[英語學習]讀寫任務概括方法與練習2011高二

1、精選文檔讀寫任務的概括Part基本步驟 方法和技巧第一，閱讀全文，了解文章大意，理解作者的寫作意圖和主要觀點。1.通讀全文，了解文章的體裁。因為不同的體裁，概括文章大意的方法不相同，那么我們在概括主要內(nèi)容時要注意的內(nèi)容也不相同。讀寫任務所給材料，通常是記敘文、議論文和說明文，以議論文和記敘文為主。2.注意文章的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)。英語文章的結(jié)構(gòu)不像中文文章結(jié)構(gòu)那么多種多樣，英語的文章普遍以固定的幾種形式敘述所要表達的內(nèi)容。如議論文多用比較來論述某個觀點，歷史故事文則多用敘述的方式。因此平時熟悉一些篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，閱讀文章時就可以先看文章的標題、語篇標記、關(guān)鍵句等來識別文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)類型，然后找出文章的框架，通

2、過段落間的邏輯關(guān)系，了解文章的大意。3注意審題，看準要求是對整篇文章進行概括還是就某部份內(nèi)容進行概括。是以讀者的身份進行概括，還是以當事人的身份進行概括，這決定著我們要以什么樣的人稱來寫。第二，正確找出文章的主旨大意。1.一定要注意文章是否有題目，因為一篇文章的題目就是對整篇文章中心內(nèi)容的最簡練的歸納，是文章的精華、中心。2.閱讀完后用一句話寫出文章的主旨大意。這里我們要注意文章里一些概括性句子。每篇文章都有其寫作意圖，在文章中，尤其在第一段或最后一段，作者都會對其進行總結(jié)，所以我們要注意段落里一些起概括性句子（主題句）。文章的主題句往往出現(xiàn)在首段或末段，或各個段落的首句末句，然具體情況卻不能

3、一概而論。以下是常見文體的主題句及主要內(nèi)容的概括的方法和技巧。（1）記敘文(Narration)：找出時間(when),地點(where),什么人(who)，做了什么事(what),結(jié)果怎么樣(how)等五要素。其中,最重要的要點是某人(who)做了何事(what)。若是夾敘夾議的文章,還要加上作者的看法、觀點、經(jīng)驗或感悟。敘事性的記敘文(Narration)。敘事性的記敘文的主要內(nèi)容的概括主要抓住記敘文的幾個要素：時間、地點、人物、事件和影響或后果。寫人的記敘文（Description）。寫人的記敘文總結(jié)要點主要抓住人物的主要特點或事跡，劃出關(guān)鍵詞（所謂關(guān)鍵詞是文中反復出現(xiàn)的體現(xiàn)主題或關(guān)聯(lián)的

4、詞）。（2）議論文（Argumentation）。找出議論文的三要素，即論點、論據(jù)和結(jié)論。其關(guān)鍵是找出主題句或結(jié)論句。而這種文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)多數(shù)為總分結(jié)構(gòu)、分總結(jié)構(gòu)、平行結(jié)構(gòu)等。因此，我們通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找論點。若文中有一分為二(即對立觀點)的觀點，兩種觀點都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的觀點。 【作者的觀點（常在首或末段）而對立的觀點（在文中議論的過程中出現(xiàn)，常見有提示語）】（3）說明文（Exposition）抓住關(guān)鍵句：文章第一段和各段第一句。（所謂關(guān)鍵句主要是一些主題句即中心句）對現(xiàn)象分析型說明文，要找出“現(xiàn)象”“造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因”“解決這種現(xiàn)象或問題的措施或建議”。

5、 (4) 新聞報道類（News report/ News Story）以及公告類（Announcement）。中心內(nèi)容往往在第一段。寫概要時注意要找出中心句，抓住關(guān)鍵詞。（5）寓言故事類（Moral）。概括寓言故事的要點包括兩個部分，一是寓言故事的內(nèi)容梗概，二是它說明了什么道理。（6）發(fā)言稿：通常會很明確地表明觀點或態(tài)度，寫概要時要從發(fā)言者的言語中明確作者的態(tài)度，把握作者的寫作目的?；蛳雀爬慷未笠?，進而歸納全文主旨。因此：辨認文章體裁，快速找出中心句和關(guān)鍵詞；要求寫什么就總結(jié)什么。抓準主要內(nèi)容，剔除不必要的次要內(nèi)容。3.在找主旨大意時，我們還要注意“多頻詞”，也就是在文章里頻繁出現(xiàn)的詞。因為

