英語平行結(jié)構(gòu)和比較結(jié)構(gòu).pptx

英語平行結(jié)構(gòu)和比較結(jié)構(gòu) Parallelism & Comparison,連詞是一種虛詞， 它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞，短語與短語以及句與句的作用。連詞主要可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。 并列連詞用來連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。 從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)名詞從句和各類的狀語從句。,一、平行結(jié)構(gòu), 即并列結(jié)構(gòu)：由并列連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上對等的語言成分構(gòu)成。,并列結(jié)構(gòu)的連接手段,）并列連詞 ）標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號 ）并列結(jié)構(gòu)的插入語 在最后一個(gè)項(xiàng)目之前插入一個(gè)詞語，使這個(gè)項(xiàng)目處于更加突出的地位。 ）并列結(jié)構(gòu)的對稱組合 成對組合的辦法使整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)更加緊湊。,常見的并列連詞有： 1、表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：and, not onlybut also, neithernor, not but 2. 選擇關(guān)系：or，eitheror, otherwise, whether.or 3. 轉(zhuǎn)折對比關(guān)系: but, yet, whereas, while, still 4. 因果關(guān)系：so, for 5. 并列關(guān)系：and, when,一、表示平行、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的連詞,1. A and B And連接兩個(gè)并列成分。and也常位于句首，使上下文聯(lián)系更緊密。 The fabric is light and strong. I like reading and fishing in my spare time. This model of the computer is powerful, and the price is competitive. It was a severe winter. And we had not enough food for ourselves.,2. both A and B 這一結(jié)構(gòu)是and的強(qiáng)化形式，連接的兩個(gè)成分必須在結(jié)構(gòu)上等同。不能連接句子。 The new tax policy benefits both workers and farmers. Bothe she and I are interested in English literature.,3. not onlybut (also)不僅而且 not onlybutas well不僅而且也 as well as和 andas well和 * not onlybut (also)結(jié)構(gòu)側(cè)重在后者，而as well as側(cè)重在前者。 Not only George but also his wife did a lot for us. It is said that he can fly a plane as well as drive a car. She can play pop music and classical music as well.,二、表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞,1. neither A nor B 這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示否定意義，若連接兩個(gè)句子可以采用倒裝形式。 Einstein cared for neither money nor fame. You can neither take it out nor photocopy it. *在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中通常用or連接兩個(gè)并列成分。 You can never take it out or photocopy it.,2. or或者，大約，否則，不然 eitheror或者.或者，不是就是(eitheror結(jié)構(gòu)是or的強(qiáng)化形式) Do you stay at home alone or go to theatre with me? Youll have to wait one or two days before you know the result. Hurry up, or well be late. Have one more try, or you wont be successful. Either he didnt speak clearly or you didnt hear well.,三、表示轉(zhuǎn)折和對比意義的并列連詞,but（但是），yet（然而），while（而，卻）等 After a busy day, I felt tired but happy. Difficulties will arise in the course of reforming， but we will certainly overcome them. He was not feeling well, yet he kept on until it was done. China is rich in natural resources, while Japan is poor.,四、表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞,so（因此，所以），for（因?yàn)椋?Many directors were absent, so the meeting had to be postponed. He must have done something wrong, for the head teacher called him to the office. *so不能與because同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在同一句中。For從句主要是對前面的句子作出解釋或進(jìn)行推斷，因此for引導(dǎo)的句子不能用于句首。,Tom is tall _ his brother is short. She got up early,_ she failed to be there on time. It is not wrong of people to pursue wealth; _, they should also try to learn to fulfill their knowledge. Someone must be coming , _ the dog is barking . That was our first lesson, _ she didnt know all our names.,while,but,yet,for,so,One day John was late, _ his missed the first class. Not only did he speak more correctly, _he spoke more easily. The children can go with us, _ they can stay at home. You must tell the truth, _ you will be punished. Either you can do it by yourself,_ you can ask someone else to help you. Do you have a table for two? -Im sorry,_ there arent any seats now.,and,but also,or,or,or,but,Paired conjunctions Directions: Add is or are to each sentence,1.Both the teacher and the student _ here. 2.Neither the teacher nor the student _here. 3.Not only the teacher but also the students _ here.,are,is,are,Error Analysis: Paired Conjunctions,1.Either John will call Mary or Bob. 1.John will call either Mary or Bob. 2.Not only Sue saw the mouse but also the cat. 2.Sue saw not only the mouse but also the cat. 3.I enjoy not only reading novels but also magazines. 