高中閱讀理解的方法和技巧

1、高考沖刺：事實細節(jié)題型閱讀解題技巧編稿：陳玉蓮 審稿：梁曉題型介紹閱讀理解題是高考備考的“重頭戲”，因為它占到了40分，是全卷分值最大的一道題。高考閱讀理解選題體裁多樣，涉及記敘文、說明文、應用文和議論文；選材新穎，材料都是選取原汁原味的英語文章，所選的材料均來源于實際生活，涉及的內(nèi)容也是實際生活內(nèi)容，強調(diào)語篇選材的真實性；話題廣泛，涉及政治、經(jīng)濟、歷史、地理、文化、教育、新聞報道、人物故事、科技信息、海外風情等；題型合理，在題型設計上，包括詞義猜測題、細節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題、和意圖態(tài)度題等幾大題型。細節(jié)理解題是高考英語閱讀理解中占比重最大的一類題型，這類題旨在考查考生對事實細節(jié)的

2、理解。主要針對who, what, which, why, how, when, where等來提問。細節(jié)題的命題方法很多，如可能是對某個細節(jié)用同義結(jié)構轉(zhuǎn)換后進行考查，也可能是將文章中的幾個細節(jié)(通常是四個)放在一起要求考生判斷是非(選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項)或?qū)讉€細節(jié)進行排序等。解答這類試題時，一個常用的方法就是運用定位法，即根據(jù)題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關的句子，與選項進行比較從而確定答案(此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉(zhuǎn)換)。解題技巧設問特點 【鏈接高清】常以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等詞提問。以是非true /

3、false, not true / false或EXCEPT等詞提問。 正確選項的特點 正確選項一般都會在原文基礎上進行改造。常用方法就是同義詞替換或釋義，即把文中語言（詞匯和結(jié)構）改頭換面，來表達相同的意思。 干擾項特征1）無中生有：憑空捏造原文不存在的細節(jié)，以迷惑和干擾考生。2）常識干擾：干擾項是一些基本常識和我們對社會、生活等方面一些問題的一般看法和認識，雖然符合客觀現(xiàn)實，但并非文章所提及的。3) 偷梁換柱：這是細節(jié)題干擾項最常見的方法。干擾項利用了原文的一部分結(jié)構和詞匯，但在一些位置換掉個別詞，造成了語義的變化。解題思路：1）返回原文。每一個選項都應力爭返回原文，不能通過印象進行判斷。

4、首先要找出文中哪一部分與其相關，同時要在文中找出一個詞、一個句子、甚至是一組句子來直接或間接證實自己的選擇，切不可用與文章無關的細節(jié)來作為證據(jù)。2）對于比較直接的細節(jié)題，有時不必通篇細看原文，而常?？刹扇?“帶著問題找答案”的方法。先從問題中抓住關鍵性詞語, 然后以此為線索，要快速辨認和記憶事實或細節(jié)。特別提示：細節(jié)題中，選項在意思上與原文相同的，才是正確的, 而不一定是與原文幾乎一字不差的。真題再現(xiàn)1.About twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film-studio(影棚)to take

5、part in a crowd-scene. Although our act would last only for a short time, we could see quite a number of interesting things.We all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene, setting up trees at the edge of a winding path. Very soon, bright lights were turned on and the big mov

6、ie-camera was wheeled into position. The director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby. Since it was hot in the studio, it came as a surprise to us to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path. A big fan

7、began blowing tiny white feathers down on him, and soon the trees were covered in snow. Two more fans were turned on, and a strong wind blew through the trees. The picture looked so real that it made us feel cold.The next scene was a complete contrast (對比). The way it was filmed was quite unusual. P

8、ictures in front taken on an island in the Pacific were shown on a glass screen (幕). An actor and an actress stood of the scene so that they looked as if they were at the waters edge on an island. By a simple trick like this, palm trees, sandy beaches, and blue, clear skies had been brought into the

9、 studio!Since it was our turn next, we were left wondering what scene would be prepared for us. For a full three minutes in our lives we would be experiencing the excitement of being film stars!64. Who is the author?A. A cameraman.B. A film director.C. A crowd-scene actor.D. A workman for scene sett

