受者。一般來說，英語被動句的翻譯可以有以下四種方法。 一、被動句譯成漢語的主

36、動句（文中第2句） 1. During the World Cup the streets were filled with football fans. 世界杯比賽期間，街上擠滿了球迷（此句按順 序譯成漢語主動句）,2. Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry. 現代工業(yè)耗用大量的燃料。 （動作發(fā)出者譯成主語） 3. The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 中國在四千年前發(fā)明了指南針。 （把原文的某一部分譯成主語）狀主 4. If you are a

37、sked personal questions you need not answer them. 如果有人向你提出私事的問題，你盡可不答。 （增加邏輯主語）（文中第6,7句）,二、動句譯成漢語的判斷句（文中第9句） 漢語中常用“是的”這一句式 來說明人和事物的客觀情況。 1. Everything in the world is built up from atoms. 世間萬物都是由原子構成的。 2.The science fiction has been translated into Chinese by a friend of mine. 那部科幻小說是我的一個朋友譯成中文 的。,三

38、、被動句譯成漢語的被動句（文中第1句） 此時，原文句子的主語一般仍譯做主語， 在謂語動詞前加“被、受、由、讓等字 來表示被動意義?！?1.Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded. 立功的人將受到獎勵。 2.The design will be examined by a special committee. 這項設計將由一個專門委員會予以審查。,3. Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch. 面積的三分之二由廣闊

39、的松林、云衫和白樺 林所覆蓋。 將被動句譯成漢語的無主句（文中第8句以及 第九章） 漢語句子有的可以不帶主語,因此,當無需說出行為主體時,可以將英語的被動句譯成漢語的無主語句.一班來說,英語中不帶by短語并含情態(tài)動詞的被動句都可以采用這種譯法。翻譯時，將原句的主語譯成賓語，放在動詞后面，也可以加“把、將、對”等詞將賓語放在動詞之前。,1) All the data available should be collected and studied with care before one works at a theory. 在制定理論前，應該把有的所有數據資 料都認真地搜索和研究。 2) S

40、moking is not allowed in this theatre. 本劇場內禁止吸煙。 3) More apartment houses will be built here. 這兒將修建更多的居民大樓,四、練習 1. This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, Whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditi

41、ons stipulated below. 買賣雙方同意按下列條款購買、出售下述商品，并簽訂本合同。(動作發(fā)出者主語) 2.The cost of the non-returnable containers of the goods sold under this Contract is included in the prices herein specified. 所定價格包括依照本合同所售裝貨用的一次性容器費。（把原文的某一部分譯成主語）狀主）,3.If a foreign auditor registered in other country is necessary to be em

42、ployed to undertake annual financial checking and examination, Party A shall give its consent. All the expenses thereof shall be borne by Party B. 如果需要聘請其他國家的審計師對年度的財務進行審查，甲方應予以同意。其所需費用乙方負擔。（主語賓語） 4. Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world . 我們的對外政策受到全世界人民的支持。(被動句被動句),第九章 英語

43、句子中主語的翻譯,英語句子中主語的翻譯除了上述的，將被動 句譯成漢語的無主句，原句的主語變成了賓語， 放在動詞后面外。還有幾種翻譯方法： 一、詞序調整（文中第、9、10、11、13、14、 16句） 1. From the moment they set foot on the territory of their motherland, they were warmly received by their compatriots. 他們從走上祖國土地的上時刻起，就受到同 胞們熱情接待。（定語從句換序）,3.Their power increased with their number. 他們

44、人數增加了，力量也隨之增強。（介詞短語換序） 二、將原文中的主語譯成漢語的狀語 (文中第12-18句) 1His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery. 因為他沒有遵守安全規(guī)則，機器出了故障。 三、增加詞（文中第7句） 1. Worry about the possibility of less severe, but still debilitating, recessions persisted. 然而，人們仍然擔心會出現雖不那么嚴重但仍能使經濟虛弱的衰退。,四、

45、分譯（文中第12、15、17、18句） 1.One consequence of speculation about the possibility of computer thought was that we were forced to examine with new care the idea of thought in general. 觀察結果表明，計算機可能有思想，這使我們不得不從新的角度全面審視思想這一概念。（分譯主語中的名詞詞組）。,五、句型 “時間名詞/地點名詞+saw/ found/witnessed +名詞”表示在某個 時間或地點里發(fā)生或者見證了某種事 情。將這種句子

46、翻譯成漢語時，往往只能 將時間或者地點翻譯成漢語中的狀語。 （1）This season saw an ominous dawning of the tenth of November. 在這個季節(jié)，11月10日黎明時分的景 象，是個不祥之兆。,（2）Sunday morning found him still unwell. 星期天早晨他的身體仍未見好轉。 （3）The 18th century witnessed the first English dictionary, by Dr. Samuel Johnson. 第一部真正的英文詞典在18世紀 問世，是由約翰遜編纂的。,第十章 英語從