3.I enjoy reading not only novels but also magazines. 4.Oxygen is plentiful. Both air contains oxygen and water. 4.Oxygen is plentiful. Both air and water contain oxygen.,并列結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號,由兩個(gè)以上項(xiàng)目構(gòu)成的并列結(jié)構(gòu)通常只在最后一個(gè)項(xiàng)目之前用并列連詞，其他項(xiàng)目之間用逗號連接。 There are five types of discharge from military service: honorable, general, undesirable, bad conduct, and dishonorable. 兩個(gè)以上項(xiàng)目全用連詞連接起來的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，在修辭色彩上給人以悠閑緩慢、延續(xù)持久的感覺。 Raising vegetables presents endless opportunities for weeding and thinning and hoeing and watering.,有時(shí)也可全用逗號，在修辭色彩上給人以緊張、急促、明快、利落的感覺。 除了逗號，分號和冒號也能起并列連詞的作用。 分號連接兩個(gè)并列分句，通常表示對比關(guān)系。 Golf demands the best of time and space; tennis, the best of personal energy. 用冒號連接兩個(gè)并列分句，通常表示下文是對上文的解釋和發(fā)揮。 Hijackers and kidnappers offer two equally impossible alternatives: a refusal to meet their terms may mean death for their victims; meeting their terms may mean more victims in the future.,在某些連接性副詞如accordingly, furthermore, hence, however, nevertheless, therefore 等之前通常要用分號，而不用逗號。 He had worked in the foreign service for two years without leave; hence he was tired almost beyond endurance. From a running start Pedro launched his body into a vigorous racing drive; however, he was about thirty feet from the pool at the time.,二、 對連接詞連接的成分要求：形式對稱； 功能相同（充當(dāng)同樣的句子成分），時(shí)態(tài)平衡。,并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是名詞和名詞，副詞和副詞，分詞和分詞，不定式和不定式，動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞，句子和句子等的并列，而不能其中一個(gè)概念用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)，而另一個(gè)概念用不定式或從句來表達(dá)。 比如下面句子就違反了平行結(jié)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)則： Do some nice things for your parents that they dont expect like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothes, or clean the floors. “做飯”、“刷碗”、“洗衣服”、“拖地”在本句中應(yīng)為并列結(jié)構(gòu)作為介詞like“像”的賓語，故應(yīng)用相同的形式，都用動(dòng)名詞，所以應(yīng)將clean改為cleaning。,三、平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要類型,1. 名詞和名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu) The patients symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache. 病人的癥狀是發(fā)燒、頭暈和頭痛。 2. 形容詞和形容詞平行結(jié)構(gòu) Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富有、聰明。,三、平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要類型,3.副詞和副詞平行結(jié)構(gòu) The work is handsomely and skillfully done. 這項(xiàng)工作做得漂亮，有水平。 4. 分詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)(現(xiàn)在分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞 / 過去分詞與過去分詞 ) The boys were running, shouting and laughing. 男孩子們邊跑，邊喊叫著、笑著。（伴隨狀語） The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted.,5. 動(dòng)名詞doing平行結(jié)構(gòu) Henrys work is reading books and writing book reviews. 亨利的工作是讀讀書，寫寫書評。 6. 動(dòng)詞不定式平行結(jié)構(gòu) On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and (to) buy plants and young trees. 另一方面，40%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為應(yīng)收門票，他們認(rèn)為門票費(fèi)可以作為支付園林工人及其他工作人員的工資和購買新花木的費(fèi)用。 and 連接并列不定式第二個(gè)不定式往往省略 to。,7. 介詞短語平行結(jié)構(gòu) 1）Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class. 2）We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. 