10、ing.65. What made the author feel cold?A. The heavy snowfall.B. The man-made scene.C. The low temperature.D. The film being shown.答案與解析1. (T64) C。題干中問到作者身份，帶著這個疑問，查找短文中能暗示身份的部分：About twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film-studio(影棚)to take part in a crowd-scene. Alth

11、ough our “act” would last only for a short time, we could see quite a number of interesting things.上述幾個詞“影棚”、“群眾大場面”、“表演只持續(xù)很短時間”可知C項正確。(T65) B。根據(jù)題干中的關鍵詞“feel cold”定位原文：A big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him, and soon the trees were covered in “snow”. Two more fans were turned on, an

12、d a “strong wind” blew through the trees. The picture looked so real that it made us feel cold.這里的picture即是the man-made scene。高考沖刺：主旨大意題型閱讀解題技巧編稿：陳玉蓮 審稿：王春霞題型介紹命題特點：考查主旨大意的題在近幾年中相對穩(wěn)定，一般來說每套試題都有23小題。從考查形式上看，從原來的簡單的主旨歸納變得綜合性越來越強；同時文章的行文跳躍性較強，次序變化大，隱含信息增多；對主旨題的答案判斷的干擾性越來越強，對考生綜合、分析、歸納文章主旨大意的能力要求較往年有所提高

13、。閱讀理解對主旨大意的設問方式一般比較固定，測試點主要在對文章的主題(subject)或中心思想(main idea)的把握以及寫作目的(purpose)、文章標題(title)的選擇。盡管設問角度不相同，但是所針對的都是文章的主旨大意。干擾項的特點：【鏈接高清】1.以偏概全：答案只闡述了主旨的一部分，也就是局部信息，概括不夠。2. 主題擴大：歸納概括的范圍過大，超過了文章要討論的東西。3. 斷章取義，概括錯誤： 常常以次要的事實、細節(jié)冒充全文主要觀點。解題技巧做此類題目時，首先要搞清題意，可利用文中主要信息來把握文脈，進行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標題，標題中蘊涵的信息往往是關鍵信息。任

14、何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點就是有一個反復出現(xiàn)的中心詞即主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。此外，還要學會借助文章的結(jié)構來把握中心思想。段落中心思想常常由主題句(topic sentence)來表達。一篇文章的中心思想常常在開始段或結(jié)尾段點出，因此，要特別注意段首、段尾及主題句。對于沒有明顯的主題句的文章，必須根據(jù)文章中所提供的事實細節(jié)，進行全面考慮，綜合分析，歸納出主題句進而概括出文章的中心思想，而不要將文章中出現(xiàn)的細節(jié)誤認為是文章或段落的中心思想。略讀是閱讀的第一步。特別是在考場上時間緊、閱讀量大的情況下，要獲取答題所需要的信息，有時不能按常規(guī)逐字逐句

15、地讀，而是要一個意群一個意群地掃描，省略大量與所尋信息無關的詞句，以求提高答題效率。重點掌握以下三點：抓住主題句，鎖定文章主旨仔細閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法。瀏覽時，一般不需逐句瀏覽，只需選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句。重點搜索主題線索和主題信息。抓主題詞，確定最佳標題標題是段落中心思想的精煉表達形式。標題可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子，它高度概括了文章內(nèi)容，點明文章主題，它是文章中心思想最精煉的表達形式。如同選擇文章的主題思想一樣，標題要有概括性、全面性、針對性。確定標題時既要避免概括不全，以部分代整體，或以事實細節(jié)代替具體的大意；也要避免概括過

16、度，即脫離了文本內(nèi)容的過度發(fā)揮，導致標題范圍太大，缺乏針對性。標題選擇如同選帽子一樣必須大小合適才行。另外，標題既要簡潔、突出、新穎，還要具有醒目的特點，這樣才能吸引讀者。抓住主線和關鍵，歸納文章中心要注意不是所有的段落都有主題句，有時主題句暗含在句中。閱讀這樣的文章，就需要自己根據(jù)文章的細節(jié)來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。 領會意圖，辨清寫作目的每篇文章都有一個特定的寫作目的，或是向讀者傳遞某個信息，或是娛樂讀者，或是講授某個道理。而這些信息通常并不被明確表達出來，而是隱含在文

