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英語寫作精講精練:一個公式三個原則一個公式我們都知道英語與漢語在表達順序上存在很大的差異,因此,這里我們先引出一個英語表達順序的公式來。請記住:英語的表達語序基本上遵循以下這個順序:6-1-2-3-4-5-66(when)1(who)2(what)3(whom)4(how)5(where)6(when)說明:6的位置很靈活,可以放前,也可以放后。示例:I ate an apple.I ate an apple with a fork.I ate an apple with a fork in the kitchen.I ate an apple with a fork in the kitchen this morning.以上四個句子從1-2-3模式一直到1-2-3-4-5-6模式,請大家逐個翻譯一下,仔細對比英語順序與漢語順序的差異。結(jié)論:英語和漢語在表達的最核心內(nèi)容上是一致的:即一個句子的1-2-3是相同的;但是,在有了4-5-6后,漢語表達方式與英語這個自然表達順序產(chǎn)生了巨大的詞序差異:漢語次信息先出現(xiàn);英語主信息先出現(xiàn)再如:我喜歡那個女孩子我喜歡那個穿紅衣服的女孩子我喜歡那個穿紅衣服的不喜歡我的女孩子這三個句子的核心內(nèi)容都是:I like that girl.(與:“我喜歡那個女孩子”詞序一致,但是,在添加了其它部分后,表達順序全變樣了!)再如:我打死一只蒼蠅我用手打死一只蒼蠅我用手打了三次打死一只蒼蠅我用手打了三次并在我助理的幫助下打死了一只蒼蠅這四個句子的核心內(nèi)容都是:I killed a fly.(與“我打死一只蒼蠅”詞序一致,但是,在添加了其它部分后,表達順序全變樣了!)逗號原則在一個句子的前面如果有內(nèi)容,那么,請記?。?.不到3個單詞時,可以用逗號與后面句子分隔開來,也可以不用逗號分隔,具體情況根據(jù)說話人自己確定的停頓語氣長短來確定。示例1:At last he stopped playing the piano.示例2:Sadly he picked up the broken glass and went into the room.2.達到或超過3個單詞時,必須用逗號與后面句子分隔開來。示例1:In the end, I could not bear it.示例2:To my surprise, he bought me a ticket!1個句子1個main verb(即:2)原則理論上講:一個句子只應該有一個為主的動詞(即2)。但是,實際運用的過程中,我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個句子中有多個動詞,此時就需要:標記清楚這些動詞彼此間的邏輯關系!這里的邏輯關系有兩種情況:1.并列(即:將這些動詞視為地位相同;一般方式為使用and連接)2.從屬(即:犧牲某個或某些動詞,將其處理成符合從屬關系的方式,從而確保為主的動詞;一般方式為使用動詞三大非謂語形式:動詞的ing形式、動詞的過去分詞形式、動詞的不定式形式)1.并列關系示例示例1:I sat down beside her said nothing.分析:sat與said之間沒有標記邏輯關系,錯誤!可以添加and,形成并列關系,即:I sat down beside her and said nothing.示例2:I entered the room saw mother sit there wait for me come back.分析:這里有5個動詞,都沒有標記邏輯關系,錯誤!通過分析,我們看到:entered和saw可以并列,因為它們擁有共同的1(I);sit和wait可以并列,因為它們擁有共同的1(mother),但這兩組動詞之間就不能再并列了,因為無法這么做。這就意味著:這句話里的動詞有的可以并列,而有的不可以。示例3:I opened the bag took out some paper and a pen, sat down started take notes. 分析:opened,took out,sat down,started這四個動詞擁有共同的1(I),而且都是1直接行使或發(fā)出的動作,所以,可以采取并列關系;但take因為有個過渡層,因此并列處理不合適。2.從屬關系示例示例1:I sat down beside her said nothing.分析:動詞關系混亂,假如想確保sat,則需要犧牲后面,如:I sat down beside her, saying nothing.假如確保后面,則犧牲前面:Sitting down beside her, I said nothing.示例2:To quit smoking, I eat candies.一個句子一個句號原則理論上講,一個句子一個句號,但是,實際中會有幾個甚至多個句子擺放在一起共享一個句號。此時應該怎么辦呢?答案很簡單:標記清楚這些句子間的邏輯關系。有兩種:1.并列關系示例示例1:I sat down beside her. I said nothing.變?yōu)椋篒 sat down beside her and I said nothing.示例2:He asked me a question. I answered him.變?yōu)椋篐e asked me a question and I answered him.2.從屬關系1)運用各類從句,形成主從符合句,包括:狀語從句賓語從句定語從句主語從句同位語從句2)運用非謂語動詞類進行從屬方式的處理,包括:動詞的ing形式動詞的過去分詞形式動詞不定式形式從屬關系示例(以狀語從句為例)示例1:When he asked me a question, I answered him.示例2:I was so angry that I beat him up!示例3:If you ask me why, I will answer because!示例4:Since you are not feeling well, just lie down and take a good rest.示例5:Although I have tried my best, I cant win her heart. 示例6:Wherever I am, I will be thinking of you.示例7:I went out very early in the morning so that I could avoid the rush hour traffic. 非謂語動詞方式處理示例示例1:I sat beside her. I felt very nervous.可變?yōu)椋篠itting beside her, I felt very nervous.或者:I sat beside her, feeling very nervous.示例2:I want to quit smoking. I eat candies. 可變?yōu)椋篢o quit smoking, I eat candies.示例3:A young man was tired of sleeping on the floor. He saved up for years to buy a real bed.可以變?yōu)椋篢ired of sleeping on the floor, a young man saved up for years to buy a real bed.示例4:Jimmy was dressed up as Father Christmas. He was accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls. He set off down the main street of the city. He rode a baby elephant. The elephant was called Jumbo. 