47、句的翻譯 Translation of clauses,一、定語從句的翻譯 英語中定語從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。兩者之間的區(qū)別在于限制意義是強還是弱，前者的限制意義很強，后者的限制意義很弱。定語從句在商務英語中應用較廣泛。一般有三種翻譯方法：合并法、分譯法和混合法。,1合并法 (1)Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我們必須解決的一個迫切問題。 (2) If the Buyer is unable to sell out the amount of goods which he has agreed

48、to purchase from the Seller, the Buyer may reduce the quantity of goods to be delivered to him by giving written notice thereof to the Seller before the shipment is made. 如果買方不能銷售他已同意從賣方所購數量的貨物，買方可以書面通知賣方減少發(fā)貨數量，再要求賣方發(fā)貨。,(3) Party B guarantees that the technical documents to be supplied by Party B ar

49、e the latest technical information which has been put into practical used by Party B. 乙方保證所提供的技術資料是乙方經過實際 使用的最新技術資料。 (4)Shipment shall be commenced within 10 months counting from the date when the contract has come into force and completed within 16months. 自合同生效之日起計算，10個月內裝運，16 個月內交付完畢。,(5) The part

50、y, who sets up a breach of the Contract, shall be under a duty to take all necessary measures to mitigate the loss which has occurred. 違反合同的一方有責任采取所有必要的措施 減輕已經發(fā)生的損失。 （6）There was another man who seemed to have answer, and that was Robert McNamara. 另外一個人似乎胸有成竹,那就是麥克納馬拉。,2、分譯法 (1)A fuel is a material

51、which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一種物質，在適當溫度下能燃燒并放出熱量。 (2)A healthy diet includes enough but too many kinds of foods that provide the body with the nutrients that it needs to function properly. 健康的飲食包括的食物應該充足但不過多。這些食物提供身體正?；顒铀匦璧臓I養(yǎng)。,(3) The combination of satellites, w

52、hich transmit information, computer, which store information, and television, which displays information will change every home into an education and entertainment center. 傳輸信息的衛(wèi)星，儲存信息的電腦，顯示信息的電視三者的結合會把每一個家庭變成一個教育和娛樂中心。,(4)The Seller ensure that all the equipment listed in Appendix One to the Contra

53、ct are brand-new products whose performance shall be in conformity with the Contract and which are manufactured according to current Chinese National Standards or Manufactures Standard. 賣方保證本合同附件一所列全部設備都是新產品，是根據現行的中國國家標準，或生產廠的標準制造的，其性能符合合同規(guī)定。,3 混合法（混合法是把原句中的主語和從句溶 合在一起譯成一個獨立的句子） (1)We used a plane o

54、f which almost every part carried some identification of national identity. 我們駕駛的飛機幾乎每一個部件都有國籍的某 些標志。 (2)Fortunately, there are some chemical fuel that are clean and smokeless. 幸好有些化學燃料是潔凈無煙的。 (3)There was another man who seemed to have answers, and that was Robert MeNamara. 另外一個人似乎胸有成竹,那就是麥克納馬拉。,二、

55、同位語從句 1保持原文的語序（文中第1句） （1）He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 他表示期望能再來中國訪問。 （2）We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我們不是在調查他是否可以信任的問題。,2譯為類似定語的結構或獨成一句（文中第5句） （1）Yet, from the beginning the fact that I was alive was ignored. 然而，從一開始，我仍活著這個事實卻

56、偏偏被忽視了。 （2）It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay. 遲延應由他負責，這個事實是改變不了的,3加入冒號、破折號或“這樣”、“這一”、“即”等字眼進行翻譯（文中第2,3句） （1） But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good. 但是現實考慮一下，我們不得不正視這樣一個事實：我們的前景并不妙。,（2）That fact that the gra

57、vity of the earth pulls everything towards the center of the earth explains many things. 地球引力把一切東西都吸向地心這一事實解釋了許多現象。 （3）Not long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this “waste” material could be turned into plastics. 不久以前，科學家們有了一個令人振奮的發(fā)現，即可以把這種廢物變成塑料。,4改變原文的同位語結構，用漢語的無主語句或其他方式譯出 （1）An

58、 order has been given that the researchers who are now in the sky-lab should be sent back. 已下命令將現在在航天實驗室里的研究人員送回來。 （2）Even the most precisely conducted experiments offer no hope that the result can be obtained without any error. 即使是最精確的實驗，也沒有希望獲得無任何誤差的實驗結果。,（3）However, the writing of chemical symbol

59、s in the form of an equation does not give any assurance that the reaction shown will actually occur. 但是，將化學符號寫成反應式，并不意味著所表示的反應確實會發(fā)生。 （4）And there was the possibility that a small electrical sport might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit. 而且總有這種可能性- 一個小小的電火花,可能會意外地繞過了最為精心設計的線路.,三、狀語從句的翻譯 英語狀語和狀語從句的功能可表示時間、地點、原因、條件、讓