化學(xué)專業(yè)英語翻譯4

1、.04.GROUPS IIIB VIIIB ELEMENTSGroup I-B includes the elements scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and12actinium , and the two rare-earth series of fourteen elements each thelanthanide and actinide series. The principal source of these elements is the high gravity river and beach sands built up by a water-

2、sorting process during long periods of geologic time. Monazite sand, which contains a mixture of rare earth phosphates, and an yttrium silicate in a heavy sand are now commercial sources of a number of these scarce elements.B 組包括元素鈧，釔，鑭，和actinium1 ，和 2 稀土系列十四 each2鑭系和錒系元素的系列。 這些元素的主要來源是重力高與海灘砂建立起來的

3、water-sorting 過程在漫長(zhǎng)的地質(zhì)年代。獨(dú)居石砂，其中包含一個(gè)混合稀土磷酸鹽， 和一個(gè)釔硅酸鹽在沉沙現(xiàn)在商業(yè)來源的一些這些稀有元素。Separation of the elements is a difficult chemical operation. The solubilities of their compounds are so nearly alike that a separation byfractional crystallization is laborious and time-consuming. In recent years, ion exchange r

4、esins in high columns have proved effective. When certain acids are allowed to flow down slowly through a column containing a resin to which ions of Group III B metals are adsorbed, ions aresuccessively released from the resin3. The resulting solution is removed from the bottom of the column or towe

5、r in bands or sections. Successive.sections will contain specific ions in the order of release by the resin. Forexample .lanthanum ion (La3+) is most tightly held to the resin and is thelast to be extracted, lutetium ion (Lu 3+) is less tightly held and appears in one of the first sections removed.

6、If the solutions are recycled and the acid concentrations carefully controlled, very effective separations can be accomplished. Quantities of all the lanthanide series (except promethium, Pm, which does not exist in nature as a stable isotope) are produced for the chemical market.分離的組成部分是一個(gè)困難的化工操作。溶

7、解度的化合物是幾乎一模一樣，分離結(jié)晶是艱苦和耗時(shí)的。近年來，離子交換樹脂在高列已證明有效。當(dāng)某些氨基酸可以緩緩流下一列含有樹脂的離子組第三金屬離子吸附，先后從 resin3 。由此產(chǎn)生的解決方案是刪除從塔底、塔帶或部分。連續(xù)的部分將包含特定的離子釋放的順序由樹脂。 例如。鑭離子（La 3 + ）是最緊密舉行的樹脂， 是最后被提取，镥離子（lu3+ ）是不那么嚴(yán)格， 出現(xiàn)在第一部分被刪除。 如果溶液再生和酸濃度小心控制，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)非常有效的分離。 大量的所有鑭系元素 （除钷，下午，它不存在的性質(zhì)作為一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的同位素）生產(chǎn)的化工市場(chǎng)。The predominant group oxidation n

8、umber of the lanthanide series is +3, but some of the elements exhibit variable oxidation states. Cerium forms cerium( III )and cerium ( IV ) sulfates, Ce 2 (SO4 ) 3 and Ce(SO4 ) 2,which are employed in certain oxidation-reduction titrations. Many rare earth compounds are colored and are paramagneti

9、c, presumably as a.result of unpaired electrons in the 4f orbitals.主要的氧化數(shù)為 + 3 的稀土系列，但一些元素表現(xiàn)出不同的氧化態(tài)。鈰鈰（）形式和鈰（）硫酸鹽（SO 4 ）3，鈰和鈰（ SO 4 ）2，其中從事某些氧化還原滴定法。許多稀土化合物，是順磁性的，大概是由于未配對(duì)電子的軌道。All actinide elements have unstable nuclei and exhibit radioactivity. Those with higher atomic numbers have been obtained o

10、nly in trace amounts. Actinium (89 Ac), like lanthanum, is a regular GroupIIIB element.錒系元素的所有不穩(wěn)定原子核和放射性。那些具有較高的原子數(shù)目已獲得只有微量的。錒（89），如鑭，經(jīng)常是一組III B 部元件。Group IVB Elements B 族元素In chemical properties these elements resemble silicon, but they become increasingly more metallic from titanium to hafnium. Th

11、e predominant oxidation state is +4 and, as with silica (SiO2), the oxides ofthese elements occur naturally in small amounts. The formulas and mineral names of the oxides are TiO2, rutile; ZrO 2, zirconia; HfO2, hafnia.這些元素在化學(xué)性質(zhì)類似，但他們成為越來越多的金屬鈦鉿。主要的氧化態(tài)為 + 4，與二氧化硅（ SiO 2 ）的氧化物，這些要素自然發(fā)生少量。公式和礦物的氧化物TiO

12、 2 ，金紅石；氧化鋯；氧化鉿，鋯，鉿。.Titanium is more abundant than is usually realized. It comprises about 0.44% of the earths crust. It is over 5.0% in average composition of first analyzed moon rock. Zirconium and titanium oxides occur in small percentages in beach sands.鈦是更豐富的比通常的實(shí)現(xiàn)。它由大約 0.44% 的地球的地殼。 這是超過 5%的平

13、均組成，首先分析月球巖石。鋯和鈦的氧化物發(fā)生在小的百分比在海灘砂。Titanium and zirconium metals are prepared by heating their chlorides with magnesium metal. Both are particularly resistant to corrosion and have high melting points.鈦、鋯金屬準(zhǔn)備通過加熱的氯化物與金屬鎂。雙方尤其是耐腐蝕和具有熔點(diǎn)高。Pure TiO2 is a very white substance which is taking the place of w

14、hitelead in many paints. Three-fourths of the TiO 2 is used in white paints,varnishes, and lacquers. It has the highest index of refraction (2.76) and the greatest hiding power of all the common white paint materials. TiO 2also is used in the paper, rubber, linoleum, leather, and textile industries.