17、章之中。因此，這類試題要求在理解文章總體內(nèi)容的基礎上領會作者的意圖。特別提示：不管主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的什么位置, 我們都要把這類題作為該篇文章的最后一道題去做, 因為做完其它題以后會對文章的主旨理解有幫助。真題再現(xiàn)【鏈接高清】1.（全國II卷第52題）What would be the best title for the text?A. Cultural Differences B. Smiles and RelationshipsC. Facial Expressiveness D. Habits and Emotions2. （浙江卷第50題）This article is mainly

18、about _.A. the lives of school childrenB. the cause of arguments in schoolsC. how to analyze youth violenceD. how to deal with school conflicts 3.（福建卷第59題）What would be the best title for the passage?A. Money Is Raised by the NewspaperB. Newspaper Distributes Money to the NeedyC. Unknown Hero Spread

19、s Love in EnvelopesD. Robin Hood Returns to the City1. C. 中心句為每段首句頻繁出現(xiàn)的中心詞句?？焖賿咭暼哪馨l(fā)現(xiàn)如下中心詞：Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships.Our faces show emotions, but we should not attempt to “read” people from another culture as we would “read” someone from our

20、own culture.It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the US.2. D。每段首句如下，通過搜索每句的中心詞Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship foreverFirst of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable.Onc

21、e students recognize that conflict is unavoidableAfter both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution: listening.Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing.There will always be conflict in schools3. C。通過首段尾句以及下面段落的首句確認短文的中心內(nèi)容：But the donator who

22、started sending envelopes with cash to deserving causes, accompanied by an article from the local paper, has made a northern German city believe in fairytales.The first envelope was sent to a victim support groupThe envelopes keep coming.高考沖刺：猜測詞義題型閱讀解題技巧編稿：陳玉蓮 審稿：梁曉題型介紹詞義猜測題是高考必考的題型，一般占閱讀理解總題量的10%左

23、右。所猜詞匯可以是生詞，也可以是熟詞新義，還可以是人稱代詞的指代內(nèi)容。常見提問方式The underlined word “_”in the passage means _.What does “_” in the third paragraph stand for?The word/phrase “_” most nearly means _.The word/phrase “_” could best be replaced by _.The word/phrase “_” in Line, Para refers to_.Which of the following is closest

24、 in meaning to the phrase/word/sentence “_”?Whats the meaning of “_” in Line , Para ?The underlined sentence in the first /second. paragraph probably means that _.正確選項的特點 【鏈接高清】1. 對于超綱詞匯的正確解釋，如果將它代入回原文，則符合邏輯，使文章通順易懂。2. 對于未超綱的詞或短語的正確解釋，往往是熟詞新義，是根據(jù)上下文推測的一個特定場合的含義。干擾項的特點 1.字面意思：對于熟悉的詞，干擾項會列出它的字面意思或常規(guī)含義

25、。2.無關意思：除了字面意思，出題人還常用憑空杜撰出來的其它意思來干擾考生，但只要將此意思帶入原文，不符合邏輯就能夠排除。解題思路 1. 返回原文，結(jié)合上下文，理解該詞的意思。2. 搜索時應注意同位語、特殊標點、定語從句、（表示上下文之間的邏輯關系）關鍵提示詞及前后綴，特別注意找出其中和生詞處于同一位置的詞去推測。特別提示：1.不管這個詞多超綱,根據(jù)上下文都能得出其意思。 2.不管這個詞多熟悉,都要通過上下文得出其在特定場合的意思。解題技巧構詞法 派生詞：通過分析派生詞，猜測劃線單詞的意思。Napoleon, as a character in Tolstoys War and Peace,