可以變?yōu)椋篋ressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls, Jimmy set off down the main street of the city, riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.定語從句方式處理定語從句當然是屬于“從屬”的行列,所以,是處理為從屬方式的手段之一。請看下面的例子:This is the only book.I read the book during the holiday. 兩句的重合點在the book上面;將第二句中的the book抽出來,放到第一句book后面,其它內(nèi)容向后甩。這樣,我們就會看到the only book后面馬上又在重復the book。為了避免重復,我們?nèi)サ魌he book,而換用另外一個詞去替換,這個詞就是指物的which或that。因為這里的book有only在修飾,所以,最終我們選用that;又因為that在定語從句中作賓語,所以,可以省略。下面兩句的合并遵循同樣的原則:She is the girl.The girls father is my boss. She is the girl whose father is my boss.幾個句型:, but句型(表轉(zhuǎn)折關系), for句型(表原因關系), so句型(表結(jié)果關系)(,/;/.) however,句型(表更強烈的轉(zhuǎn)折關系)(,/;/.) therefore,句型(更強烈的結(jié)果關系)(,/;/.) meanwhile,句型(表時間關系)(,/;/.) consequently,句型(表結(jié)果關系)(,/;/.) admittedly,句型(表讓步關系)這些基本知識構(gòu)成了:1)簡單句擴展到復雜句2)復雜句拆分為簡單句由“分到合”,由“合到分”的“基石”。 擺脫英語作文的“垃圾詞匯”相信大家都有這樣的 感受,明明是背了很多的單詞,可寫作文時,總是用一些高中或小學的詞匯。(又稱垃圾詞匯),為了更好的克服這樣的情況,我總結(jié)了一些常用的替代語,希望對 大家有所幫助:垃圾詞匯1: help典型例句: Ill help you 。替代語 accomodate E.g: Ill endeavour to accomodate you。垃圾詞匯 2: helpful典型例句:Sth is helpful (to sb)替代語 conducive E.g Sth is conducive to sb鑒于考研作文多關于道德和品格塑造,再給出兩個有用的短語:time-honored 時代賦予的do credit to our forbears 繼承先輩的優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)垃圾詞匯3: show典型例句:as it shows in the picture替代語 betray垃圾詞匯4: think典型例句: i think - -替代語deem垃圾詞匯5: ugly典型例句: xxx is ugly替代語 hideous垃圾詞匯6: by the way典型例句: by the way,.。替代語 incidentally,.。垃圾詞匯 7: because典型例句: xxx because xxx替代語 in that/in as much as E.g: xxx because xxx垃圾詞匯8: consider典型例句: We must consider xxx替代語: allow for E.g : We must allow for xxx垃圾詞 匯9: much典型例句: there has been a much increase in the world population替代語:there has been a drastic increase in the -垃圾詞匯10: about典型例句:it is about 250 times of that替代語 it is approximately -垃圾詞匯11: buy替代語purchase只要我們每天積累1-2 個短語,1-2個月后,我們的作文水平一定會有質(zhì)的飛躍。歡迎大家給出更好的替代語和更多的垃圾詞匯。讓我們共同進步! 三十五個經(jīng)典句型幫你攻克寫作一、 the + est + 名詞 + (that) + 主詞 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) the most + 形容詞 + 名詞 + (that) + 主詞 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海倫是我所看過最美麗的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 張老師是我曾經(jīng)遇到最仁慈的教師。 二、Nothing is + er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容詞 + than to + V 例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education. 沒有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、 cannot emphasize the importance of too much. (再怎么強調(diào).的重要性也 不為過。) 例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我們再怎么強調(diào)保護眼睛的重要性也不為過。 四、There is no denying that + S + V .(不可否認的.) 例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否認的,我們的生活品質(zhì)已經(jīng)每況愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子 (全世界都知道.) 例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道樹木對我們是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子 (毫無疑問的.) 例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫無疑問的我們的教育制度令人不滿意。 七、An advantage of is that + 句子 (.的優(yōu)點是.) 例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create (produce) any pollution. 使用太陽能的優(yōu)點是它不會制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子 (.的原因是.) 例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air. The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我們必須種樹的原因是它們能供應我們新鮮的空氣。 九、So + 形容詞 + be + 主詞 + that + 句子 (如此.以致于.) 例句:So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it. 時間是如此珍貴,我們經(jīng)不起浪費它。 十、Adj + as + Subject(主詞)+ be, S + V (雖然.) 例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. by no means = in no way = on no account 一點也不 雖然我們的國家富有,我們的生活品質(zhì)絕對令人不滿 意。 十一、The + er + S + V, the + er + S + V The + more + Adj + S + V, the + more + Adj + S + V (愈.