8. 謂語動(dòng)詞平行結(jié)構(gòu) 謂語形式時(shí)態(tài)要一致 He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter. 9.句子的并列（并列句） I was tired, but I felt happy.,Error Analysis :Parallel Structure,1.By obeying the speed limit, we can save energy, lives, and it costs us less. 1.By obeying the speed limit, we can save energy, lives and money. 2.My home offers me a feeling of security, warm, and love. 2.My home offers me a feeling of security, warmth, and love.,3.The pioneers labored to clear away the forest and planting crops. 3.The pioneers labored to clear away the forest and plant crops. 4.When I refused to help her, she became very angry and shout at me. 4. When I refused to help her, she became very angry and shouted at me.,5.In my spare time, I enjoy taking care of my aquarium and to work on my stamp collection. 5.In my spare time, I enjoy taking care of my aquarium and working on my stamp collection. 6.With their keen sight, fine hearing, and they have a refined sense of smell, wolves hunt elk, deer, moose, and caribou. 6.With their keen sight, fine hearing, and refined sense of smell, wolves hunt elk, deer, moose, and caribou.,7.All plants need light, to have a suitable climate, and an ample supply of water and minerals from the soil. 7.All plants need light, a suitable climate, and an ample supply of water and minerals from the soil.,英語比較句型,原級的句型, “as +原級形容詞/副詞+as”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示前后兩者的情況一樣 1）“A+系動(dòng)詞+as+形容詞原級+as+ B eg. Bill is as funny as his father. My handwriting is as beautiful as yours. 我的書法和你的一樣好。 2）“A+謂語動(dòng)詞+as+副詞原級+as+ B” eg. Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily., 在否定句中，用“not as/ so +原級形容詞as”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示前者不如后者。 “A+系動(dòng)詞+not asso+形容詞原級+as + B” eg. These books arent as interesting as those. I am not as/ so busy as I used to be. 我沒有過去那么忙了。 區(qū)別：Tom is not as tall as Mike. Tom is not so tall as Mike. “A+助動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+謂語動(dòng)詞+asso+ 副詞原級+as +B” eg. She didnt sing so well that night as she usually does.,the same () as 與相同/同樣 Youve made the same mistake as Tom. 有時(shí)the same可以單獨(dú)使用： My mother is much younger than yours. She isnt! Theyre about the same age. Those two dress are the same. different from 與不同（different前面可加very，much，a little等修飾語） Is French food very different from Italian food? Were planning something different this year from what we did last year.,常用詞組,as good as幾乎已經(jīng)，實(shí)際上等于，和幾乎一樣 He is as good as dead. 他跟死了一樣。 The second hand geography book is as good as new. 這本二手地理書幾乎還是新的。 2. as soon as一就 Please let us know as soon as you arrive in Beijing. 一到北京，請通知我們一聲。 As soon as she got home, she began cooking. 她一到家就開始做飯。,3. as much / many as多達(dá)，達(dá)到之多，實(shí)際上等于，差不多 Some of the stones even weigh as much as fifteen tons. 有些石塊甚至重達(dá)15噸。 The number of people who lost homes reaches as many as 250,000. 失去家園的人數(shù)多達(dá)25萬。 Thats as much as to say he was a thief. 那無異于說他曾是個(gè)小偷。 4. as far as就而言，盡 As far as I know, hell be away for three months. 就我所知，他將離開三個(gè)月。 We will help you as far as we can. 我們會(huì)盡力幫助你。,5. as long as只要 You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你去哪兒都可以，只要你在天黑前返回。 You will be happy as long as I am living. 只要我活著，你就會(huì)幸福。 6. as often as每當(dāng)，每次 As often as he came, he would stay with us for a time. 每次他來，總要和我們呆上一陣子。 The boy always says hello to me as often as I meet him. 每次我遇見那個(gè)小男孩，他總是向我問好。,7. as well as和，同，既又，不僅而且 My parents as well as my elder brother enjoy music. 我父母親和我哥哥都喜歡音樂。 He is clever as well as hard working. 他不僅努力工作而且聰明。 8. asas possible / one can盡可能，盡（某人）所能 Please sweep the floor as clean as possible. 請把地打掃得盡可能干凈。 