26、is more than once described as having “fat little hands”. Nor does he “sit well or firmly on the horse”. He is said to be “undersized” with “short legs” and a “round stomach”. undersized=under (低于) +size (尺寸、 大小)，通過構詞法可知以-ed結(jié)尾的派生詞可作形容詞 (如three-legged 三只腳的)， 再結(jié)合后面的short legs (短腿)， 可猜出undersized意為 “身材

27、矮小的”合成法：指由兩個或兩個以上單詞組合成一個新詞。通常情況下，合成詞的詞義為組成詞的詞義之和。He never wore ready-made clothes.ready-made由ready和made加連字符合成一個詞，該詞在clothes前，可知其詞性為形容詞，結(jié)合各個詞的本意：ready“準備就緒的”，made“做好的”，可知句中的ready-made是“現(xiàn)成的、做好的”的意思。轉(zhuǎn)化法：指單詞的詞形不改變，只通過詞性的改變來使單詞具有新的意義和作用。而這種單詞叫轉(zhuǎn)化詞。Great cultural changes led to more open communication and

28、a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say. say一般作動詞，意為“說、表達”。觀察句子，say前面帶a，表示say在此轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，意為“發(fā)言權、決定權”。語境法利用釋義詞(句)、舉例或同位語：同位語是對所修飾詞語的進一步說明和解釋，若對所修飾的詞語不熟悉，可通過其后同位語的“說明或解釋”來確定其詞義。表示釋義或舉例詞語的信息詞有for example, for instance, such as, in other words, that is to say, namely, or, also known

29、 as, to put it differently, refer to等，符號則有e.g. (舉例) 、i.e. (也就是) 。In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today. 利用生詞后面的同位語an endangered wild cat，可知ocelot是一種貓。利用對比、 類比或轉(zhuǎn)折詞表示對比、類比或轉(zhuǎn)折的常見信息詞有but, yet, however, while, unlike, in contrast, on the other hand, on the contra

30、ry, despite, in spite of, instead, rather than, though等，有時也用破折號或冒號等符號。Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it. 由but可知genius是與fool(蠢才)相對的，由此推測其意為“有才能的人”、“天才”。利用因果關系表示因果關系的信息詞有because, as, since, for, thus, so, sosuch that, hence, therefore, as a result等。That museum is so immense that

31、 it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.既然一天之內(nèi)看不完所有的展品，那么 immense 的意思應該是“很大”了。利用上下文(結(jié)合生活常識、背景知識）猜測詞義題在考查熟詞新義以及代詞指代內(nèi)容時往往需要綜合考慮上下文，有時也需要結(jié)合常識和背景知識。Its said that Bill Gates is the most affluent person in the world. 根據(jù)常識，Bill Gates 為世界首富，所以 affluent 可能是“富有的”。高考沖刺：推理判斷題型閱讀解題技巧編稿：陳玉蓮 審稿：

32、王春霞題型介紹推理題即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎上，做出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理判斷題屬于主觀性極強的高層次閱讀理解題，做這類題目時，要嚴格依據(jù)作者所陳述的細節(jié)、事實以及作者的措詞、態(tài)度和語氣，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語，然后利用自己已獲得的相關知識進行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論。此時應特別注意：當問及作者的看法、意圖與態(tài)度時，不要誤認為是在問“你”(考生)的想法切忌主觀，要通過文章內(nèi)容推斷作者的意圖，即作者本人在字里行間所表述的觀點。解題技巧要通過文章的措辭、上下文關系以及文章的文體結(jié)構等來理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度，領會作者的言外之意

33、。不能用主觀臆斷代替文中作者的觀點，不能以事實代替推理，不能以具體代替抽象、以現(xiàn)象代替實質(zhì)。要特別注意那些描寫環(huán)境以及反映作者情感、態(tài)度的語句。正確選項的特點 【高清鏈接】不是文中直接或明確說明的內(nèi)容, 是間接表達出來的，除符合文章主旨外，還符合邏輯，讓考生有推敲的余地。另外，正確選項大多含義深刻,不是常識選項。干擾項的特點 1. 夸大事實：對于原文中的細節(jié)或論斷的某方面程度進行了夸大處理。2. 無中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作為依據(jù)進行推理。3. 摻入常識：根據(jù)考生已有的常識是正確的,但是卻不是基于文章。4. 推理過頭：引申過度，使結(jié)論過于絕對化。推理短文出處提問方式推斷文章出處的