6、經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的詞往往是文章所談論的話題，也就是文章的中心。4.我們在找主旨大意時，還要注意一些表示轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步的連接詞，如but, however, although等，因為這些詞往往告訴我們文章究竟支持哪個觀點，通常but, however之后的觀點是文章的重點，而although之前是文章的重點。第三，用簡練的文字寫出文章的概要（summary）。1.通常summary的開頭都有一些常用的句子，學生可以在平時的訓練中學習使用。如： The passage/story / text /article is mainly aboutThe (given) passage /text /article

7、 mainly tells us The text is mainly writtendiscussed to explain 但這些開頭也只限于要求以讀者的身份來概括時使用。像07年高考題目，要求作者以當事人的身份來概括，那用上面這些表達則是不正確的。所以我們要審清題目，隨機應變。2.用最簡練的文字（30個字左右）把文章的主要內(nèi)容概括出即可，無須把一些細節(jié)，瑣碎的內(nèi)容加上，如描述，舉例，一些具體事實等。3.不要加入自己的個人觀點。如要求以讀者的身份來概括，用第三人稱來寫，莫把作者的觀點寫成自己的觀點。如要求以當事人的身份來寫，則用第一人稱。4.語言表達要正確。語言結(jié)構(gòu)是學生從一開始學英語一直

8、到以后的學習都伴隨的一部份內(nèi)容，是必須平時扎扎實實要打好的基礎。我們除了平時要多記住一些詞，短語，句型的用法，還可以多寫些文章請老師評改，老師把你的作文出現(xiàn)的問題劃出后，你自己先改正，然后再給老師面評。這是一個更重要，更快捷的提高方法。附：2007年廣東高考概括部分評分細則：1完全糊涂地照抄原文，連人稱都不改的，得0分； 2機械死板地照抄原文，只改人稱的，得1分；3稍微靈活地抄原文，改主語，賓語、原文詞序的，得2分； 4創(chuàng)造性地抄，改主語，賓語、原文詞序還有句子結(jié)構(gòu)的，最多得3分。5結(jié)構(gòu)、用詞，詞性變化比較好的4至5分。Part寫概要的具體方法1.定文體：確定文體，掌握大意。根據(jù)不用體裁，選擇

9、合適方法。2.定時態(tài)：如果閱讀材料是過去時，那么基本時態(tài)用過去時；如果是現(xiàn)在的，那么基本時態(tài)用現(xiàn)在時；不過，模板的開頭語一般為現(xiàn)在時如The passage tells us that3.定人稱：一般情況下采用第三人稱來寫作。（特殊如書信的，可能會使用第一、二人稱）；4.找主題：讀短文，劃關(guān)鍵詞和關(guān)鍵句。所謂關(guān)鍵詞是文中反復出現(xiàn)的體現(xiàn)主題或關(guān)聯(lián)的詞，關(guān)鍵句主要是一些主題句。根據(jù)這些關(guān)鍵詞，句，弄清作者的寫這篇文章的目的，或作者的觀點態(tài)度。千萬不可脫離材料，離題。5.定技巧：結(jié)合相關(guān)技巧，重新組句。1)Use words of similar meanings同義替換法I didnt catch

10、 any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.I didnt catch any fish_ I was not patient.2)Adopt the opposite way when saying a sentence正話反說法You will fail. = You will _. 3)Change the part of speech詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法Patience is very important. Patience is of _ .4)Change the structure of a sentence句式變化法語態(tài)變換：Pa

11、rents should give children more praise.Children should _ more praise.簡單句變復合句：Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.Children should be encouraged more, _ will help them learn faster.5)Use the shortest possible transitions連詞銜接法注意使用一些短而精的連詞，如but, and, so, while, however,

12、then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。We should encourage children. We should not scold them.We should encourage children_ scolding them.6) Change the order of the words.詞序改變法 寫概要時的幾個注意事項:1. 不可忽略, 忘記寫. 概括要點占5分.2. 改寫而不是抄襲。不可一字不漏地完全照抄原文.( 但可以靈活地抄，特別對基礎差的同學)3. 不可加入自己的觀點. 必須忠于原文、忠于作者.

13、4. 不要概括太廣，缺乏針對性，也不要只針對原文某個細節(jié)太狹窄.5. 不要用列舉、描繪性語言當成概括性語言.6. 不要只用一個簡單句來概括.或?qū)懙锰嗑渥樱▎卧~）。7. 要注意文體特征. 文體不同, 概括的方式也不同.8不要用序號標概括和下文，注意概括和下文構(gòu)成一個不可分隔、完整的文章。9. 不要把概括跟下文寫成一起。（即要求分段）注意事項： “五定三忌” 定體裁；定主題；定時態(tài)；定人稱；定技巧。 忌照抄原文；忌私加觀點 忌不符字數(shù)。下列是常規(guī)的實用技巧:1) Skill1: Omit (省略) the details. 刪除細節(jié)。只保留主要觀點。2) Skill2: Omit the rep