愈.) 例句:The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力,你愈進步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我們書讀愈多,我們愈有學問。 十二、By +Ving, can (借著.,.能夠.) 例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借著做運動,我們能夠始終保持健康。 十三、 enable + Object(受詞)+ to + V (.使.能夠.) 例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 聽音樂使我們能夠感覺輕松。 十四、On no account can we + V (我們絕對不能.) 例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我們絕對不能忽略知識的價值。 十五、It is time + S + 過去式 (該是.的時候了) 例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 該是有關當局采取適當?shù)拇胧﹣斫鉀Q交通問題的時候 了。 十六、Those who (.的人.) 例句:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 違反交通規(guī)定的人應該受處罰。 十七、There is no one but (沒有人不.) 例句:There is no one but longs to go to college. 沒有人不渴望上大學。 十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不.) 例句:Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考試迫在眉睫,我不得不放棄做運動。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的) It is obvious that + 句子 (明顯的) It is apparent that + 句子 (顯然的) 例句:It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知,知識在我們的一生中扮演一個重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why (那就是.的原因) 例句:Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I dont like it. 夏天很燠熱。那就是我不喜歡它的原因。 二十一、For the past + 時間,S + 現(xiàn)在完成式.(過去.年來,.一直.) 例句:For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 過去兩年來,我一直忙著準備考試。 二十二、Since + S + 過去式,S + 現(xiàn)在完成式。 例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自從他上高中,他一直很用功。 二十三、It pays to + V (.是值得的。) 例句:It pays to help others. 幫助別人是值得的。 二十四、be based on (以.為基礎) 例句:The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社會的進步是以和諧為基礎的。 二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遺余力的) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我們應該不遺余力的美化我們的環(huán)境。 二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 (讓.明白.事) 例句:We should bring home to people the value of working hard. 我們應該讓人們明白努力的價值。 二十七、be closely related to (與.息息相關) 例句:Taking exercise is closely related to health. 做運動與健康息息相關。 二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V (養(yǎng)成.的習慣) We should get into the habit of keeping good hours. 我們應該養(yǎng)成早睡早起的習慣。 二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, (因為.) 例句:Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream. 因為他的鼓勵,我終于實現(xiàn)我的夢想。 三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么.!) 例句:What an important thing it is to keep our promise! How important a thing it is to keep our promise! 遵守諾言是多么重要的事! 三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不滿意) 例句:The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我們的交通狀況令人不滿意。 三十二、Have a great influence on (對.有很大的影響) 例句:Smoking has a great influence on our health. 抽煙對我們的健康有很大的影響。 三十三、do good to (對.有益),do harm to (對.有害) 例句:Reading does good to our mind.讀書對心靈有益。 Overwork does harm to health.工作過度對健康有害。 三十四、Pose a great threat to (對.造成一大威脅) 例句:Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污染對我們的生存造成一大威脅。 三十五、do ones utmost to + V = do ones best (盡全力去.) 例句:We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life. 我們應盡全力去達成我們的人生目標。 為大學英語寫作加分的30句經(jīng)典諺語1. The more you pay,the more you will gain。付出越多,收獲就越多. 2.The view from the mountain top was most picturesque.。最美的風景總在最高的地 方. 3.Every man is the architect of his own forture。自己的命運自己掌握. 4.Never too told to learn ,never too late to turn。亡羊補牢,為時不晚. 5.No cross,no crown.,不經(jīng)歷風雨,怎么見彩虹. 6.No pains,no gains。沒有付出就沒有收獲. 7.A friend without faults will never be found. 完美是朋友永不可得 8.Life is just a series of trying to make up y
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