34、設題形式有：The passage is most likely to be taken from_.Where would this passage most probably appear?The passage is most likely a part of_.解題技巧這類問題應從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構來判斷其出處：1. 報紙：前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點或通訊社名稱。2. 廣告：因其格式特殊，容易辨認。3. 產(chǎn)品說明：器皿、設備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說明會告知instruction服用時間、次數(shù)、藥量等。You may think that sailing is a dif

35、ficult sport, but it is really not hard to learn it. You do not need to be strong. But you need to be quick. And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind.First, you must ask yourself,.Lets start with the wind blowing from the behind. This means.If the wind is blowing from the side, it

36、 is blowing across the boat. In this case, you must.Sailing into the wind is not possible. If you try, the sail will flap and the boat will stop. You may want to.48. Where can you probably find the text?A. In a popular magazine.B. In a tourist guidebook.C. In a physics textbook.D. In an official rep

37、ort.A。帆船運動是普通的一種體育運動，因此，本文很可能從流行雜志中節(jié)選。推斷寫作意圖 提問方式 考查整篇文章的寫作目的 The writer writes this passage in order to _. The writers purpose of writing this passage is to _. What is the purpose of writing this article? In writing the passage, the author intends to _. 考查某處細節(jié)的寫作意圖 The writer uses the example ofto

38、show that _. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _. are mentioned in the first paragraph to _. 技巧點撥 一般我們可以通過分析文章的文體特點、理解作者的詞句選擇和識別文章的語氣來理解作者的寫作意圖。首先，分析文體特點有助于把握作者的寫作意圖。如果我們對寫作意圖的種類做一歸納，就不難看出這一點。寫作意圖通?？梢愿爬橐韵滤姆N：報道（report），警告(warming)，闡述(explain 概念、原理等)，辯論（argument）.娛樂

39、讀者的寫作目的常見于故事類的文章。 說服讀者的寫作目的常見于廣告類的文章。在這樣的文章中，作者或是要推銷一種產(chǎn)品一種服務（to sell a product or a service），或是要通過對旅游景點報刊雜志影片電視節(jié)目等的介紹來達到他的寫作目的：吸引更多的游客讀者或訂戶觀眾等。科普類新聞報道類文化類或社會類的文章多為闡述某種概念、原理，或就某觀點進行辯論，或就某現(xiàn)象提出警告，了解這類文章的寫作目的有利于對文章主題的正確把握，閱讀時有必要找準文章的主題句，或較好地對主題加以歸納 Eating too much fatty food, exercising too little and s

40、moking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately: the air you breathe.Previous studies have linked high exposure (暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problem, but two analyses now show that .Th

41、e authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of li

42、festyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.56. The authors purpose of writing the text is most likely to . A. inform B. persuade C. describe D. entertainA。本文是一篇說明文，主要意思是說明人們所

43、呼吸的空氣和心臟病的發(fā)病率之間的關系，由此可知作者的寫作目的是告知人們一個事實。推斷作者態(tài)度提問方式 The writers attitude toward is_.The writer thought that _.According to the author, _.干擾選項此類試題的干擾項通常具有以下特點：或是自己的某種看法或觀點，或是社會的一種普遍的傾向，或是與本文無關或與作者相反的觀點或看法等。解題技巧推斷作者態(tài)度時，要注意作者的遣詞造句，是褒是貶，是贊成還是反對，作者如果用certain, no doubt, surely等表示確定的語氣；如果用possibly, maybe, i

44、t is said that時多表示不確定的語氣。尤其要注意轉(zhuǎn)折詞的運用，作者常在轉(zhuǎn)折詞后道出自己的真實評價、觀點或態(tài)度。When Frida Kahlos paintings were on show in London, a poet described her paintings as “ a ribbon （絲帶）around a bomb”. Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time. Sadly, she is actually a much bigger name today than she was during her time.Born in 1907 in a village near Mexico City