15、純 TiO 2 是一種白色物質(zhì)，代替鉛白在許多涂料。 四分之三的 TiO 2是用白漆，清漆，噴漆。它具有最高的折射率（2.76 ）和最大的遮蓋力的所有常見的白色油漆材料。二氧化鈦也用于紙張，橡膠，油氈，皮革，紡織工業(yè)。.Group VB Elements: Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum群中元素釩，鈮，鉭：These are transition elements of Group VB, with a predominant oxidation number of + 5. Their occurrence is comparatively rare.這些都是

16、過渡族元素中，一個(gè)主要的氧化數(shù)為+ 5。他們的出現(xiàn)是比較罕見的。These metals combine directly with oxygen, chlorine, and nitrogen to form oxides, chlorides, and nitrides, respectively. A small percentage of vanadium alloyed with steel gives a high tensile strength product which is very tough and resistant to shock and vibration. F

17、or this reason vanadium alloy steels are used in the manufacture of high-speed tools and heavy machinery. Vanadium oxide is employed as a catalyst in the contact process of manufacturing sulfuric acid. Niobium is a very rare element, with limited use as an alloying element in stainless steel. Tantal

18、um has a very high melting point (2850 C) and is resistant to corrosion by most acids and alkalies.這些金屬直接與氧， 氯，和氮氧化物， 氯化物，氮化物和，分別為。一小部分釩合金鋼具有高抗拉強(qiáng)度的產(chǎn)品，是非常艱難的， 耐沖擊和振動(dòng)。為此，釩合金鋼用于制造高速工具和重型機(jī)械。釩氧化物作為催化劑使用的接觸過程中制造硫酸。鈮是一種非常罕見的元素，以有限的使用作為合金元素在不銹鋼。鉭具有很高的熔點(diǎn)（2850 ），耐.腐蝕大多數(shù)的酸和堿。Groups VIB and VIIB ElementsB 和七 B

19、元素Chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten are Group VIB elements. Manganese is the only chemically important element of Group VIIB. All these elements exhibit several oxidation states, acting as metallic elements in lower oxidation states and as nonmetallic elements in higher oxidation states. Both chrom

20、ium and manganese are widely used in alloys, particularly in alloy steels.鉻，鉬，鎢是 B 族元素。錳是唯一重要的化學(xué)元素，七 B 組。所有這些因素表現(xiàn)出幾種氧化態(tài)， 作為金屬元素在低氧化態(tài)和非金屬元素的高氧化態(tài)。鉻和錳廣泛用于合金，特別是在合金鋼。Group VIIIB Metals制備金屬Group VIIIB contains the three triads of elements. These triads appear at the middle of long periods of elements in

21、the periodic table, and are members of the transition series. The elements of any given horizontal triad have many similar properties, but there are marked differences between the properties of the triads, particularly between the first triad and the other two. Iron, cobalt, and nickel are much more

22、 active than members of the other two triads, and are also much more abundant in the earths crust. Metals of the second and third triads, with many common properties, are usually grouped together and called the platinum metals.制備包含三個(gè)黑社會(huì)的要素。 這些黑社會(huì)出現(xiàn)在中長(zhǎng)周期元素在周期表中，和成員的過渡系列。 元素的任何給定的水平黑社會(huì)有許多相似的性質(zhì)，但有顯著差異的

23、性質(zhì)之間的黑社會(huì)，特別是與第一黑社會(huì)及其他。鐵，鈷，鎳是更積極比其他成員的兩只黑社會(huì)，和也更豐富的在地球的地殼。金屬和第三個(gè)黑社會(huì)，有許多共同的特性，常常聚集在一起并稱為鉑金屬。These elements all exhibit variable oxidation states and form numerous coordination compounds.這些因素都表現(xiàn)出不同的氧化態(tài)，形成多種配位化合物。Corrosion 腐蝕 ;侵入Iron exposed to the action of moist air rusts rapidly, with the formation of

24、 a loose, crumbly deposit of the oxide. The oxide does not adhere to the surface of the metal, as does aluminum oxide and certain other metal oxides, but peels off .exposing a fresh surface of iron to the action of the air. As a result, a piece of iron will rust away completely in a relatively short

25、 time unless steps are taken to prevent the corrosion. The chemical steps in rusting are rather obscure, but it has been established that the rust is a hydrated oxide of iron, formed by the action of both oxygen and moisture, and is markedly speeded up by the presence of minute amountsof carbon dioxide5.鐵的行動(dòng)暴露于潮濕空氣迅速生銹，以形成一個(gè)松散的，易碎的礦.床的氧化。氧化不堅(jiān)持金屬表面，如鋁氧化物和其他金屬氧化物，但剝落。新鮮鐵表面暴露于行動(dòng)的空氣。因此，一塊鐵會(huì)生銹完全在較短的時(shí)間，除非采取措施防止腐蝕?；?/p>