英國簡介(英文版)

1、最新 料推薦A Brief Introduction of the United KingdomThe full name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is a complicated name for what is in many ways a complicated country. Therere four parts, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, which complete to the

2、set.Here, as follows, are a few aspects of the United Kingdom.1. PoliticsThe Government of the United Kingdom(1) The MonarchyThe oldest institution of government is the Monarchy cruel by the king. This dates back to the Saxon who ruled from the 5th century AD until the Norman Conguest in 1066.The po

3、wer of the monarchy was largely derived form the ancient doctrine of the divine right of kings ”. It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.While the king in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not ex

4、ercise absolute power.(2) The ParliamentThe word “parliament”comes from the verb “the parley”, that is to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from countries and towns which the occasionally summoned if he wanted t

5、o raise money.The Great Council came to include both those who were summoned “by name” (the House of Lords) and representatives of communities (the House of Commons). These two houses exist today and collectively we call them the parliament. The Commons quickly gained in political strength. They wer

6、e willing to help the king by raising taxes and passing laws, but in return they wanted an increasing say in what the king was doing.The parliament became the most powerful institute in Britain was after the Revolutional War.Parliament has a number of different functions. First and foremost, it pass

7、es laws. Another important function is that it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Its other roles are to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the majority issues of the day.Parliament is supreme in the British state

8、because it alone has the power to change the terms of the constitution.There are no legal restraints upon parliament. It can make or change laws. Change or overturn established conventions or even prolong its own life without1最新 料推薦consulting the electorate. However, it does not assert its supremacy

9、, but bears the common law in mind and acts according to precedent.Each Parliament lasts for 5 years.The Upper house has no right to decide, it only has the right to pass the bills passed by the Lower House.The party which holds a majority of those “seats”in parliament forms the government, with its

10、 party leader as the Prime Minister. After a government has been in power for 5 years it has to resign and hold a “general election”, in which al British adults are give the chance to vote again for their constituency s MP. A government cannot stand for longer than 5years except in exceptional circu

11、mstances. However, the Prime Minister can call an election sooner than 5years. This can happen when the government loses a “vote of no confidence in” the House of Commons. That is, an MP puts forward a statement for the MPs to vote on saying that“This house no longer ha confidence in the government”

12、.(3) The Political PartiesThere are three major national parties: The conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But theres a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to abou

13、t 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so.The Labour party is the newest of these three, created by the growing trade union movement at the end of nineteenth century. It quickly replaced the Laberal party as one of

14、the two biggest parties. Labour is a socialist party. That is to say that they believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and the part of the role of government is to act as a“ redistributive agent”. The Conservative party is the party that spent most time in power, basically th

15、e Conservative are seen as the party of the individual, protecting the individual s right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose , and so favouring economic policies which businessmen prefer, such as low taxes. They receive a lot of their party funding from big companies.2. Religion(1) Qu

16、een or king is the leader as well as the bishop of the High Church.(2) 20% of British citizen claims to be Roman Catholics.(3) 40% of Scotland citizen believe in Roman Catholic.(4) Two established churches: Church of London; Church of Scotland.(5) Roman Catholic churches.(6) Free Churches.3. Culture

17、Here, I will emphasis on one aspect of Britains artistic output, that for which it is perhaps best known:Literature. Early Writing2最新 料推薦Much early Britishwritingwas concerned withChristianity: Anglo-Saxonsproduced beautifully illustrated versions of the Bible: the most famous of these is the book o

18、f keels, party written on the Scottish island of lona. Elizabethan DramaThere was a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries which is known as “The Renaissance”, in British culture one of the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this

19、 development lay in drama. 18th century English literature is marked by a rather large shift from the mood and tone of 17thcentury literature. The Romantic PeriodRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literatures romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerne

20、d with imagination and feeling than the power of reason, which marked the 18th century. 20th Century LiteratureThe 20th Century marked the end of the British Europe, which was replaced by the Commonwealth of Nations. Yet English civilization and culture continue to have a strong influence on the res

21、t of the world. The heritage of English literature forms an outstanding part of that culture.20th Century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periods: Modernism, and Postmodernism. These periods roughly correspond to literature written after it. Both are characterized by a high degr

22、ee of experimentation.4. EconomyNational economies can be broken down into three main areas: “primary ” industries, such as agriculture, fishing and mining, “Secondary”industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary industries, often described as services, such

23、as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.Britain s agricultural sector is small but efficient, producing 58% of the UK s food needs with only 2% of its workforce. Three quarters of Britain s land is used for agriculture, with about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are t

24、he two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals.The fishing industry provides 55% of the UK demand for fish. Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Energy production is an important part of the UK economy, accounting for 5% of the national wealth.In the secondary sector of the economy

25、, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth.3最新 料推薦The service sector of the United Kingdom is dominated by financial services, especially in banking and insurance. London is one of the world s largest financial centers with the London Stock Exchange, the London inte

26、rnational Financial Futures and Options Exchange, and the Lloyd sofLondon insurance market all based in the city. It also has the largest concentration of foreign bank branches in the world.5 British diplomatic affairs（ 1）Britain s foreign policies:The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatl

27、y influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.A second decisive influence upon the way Britain conducts its external affairs is geopolitical. Britain is an island state, and thi

28、s is considered an important psychological factor as well as one which has influenced Britain s economic and military development as a nation of seafarers who roamed the globe looking for territory and economic opportunities.How these foreign policies made:The general direction of Britain s foreign

29、policy is mainly decided by the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The main government department is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office,but many other government ministers also play a part in formulating and executing the government s decisions.The Ministry of Defence is responsible for ensuring

30、 Britain s defence and managing Britain s involvement in its military treaty commitments. And the Department of Trade and Industry is for the international trade policy and British commercial relations with other countries.（ 2）Britain and International Institutions:Nowadays its foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in a number of important international institutions.Britain is one of the five permanent me