14、etitions（重復）.避免重復。在原文中，為了強調(diào)某個主題，可能會重復論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應該刪除那些突出強調(diào)的重述句。 3) Skill3: Omit the examples. 刪除具體例子。不過，閱讀材料本身是由幾個具體例子構(gòu)成的，如閱讀材料是談西方種種節(jié)日的，如刪除具體例子，則概括很難達到30個詞，那就選擇一至兩個例子（即一兩個主要節(jié)日）。注：原文中可能包括5個或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個例子。4) Skill4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具體的) words ).使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞，

15、比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括為：“She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”5) Skill5: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect s

16、peech.把文章的對話或直接引語(的要點)改成間接引語敘述。 6) 把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個句子，那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。 7) 壓縮長的句子。如下列兩例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括為： “He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括為：“He was in fi

17、nancial difficulties.” 8) 你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。 學以致用 (Task1: Please follow the example to choose the proper skill from the above ones.)1,Then, you can think of a way to make both sides happy. Here are some tips1)Make time to talk. You could talk about your school life and your plans for the future. 2).K

18、eep a diary. It can help you understand more about yourself and your feelings.3). Show your parents you are growing up. Wash your own clothes and help around the house.Which skill: _Summary:_2. Sometimes, kids dont think their parents are fair to them. When you want to dress in a modern way, your mu

19、m doesnt like you to wear a mini-skirt. When you are making phone calls to friends, they ask whether youre speaking to a boy or a girl. Which skill: _Summary: _3. Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly, “You use too much salt on your food, Paul. Its not at all good for you!” Paul put down his knife and

20、frowned, “Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awfullike eating wood or sandjust imagine bread without salt in it!” Which skill:_Summary:_4. She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to rea

21、d all of them during the winter vacation.Which skill: _Summary: _Task2: find out how to summarize the whole passage 段意合并法 (說明文、應用文) 第一步, 通讀全文, 領(lǐng)略大意;第二步,小結(jié)每一段的大意;第三步, 根據(jù)每一段的大意以及作者的側(cè)重點, 綜合歸納全文的大意.對于說明性或描述性短文，可以用概括性文字說明某一現(xiàn)象。比如，可以概括如下 “This article points out the common phenomenon” 要素串聯(lián)法（記敘文） 記敘文主要是記敘所發(fā)

22、生的事情和經(jīng)歷。常見的形式有：故事、日記、新聞報道、游記等。記敘文通常要交待清楚五要素的內(nèi)容，即where, when, what, who, how, 給讀者一個內(nèi)容完整、細節(jié)清晰的故事。事情的敘述通常按時間的順序敘述，讓讀者易于把握所敘述內(nèi)容之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)，我們必須抓住記敘文的寫作特點或思路，從而更好地理解文章主題，概括出比較中肯的短文中心大意。 主題概括法（議論文）第一、找出關(guān)鍵詞和全文或段落的主題句。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地說，主題詞通常是名詞、動詞或形容

23、詞。第二、根據(jù)原文的詞句(一般指關(guān)鍵詞和全文或段落的主題句), 進行改寫: 或用相應的同義詞，或進行句型轉(zhuǎn)換(如主動句改為被動句等等). 千萬不要原封不動地抄寫原文的詞句.第三、用連詞連接各部分，使它連貫；第四、整合中心要點，使用形容詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語合并、簡化句子，使之符合概括短文內(nèi)容要點的詞數(shù)(30個詞左右)。議論文通常用來講明道理、議論是非、提出觀點和看法。作者先正面或反面提出論點，然后用事實論證論點，最后以重申論點或提出建議的方式得出結(jié)論。議論文的主題句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。盡可能客觀簡要地轉(zhuǎn)述閱讀材料的觀點。可以采用如下方法概括：The writer o

24、f this article thinks that 或者你認為本材料的觀點代表了一些人的思想，就可以說Some people think 還可以從中立的角度或用“無人稱”的方式來說The article gives the view that實例1 It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was fast asleep, so I got a ladder from the shed

25、in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, “I dont think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.” I looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regrette

26、d answering in the way I did, but I said, “I enjoy cleaning windows at night.” “So do I,” answered the policeman in the same tone. “Excuse my interrupting you. I hate to interrupt a man when hes busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station?” “Well, Id prefer to stay here,” I said.