Ill get back as soon as I can.,比較級 + than （比更）,形容詞比較級的常用句型,This bridge is longer than that one.,Our school is larger than theirs.,比較級 + and + 比較級（越來越）,In spring, the days are getting longer and longer,The flowers are more and more beautiful.,The +比較級，the+比較級 （越就越）,1）The sooner，the better.,2）The more you eat，the fatter you will be.,Which is + 比較級，A or B ?（A和B，哪一個(gè)比較？）,Which is longer, this one or that?,the + 最高級 +（名詞）+in/of/among 在（范圍內(nèi)）最,形容詞最高級的常用句型,1）Tom is the tallest in his class.,2）This apple is the biggest of the five.,one of the + 形容詞最高級 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示“是中最之一”。,Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.,Which is +the+ 最高級+?在（范圍內(nèi)）哪一個(gè)最？,Which is the biggest of the five balls,運(yùn)用比較級表達(dá)最高級的概念,“比較級+than any other+名詞單數(shù)”，“比較級+than the other+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”或“比較級+than the rest of +the+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”都可表示最高級意義。 Julia is taller than any other girl in her class. Julia is taller than the other girls in her class. Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class. 以上三句表達(dá)的意思等同于最高級的含義： Julia is the tallest of the girls in her class. 朱麗葉是她們班上最高的女生。,比較級和最高級的修飾語,比較級的修飾語 Much（得多），far（得多），even（甚至，更），still(更)，a bit（有點(diǎn)），a little（有點(diǎn)），a lot（很）， a great deal(大大地), twice(兩倍), five times(五倍), two-fifths(五分之二), a half(一半)等修飾比較級表示程度，但決不可用very修飾。 eg. Tom is a little taller than Mike. Tom 比Mike稍高一點(diǎn)； It is even colder today than yesterday. 今天甚至比昨天更冷,比較結(jié)構(gòu)的同義轉(zhuǎn)換,有時(shí)，不同的比較結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示相同的意思，因此，它們可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。 1. not as/ soas與lessthan的轉(zhuǎn)換 The place was not as/ so crowded as it usually is yesterday. The place was less crowded than it usually is yesterday. 昨天，這個(gè)地方不像平常那樣擠滿了人。 2. morethan與lessthan, not as/ soas的轉(zhuǎn)換 Your picture is more beautiful than his. His picture is less beautiful than yours. His picture isnt as/ so beautiful as yours. 你的畫比他的好看。 3.最高級與morethan, nomore than的轉(zhuǎn)換 Math is the most difficult subject of all. Math is more difficult than any other subject. No subject is more difficult than math. 數(shù)學(xué)是所有學(xué)科中最難的。,Exercises,用括號中形容詞或副詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1）This park is muchthan that one. (beautiful) 2）Im a boy in the sun. (happy) 3）Which book is , yours or mine? (thick) 4）My mother drives as as my father. (good) 5）Who is than I, he or she? (old) 6) He becomesand (越來越胖) 7) Thehe is, the he feels他越忙就越高興。 8) This garden isas as that one(三倍大),more beautiful,happy,thicker,well,oldest,fatter fatter,busier happier,three times big,用所給的詞組翻譯句子 1.一旦關(guān)系有所改善，他們就可以獲準(zhǔn)離開。(as soon as) As soon as relations improve they will be allowed to go. 2.據(jù)我所知，它僅僅維持了兩三年。(as far as) It only lasted a couple of years, as far as I know. 3.只要你離他們遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn), 你就會(huì)安全. (as long as) As long as you can keep away from them, youre safe. 4.選花不僅要觀其形還要聞其香。(as well as) Flowers are chosen for their scent as well as their look.,不改變意思，改寫下列句型 1) Lin Tao is the tallest boy in his class. Lin Tao is any otherin his class. 2）Science is not so interesting as music. Science isthan music. Music is than science. 3) This box is 12 kg. That box is 14 kg. The two boxes are _ weight. 4）Mary is 6 years old. Lily is 12 years old. Lilys age is _ Marys. (asas) Mary is _ than Lily.,taller than boy,less interesting,more interesting,the same,the same,twice as old as,younger,選擇填空 （ ）1. This book isthat one. A. not so interesting B. more interesting than C. as more interesting as D. interesting than （ ）2. I think maths is notEnglish. A. easier B. less easy C. easy D. so easy as （ ）3. He is one of in our country. A. the most popular singer B. the most popular