27、“ You see, Ive forgotten my key.” “Your what?” he called. “My key,” I shouted.Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me Which skill: _點撥：1)這是一篇記敘文，請從原文中劃出時間、地點、人物、事情的經(jīng)過和結(jié)果。2)填充下面所給的summary, 注意如何借用詞法，語法簡化句子。Summary: As can be

28、 learnt this passage, on arriving home _ in the morning, the writer failed to wake up _ by ringing the doorbell. He tried to _, but was found by _. Soon his shouting woke his wife.實例2 Advertising can be a service to customers. This is true when advertisements give reliable information about the good

29、s advertised. Such information is needed if the customer is to make a sensible choice when he buys something. It is useful in that it lets him know of the kinds of goods in the shops. Printed advertisements do this job best. Customers can collect them and compare them. They can be taken along to the

30、 shops and their statements can be checked against and actual goods in the shops. Some advertisements are not very useful to the customers. Instead of helping the customer to satisfy his real needs, they set out to make him want things. They set out to make us believe that what they advertise will m

31、ake us cleverer, prettier, more handsome, if only we use it. The voice on TV says, “ Get away people use XYZ petrol.” The screen shows a picture of petrol pump for a fast expensive car owned by a boy with a pretty girlfriend. They drive off to the wonderful country or a lovely beach. Some people may

32、 feel that clever, successful people use XYZ petrol. Some might choose that petrol every time they fill up their cars. Skill: _Summary: _實例3 Students should think now about what extracurricular (課外的) activities theyd like to participate in. Participating in extracurricular activities may help you de

33、epen your physical, creative, social, political, and career interests by bringing you into communication with other like-minded people you didnt previously know.You can join groups as a way to get support from other students. A club or group can also be a great way to meet people who are different f

34、rom you. Lots of youth programs bring people together with those who are different as a way to break down the barriers between people.Participating in extracurricular activities helps you in other ways, too. It looks good on college and job applications and shows admissions officers and employers yo

35、ure well-rounded and responsible. Specific activities help with specific goals.The most basic reason for joining a club or team is that it gives you something better to do than staring at the wall, wandering the hall, or sleeping all afternoon. People who are participating are less likely to pick up

36、 bad habits, like smoking or drinking.Skill: _Summary: _Part 高效模板A.如議論文的概要通常可以如此開頭：The essay/passage/author highlights（強調(diào)） the importance ofThe essay/passage/author discusses the impact of.The essay/passage/author argues that B.而記敘文的概要則可以從以下模板中選擇：The passage/story is about The author tells us a stor

37、y about a _.The passage is a story about _.According to the passage, the hero in the story _.C.通用型模板：According to the passage, we knowThis article is mainly aboutThe writer states(陳述) thatAs can be learn this passage, - - -In this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of另外，更具體一點：1. 記敘文概

38、要模板點明寫作目的類：The writer tells us（主題）by showing us an example of, who/which（故事情節(jié)）.作者經(jīng)歷類：In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth, which他人經(jīng)歷類：This passage is mainly about sbs experience of doing sth.2. 議論文概要模板The article gives the view that should/shouldnt（主題） .（補充論據(jù)）.The p

39、assage highlights(強調(diào)) the importance of sth.The author argues that3. 說明文概要模板現(xiàn)象揭示類：This article points out （指出）the common phenomenon -（主題), which.（補充解釋）.利弊對比類：The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. Awhile B The passage discusses the impact(影響)of sth. On the positive side, but it

40、 may also.研究顯示類：The study reveals(揭露) thatThe purpose of the report is to show thatPart Exercises 根據(jù)材料，用約30個字寫概要。1. I took a trip to a big lake in Indonesia with my family two years ago. It was really a huge lake with beautiful scenery all around. People were amazed by the endless view in front of o

41、ur eyes. Later on, unlike other girls, I volunteered to go water-skiing alone. I put on the life jacket, got on the motorboat immediately and started my engine as soon as possible.The lake seemed broad and endless. I was so thrilled(激動) to enjoy my trip among the mountains and waters that I sped my

42、motorboat. Then, after some time, I found myself in the middle of the endless lake. A sudden fear came around me. I didnt know where I was or even how far I had gone from the shore. What was worse, it began to rain and it became very cold and foggy. I rode everywhere but couldnt find my way back. It

43、 was useless for me to cry or shout for help. I was so terrified that I began to think about all kinds of horrible things. After floating on the water helplessly and hopelessly for a long time, suddenly I heard someone calling my name. Soon, a big steamboat sailed to me and they pulled me up to the

44、deck and asked me if I was hurt. I couldnt say a word but cried out in my fathers arms. _2. I like watching TV very much; for I think it has many advantages. First of all, watching TV is a way to help us relax. After a day of hard work, we need a good rest. Pleasant shows can make our mind and body

45、much relaxed. There are many kinds of shows, such as sports programs, concerts, plays and films from all over the world. Its not possible for us to go to every place to enjoy all the activities within a short time. We usually need about eight hours to fly from New York to Pairs and about a week by train from